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Lundy B, Suni V, Drew M, Trease L, Burke LM. Nutrition factors associated with rib stress injury history in elite rowers. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:979-985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Lundy B, Torstveit MK, Stenqvist TB, Burke LM, Garthe I, Slater GJ, Ritz C, Melin AK. Screening for Low Energy Availability in Male Athletes: Attempted Validation of LEAM-Q. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091873. [PMID: 35565840 PMCID: PMC9101736 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A questionnaire-based screening tool for male athletes at risk of low energy availability (LEA) could facilitate both research and clinical practice. The present options rely on proxies for LEA such screening tools for disordered eating, exercise dependence, or those validated in female athlete populations. in which the female-specific sections are excluded. To overcome these limitations and support progress in understanding LEA in males, centres in Australia, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden collaborated to develop a screening tool (LEAM-Q) based on clinical investigations of elite and sub-elite male athletes from multiple countries and ethnicities, and a variety of endurance and weight-sensitive sports. A bank of questions was developed from previously validated questionnaires and expert opinion on various clinical markers of LEA in athletic or eating disorder populations, dizziness, thermoregulation, gastrointestinal symptoms, injury, illness, wellbeing, recovery, sleep and sex drive. The validation process covered reliability, content validity, a multivariate analysis of associations between variable responses and clinical markers, and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis of variables, with the inclusion threshold being set at 60% sensitivity. Comparison of the scores of the retained questionnaire variables between subjects classified as cases or controls based on clinical markers of LEA revealed an internal consistency and reliability of 0.71. Scores for sleep and thermoregulation were not associated with any clinical marker and were excluded from any further analysis. Of the remaining variables, dizziness, illness, fatigue, and sex drive had sufficient sensitivity to be retained in the questionnaire, but only low sex drive was able to distinguish between LEA cases and controls and was associated with perturbations in key clinical markers and questionnaire responses. In summary, in this large and international cohort, low sex drive was the most effective self-reported symptom in identifying male athletes requiring further clinical assessment for LEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Lundy
- Rowing Australia, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Monica K. Torstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway; (M.K.T.); (T.B.S.)
| | - Thomas B. Stenqvist
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway; (M.K.T.); (T.B.S.)
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ina Garthe
- Norwegian Olympic Sports Centre, Department of Sports Nutrition, 0806 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Gary J. Slater
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia;
| | - Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health—SDU, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Anna K. Melin
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, 351 95 Vaxjo, Sweden;
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3
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Appaneal R, Burke L, Drew M, Hughes D, Lovell G, Lundy B, Rogers M, Vlahovich N, Waddington G. The diagnostic performance of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) in a mixed-sport cohort. J Sci Med Sport 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Larsen B, Cox A, Colbey C, Drew M, McGuire H, Fazekas de St Groth B, Hughes D, Vlahovich N, Waddington G, Burke L, Lundy B, West N, Minahan C. Inflammation and Oral Contraceptive Use in Female Athletes Before the Rio Olympic Games. Front Physiol 2020; 11:497. [PMID: 32523546 PMCID: PMC7261912 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between synthetic ovarian hormone use [i.e., the oral contraceptive (OC) pill] and basal C-reactive protein (CRP), peripheral blood immune cell subsets, and circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in elite female athletes. Elite female athletes (n = 53) selected in Rio Summer Olympic squads participated in this study; 25 were taking an OC (AthletesOC) and 28 were naturally hormonally cycling (AthletesNC). Venous blood samples were collected at rest for the determination of sex hormones, cortisol, CRP, peripheral blood mononuclear memory and naïve CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and natural killer cells, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations. C-reactive protein concentrations were elevated (p < 0.001) in AthletesOC (median = 2.02, IQR = 3.15) compared to AthletesNC (median = 0.57, IQR = 1.07). No differences were reported for cortisol, cytokines, or PBMC immune cell subsets, although there was a trend (p = 0.062) for higher IL-6 concentrations in AthletesNC. Female Olympians had substantially higher CRP concentrations, a marker of inflammation and tissue damage, before the Rio Olympic Games if they used an OC. Future research should examine the potential consequences for athlete performance/recovery so that, if necessary, practitioners can implement prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Larsen
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda Cox
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Candice Colbey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Drew
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen McGuire
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - David Hughes
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Gordon Waddington
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Louise Burke
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bronwen Lundy
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicholas West
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Colbey C, Drew MK, Cox AJ, Vider J, Pyne DB, Vlahonich N, Hughes D, Waddington G, Appaneal R, Burke LM, Lundy B, Toomey M, Watts D, Lovell G, Praet S, Halson SL, Welvaert M, Zhang P, Cripps AW, West NP. Key viral immune genes and pathways identify elite athletes with URS. Exerc Immunol Rev 2020; 26:56-78. [PMID: 32139349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Habitual intense exercise may increase the incidence of upper respiratory symptoms (URS) in elite athletes. This study investigated whether immune gene expression could identify gene markers that discriminate athletes with a higher prevalence of URS. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis of elite Australian athletes from various sports investigated whether athletes retrospectively reporting URS for two days or more in a month (n=38), had an altered immune gene expression profile compared with asymptomatic athletes (n=33). Peripheral blood samples were collected during Olympic selection events with corresponding URS data collected for the one-month period before sampling. Digital immune gene expression analysis was undertaken using the NanoString PanCancer Immune Profiling panel. RESULTS Fifty immune genes were differentially expressed between the groups (p<0.05) and approximately 78% of these genes were more highly expressed in athletes reporting URS. Many of these genes were interferon-stimulated genes or genes involved in the Jak/Stat signalling pathway. Only interferon alpha inducible protein 27 (IFI27), an interferon stimulated gene involved in viral response, remained significantly higher in athletes reporting URS (log2 fold-difference=2.49, odds ratio 1.02 per unit increase; p<0.01) post-adjustment and discriminated athletes reporting URS from asymptomatic athletes with 78% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Expression of IFI27 could differentiate athletes reporting URS from asymptomatic athletes, a gene that is upregulated in the immune response to viral infection. Upregulation of viral signalling pathways provides novel information on the potential aetiology of URS in elite Olympic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Colbey
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute QLD, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cox
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute QLD, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Jelena Vider
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute QLD, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicole Vlahonich
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - David Hughes
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Renee Appaneal
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Bronwen Lundy
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mary Toomey
- Department of Physiotherapy, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Watts
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregory Lovell
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stephan Praet
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane Australia
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute QLD, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute QLD, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute QLD, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
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Rogers M, Burke L, Vlahovich N, Lovell G, Pyne D, Lundy B, Appaneal R, Halson S, West N, Welvaert M, Hughes D, Waddington G, Drew M. Prevalence of variables related to RED-S in Australian elite and pre-elite female athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Burke LM, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Lundy B, Melin AK, Meyer NL, Sherman RT, Tenforde AS, Klungland Torstveit M, Budgett R. IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:687-697. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Woods AL, Rice AJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, Wallett AM, Lundy B, Rogers MA, Welvaert M, Halson S, McKune A, Thompson KG. The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191644. [PMID: 29444097 PMCID: PMC5812577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has demonstrated decreases in resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance following a period of intensified training in elite athletes, however the underlying mechanisms of change remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how an intensified training period, designed to elicit overreaching, affects RMR, body composition, and performance in trained endurance athletes, and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Method Thirteen (n = 13) trained male cyclists completed a six-week training program consisting of a “Baseline” week (100% of regular training load), a “Build” week (~120% of Baseline load), two “Loading” weeks (~140, 150% of Baseline load, respectively) and two “Recovery” weeks (~80% of Baseline load). Training comprised of a combination of laboratory based interval sessions and on-road cycling. RMR, body composition, energy intake, appetite, heart rate variability (HRV), cycling performance, biochemical markers and mood responses were assessed at multiple time points throughout the six-week period. Data were analysed using a linear mixed modeling approach. Results The intensified training period elicited significant decreases in RMR (F(5,123.36) = 12.0947, p = <0.001), body mass (F(2,19.242) = 4.3362, p = 0.03), fat mass (F(2,20.35) = 56.2494, p = <0.001) and HRV (F(2,22.608) = 6.5212, p = 0.005); all of which improved following a period of recovery. A state of overreaching was induced, as identified by a reduction in anaerobic performance (F(5,121.87) = 8.2622, p = <0.001), aerobic performance (F(5,118.26) = 2.766, p = 0.02) and increase in total mood disturbance (F(5, 110.61) = 8.1159, p = <0.001). Conclusion Intensified training periods elicit greater energy demands in trained cyclists, which, if not sufficiently compensated with increased dietary intake, appears to provoke a cascade of metabolic, hormonal and neural responses in an attempt to restore homeostasis and conserve energy. The proactive monitoring of energy intake, power output, mood state, body mass and HRV during intensified training periods may alleviate fatigue and attenuate the observed decrease in RMR, providing more optimal conditions for a positive training adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Woods
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Anthony J Rice
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice M Wallett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Bronwen Lundy
- Department of Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Margot A Rogers
- Department of Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Shona Halson
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kevin G Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
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Drew M, Vlahovich N, Hughes D, Appaneal R, Burke LM, Lundy B, Rogers M, Toomey M, Watts D, Lovell G, Praet S, Halson SL, Colbey C, Manzanero S, Welvaert M, West NP, Pyne DB, Waddington G. Prevalence of illness, poor mental health and sleep quality and low energy availability prior to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:47-53. [PMID: 29056598 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establish the prevalence of illness symptoms, poor sleep quality, poor mental health symptoms, low energy availability and stress-recovery state in an Olympic cohort late in the 3 months prior to the Summer Olympic Games. METHODS Olympic athletes (n=317) from 11 sports were invited to complete questionnaires administered 3 months before the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. These questionnaires included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Dispositional Resilience Scale, Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (REST-Q-52 item), Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and custom-made questionnaires on probiotic usage and travel. Multiple illness (case) definitions were applied. ORs and attributable fractions in the population were used. Factor analyses were used to explore the relationships between variables. RESULTS The response rate was of 42% (male, n=47, age 25.8±4.1 years; female, n=85, age 24.3±3.9 years). Low energy availability was associated with sustaining an illness in the previous month (upper respiratory, OR=3.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 12). The main factor relating to illness pertained to a combination of anxiety and stress-recovery states (as measured by the REST-Q-52 item). All participants reported at least one episode of illness in the last month (100% prevalence). CONCLUSIONS All participants reported at least one illness symptom in the previous month. Low energy availability was a leading variable associated with illness in Olympic-class athletes. The estimates duration of symptoms ranged from 2 to 7 days. Factor analyses show the interdependence of various health domains and support multidisciplinary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Drew
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia.,University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicole Vlahovich
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,Sport and Exercise Science Group, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Hughes
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Renee Appaneal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Bronwen Lundy
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Margot Rogers
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mary Toomey
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Physiotherapy, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Watts
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregory Lovell
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stephan Praet
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Candice Colbey
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Silvia Manzanero
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Department of Physiotherapy, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Drew MK, Vlahovich N, Hughes D, Appaneal R, Peterson K, Burke L, Lundy B, Toomey M, Watts D, Lovell G, Praet S, Halson S, Colbey C, Manzanero S, Welvaert M, West N, Pyne DB, Waddington G. A multifactorial evaluation of illness risk factors in athletes preparing for the Summer Olympic Games. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:745-750. [PMID: 28385561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Illness can disrupt training and competition performance of athletes. Few studies have quantified the relative contribution of the known medical, behavioural and lifestyle risk factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Olympic athletes from 11 sports (n=221) were invited to complete questionnaires administered nine months before the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. These included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS), Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (REST-Q-52 item), Low Energy in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), a modified Personal and Household Hygiene questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and custom-made questionnaires on probiotic usage and travel. An illness (case) was defined as an event which limited training or competition for greater hours in the prior month. Odds ratios and attributable fractions in the population (AFP) were utilised for categorical variables with independent t-tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum for continuous variables. RESULTS Eighty-one athletes responded (male, n=26; female, n=55). There were 16 illness cases and 65 controls. Female athletes were at higher odds of illness (OR=9.4, 95%CI 1.3-410, p=0.01, AFP=0.84). Low energy availability (LEAF-Q score ≥8: OR=7.4, 95%CI 0.78-352, p=0.04, AFP=0.76), depression symptoms (DASS-21: depression score >4, OR=8.4, 95%CI 1.1-59, p<0.01; AFP=0.39) and higher perceived stress (PSS: 10-item, p=0.04) were significantly associated with illness. CONCLUSIONS Female sex, low energy availability, and mental health are associated with sports incapacity (time loss) due to illness. Low energy availability had high attributable fractions in the population and stands out as a primary association with illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Drew
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia.
| | - Nicole Vlahovich
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Bond University, Australia
| | - David Hughes
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Louise Burke
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Bronwen Lundy
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Mary Toomey
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Australia; Department of Physiotherapy, Griffith University, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marijke Welvaert
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia
| | - Nic West
- Menzies Institute, Griffith University, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia
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11
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Woods AL, Garvican-Lewis LA, Lundy B, Rice AJ, Thompson KG. New approaches to determine fatigue in elite athletes during intensified training: Resting metabolic rate and pacing profile. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173807. [PMID: 28296943 PMCID: PMC5351856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elite rowers complete a high volume of training across a number of modalities to prepare for competition, including periods of intensified load, which may lead to fatigue and short-term performance decrements. As yet, the influence of substantial fatigue on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and exercise regulation (pacing), and their subsequent utility as monitoring parameters, has not been explicitly investigated in elite endurance athletes. Method Ten National-level rowers completed a four-week period of intensified training. RMR, body composition and energy intake were assessed PRE and POST the four-week period using indirect calorimetry, Dual-Energy X-Ray Densitometry (DXA), and three-day food diary, respectively. On-water rowing performance and pacing strategy was evaluated from 5 km time trials. Wellness was assessed weekly using the Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS). Results Significant decreases in absolute (mean ± SD of difference, p-value: -466 ± 488 kJ.day-1, p = 0.01) and relative RMR (-8.0 ± 8.1 kJ.kg.FFM-1, p = 0.01) were observed. Significant reductions in body mass (-1.6 ± 1.3 kg, p = 0.003) and fat mass (-2.2 ± 1.2 kg, p = 0.0001) were detected, while energy intake was unchanged. On-water 5 km rowing performance worsened (p < 0.05) and an altered pacing strategy was evident. Fatigue and total mood disturbance significantly increased across the cycle (p < 0.05), and trends were observed for reduced vigour and increased sleep disturbance (p < 0.1). Conclusion Four weeks of heavy training decreased RMR and body composition variables in elite rowers and induced substantial fatigue, likely related to an imbalance between energy intake and output. This study demonstrates that highly experienced athletes do not necessarily select the correct energy intake during periods of intensified training, and this can be assessed by reductions in RMR and body composition. The shortfall in energy availability likely affected recovery from training and altered 5 km time trial pacing strategy, resulting in reduced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Woods
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura A. Garvican-Lewis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Kevin G. Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia
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Drew M, Vlahovich N, Hughes D, Appaneal R, Peterson K, Burke L, Lundy B, Toomey M, Watts D, Lovell G, Praet S, Halson S, Colbey C, Manzanero S, Welvaert M, West N, Pyne DB, Waddington G. Stay healthy: An Australian Institute of sport transdisciplinary illness prevention project. J Sci Med Sport 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Drew M, Vlahovich N, Hughes D, Appaneal R, Peterson K, Burke L, Lundy B, Toomey M, Watts D, Lovell G, Praet S, Halson S, Colbey C, Manzanero S, Welvaert M, West N, Pyne DB, Waddington G. Stay healthy: Project outline, methodology and approach. J Sci Med Sport 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Catherwood MA, McGrattan P, Lawless S, McConville C, Robson N, Lundy B, Humphreys M, Soverini S, Mills KI, McMullin MF. Coexistence of inversion 16 in chronic myeloid leukaemia in blast crisis. J Hematop 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-016-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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15
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Lundy B, Trease L, Michael DK. Bone mineral density in elite rowers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2015. [PMCID: PMC5385808 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-7-s1-o6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Hoon M, Jones A, Johnson N, Blackwell J, Broad E, Lundy B, Rice A, Burke L. Dose response of nitrate supplementation on 2000m rowing ergometer performance. J Sci Med Sport 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Ranchordas MK, Lundy B, Burke LM, Stear SJ, Castell LM. A–Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance: Part 41. Br J Sports Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-092048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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19
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Lundy B, Miller JC, Jackson K, Senchina DS, Burke LM, Stear SJ, Castell LM. A-Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance - Part 25. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45:1077-8. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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21
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22
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Lundy B, O'Connor H, Pelly F, Caterson I. Anthropometric characteristics and competition dietary intakes of professional rugby league players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2006; 16:199-213. [PMID: 16779926 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the physique characteristics and competition nutrient intake of professional Rugby League players and to assess use of a statistical technique for evaluating validity of dietary reporting. Players (n = 74) were endomorphic mesomorphs and had a mean weight, height, and BMI of 93.4 +/- 10.9 kg, 179.9 +/- 7.3 cm, and 28.5 +/- 2.1 kg/m2 respectively. Mean sum of eight skinfolds was 78.9 +/- 2.2 mm (12.4 +/- 2.9% fat). Players (n = 34) reported a mean daily energy intake of 17,708 +/- 3,688 kJ (carbohydrate 51%, protein 18%, fat 25%, alcohol 4%) with 6 and 2.0 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) from carbohydrate and protein respectively. Micronutrient intake was adequate but alcohol consumption was high relative to health standards. The dietary records provided a plausible estimate of energy intake however further research is required to evaluate statistical techniques for assessing dietary validity in athlete groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Lundy
- Sydney Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney Markets NSW 2129, Australia
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23
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Lundy B. Dietary studies of athletes: an interview with sports dietitian Bronwen Lundy. Interview by Louise M. Burke. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2006; 16:226-8. [PMID: 16779928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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24
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Abstract
This study examined behaviors of intrusive/depressed versus withdrawn/depressed mothers and their one-year-old infants during a structured teaching interaction. Group comparisons revealed that intrusive/depressed mothers showed more positive responses, more demonstrating toys, and more physical guidance, and their infants demonstrated less toy manipulation. Withdrawn/depressed mothers maintained infant play more frequently and showed more restricted affect, and their infants demonstrated less affective behavior, both positive and negative. These findings suggested that exposure to depressed mothers' nonoptimal interaction styles represents different types of risk to infants' cognitive and affective development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hart
- Texas Tech University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Lubbock 79409-1162, USA.
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25
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Lundy B, Field T, McBride C, Field T, Largie S. Same-sex and opposite-sex best friend interactions among high school juniors and seniors. Adolescence 1998; 33:279-89. [PMID: 9706315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen adolescents were videotaped during same-sex and opposite-sex interactions in the eleventh and twelfth grades. In both grades, females felt more comfortable during same-sex interactions than during opposite-sex interactions, and they rated their same-sex partners more positively than did males. Females in both grades and males in eleventh grade showed more peer intimacy than did males in twelfth grade. Eleventh-grade females showed the most playful behaviors (the most engaged state). More synchrony (matching of behavior) was found for the animated state in the twelfth grade as compared with the eleventh grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lundy
- Department of Psychology, Manchester College, Indiana, USA
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Abstract
Previous research has documented differences in the pattern of EEG activation between 3-month-old infants of depressed mothers and infants of nondepressed mothers. In the present study, EEG was recorded in even younger 1-month-old infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers. The infants of depressed mothers exhibited greater relative right frontal EEG asymmetry (due to reduced left frontal activation), and this pattern at 1 month was significantly related to 3-month EEG asymmetry. Right frontal EEG asymmetry was also related to more frequent negative facial expressions (sad and pre-cry faces) during the Brazelton exam. Finally, the infants of depressed mothers showed more indeterminate sleep, were less active, and cried less than infants of nondepressed mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Jones
- University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA.
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Lundy B, Field T, McBride C, Abrams S, Carraway K. Child psychiatric patients' interactions with their mothers. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1997; 27:231-40. [PMID: 9200883 DOI: 10.1007/bf02353352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether child psychiatric patients' and their mothers interacted differently as a function of whether the children were diagnosed as having internalizing or externalizing disorders. Twenty children and their mothers were rated on eight behavior dimensions as they engaged in a ten-minute play session. Maternal depression was found to interact with their children's diagnoses and behavioral ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lundy
- Touch Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA
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