Factors associated with foreign body infection in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

Background

We aimed to compare patient characteristics, MRSA sequence types, and biofilm production of MRSA strains that did and did not cause a foreign body infection in patients with MRSA bloodstream infections (BSI).

Methods

All adult patients with MRSA BSI hospitalized in two hospitals were identified by clinical microbiology laboratory surveillance. Only patients who had at least one implanted foreign body during the episode of BSI were included.

Results

In July 2018 - March 2022, of 423 patients identified with MRSA BSI, 118 (28%) had ≥1 foreign body. Among them, 51 (43%) had one or more foreign body infections. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with foreign body infection were history of MRSA infection in the last year (OR=4.7 [1.4-15.5], p=0.012) community-associated BSI (OR=68.1 [4.2-1114.3], p=0.003); surgical site infection as source of infection (OR=11.8 [2-70.4], p=0.007); presence of more than one foreign body (OR=3.4 [1.1-10.7], p=0.033); interval between foreign body implantation and infection <18 months (OR=3.3 [1.1-10], p=0.031); and positive blood culture ≥48h (OR=16.7 [4.3-65.7], p<0.001). The most prevalent sequence type was ST8 (39%), followed by ST5 (29%), and ST105 (20%) with no significant difference between patients with or without foreign body infection. Only 39% of MRSA isolates formed a moderate/strong biofilm. No significant difference was observed between patients with foreign body infection and those without foreign body infection. In multivariable analysis, subjects infected with a MRSA isolate producing moderate/strong in vitro biofilm were more likely to have a history of MRSA infection in the last year (OR=3.41 [1.23-9.43]), interval between foreign body implantation and MRSA BSI <18 months (OR=3.1 [1.05-9.2]) and ST8 (OR=10.64 [2-57.3]).

Conclusion

Most factors associated with foreign body infection in MRSA BSI were also characteristic of persistent infections. Biofilm-forming isolates were not associated with a higher risk of foreign-body infection but appeared to be associated with MRSA genetic lineage, especially ST8.

Unsuspected Clonal Spread of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Causing Bloodstream Infections in Hospitalized Adults Detected Using Whole Genome Sequencing

BACKGROUND

Though detection of transmission clusters of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections is a priority for infection control personnel in hospitals, the transmission dynamics of MRSA among hospitalized patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) has not been thoroughly studied. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of MRSA isolates for surveillance is valuable for detecting outbreaks in hospitals, but the bioinformatic approaches used are diverse and difficult to compare.

METHODS

We combined short-read WGS with genotypic, phenotypic, and epidemiological characteristics of 106 MRSA BSI isolates collected for routine microbiological diagnosis from inpatients in 2 hospitals over 12 months. Clinical data and hospitalization history were abstracted from electronic medical records. We compared 3 genome sequence alignment strategies to assess similarity in cluster ascertainment. We conducted logistic regression to measure the probability of predicting prior hospital overlap between clustered patient isolates by the genetic distance of their isolates.

RESULTS

While the 3 alignment approaches detected similar results, they showed some variation. A gene family-based alignment pipeline was most consistent across MRSA clonal complexes. We identified 9 unique clusters of closely related BSI isolates. Most BSIs were healthcare associated and community onset. Our logistic model showed that with 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, the likelihood that any 2 patients in a cluster had overlapped in a hospital was 50%.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple clusters of closely related MRSA isolates can be identified using WGS among strains cultured from BSI in 2 hospitals. Genomic clustering of these infections suggests that transmission resulted from a mix of community spread and healthcare exposures long before BSI diagnosis.

1377. Bloodstream and Skin Infection MRSA Isolates, 2019-2021: Strain Differences and Phylogenetic Clustering in a Single Health System

Background

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a common antibiotic-resistant human pathogen that spreads from person to person. Asymptomatic host colonization precedes both skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) and bloodstream infections (BSI), but it is not known how closely related MRSA strains are that cause infections at different body sites.

Methods

Using Illumina whole genome sequencing, we compared the strain types and genomes of MRSA isolates from 132 SSTIs and 145 sequential BSIs at 3 Philadelphia hospitals in 7/2018-1/2021. We investigated the epidemiological links and genomic clusters among isolates causing BSI and SSTIs.

Results

Abscesses were the most common type of SSTIs (65/132, 49%). Clonal complex (CC) 8 was the most identified CC among both SSTI strains (102/132, 77%) and BSI strains (73/145, 50%). While CC5 was more commonly found among BSIs than SSTIs (50/145, 34% vs. 19/132, 13%). Outbreak clusters with 15 or fewer SNPs were identified. Three clusters that contained only strains from SSTIs were all CC8, and the five clusters that only contained strains from BSIs had three CC5 clusters and two CC8 clusters. Among eight clusters that included at least one SSTI and one BSI strain, only one was composed of CC5 and the others were all CC8 strains. Within these eight clusters the SSTIs were from cellulitis infections (4/8), an abscess (3/8), or an infected ulcer (1/8).

Conclusion

We found that CC8 strains were the most common among both SSTIs and BSIs. CC5 strains, however, were more commonly found in BSIs than SSTIs, and among outbreak clusters in the BSI strains. Eight outbreak clusters were identified that linked strains causing SSTIs or BSIs, seven of the clusters contained only CC8 strains. While abscesses were the most common infection type to cause an SSTI, within the outbreak clusters containing strains from both SSTIs and BSIs, both cellulitis and abscess were equally identified.

Disclosures

Michael Z. David, MD PhD, Contrafect: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Advisor/Consultant|Johnson and Johnson: Advisor/Consultant.

Software testing in microbial bioinformatics: a call to action

Computational algorithms have become an essential component of research, with great efforts by the scientific community to raise standards on development and distribution of code. Despite these efforts, sustainability and reproducibility are major issues since continued validation through software testing is still not a widely adopted practice. Here, we report seven recommendations that help researchers implement software testing in microbial bioinformatics. We have developed these recommendations based on our experience from a collaborative hackathon organised prior to the American Society for Microbiology Next Generation Sequencing (ASM NGS) 2020 conference. We also present a repository hosting examples and guidelines for testing, available from https://github.com/microbinfie-hackathon2020/CSIS.

Age-Dependent Cellular and Behavioral Deficits Induced by Molecularly Targeted Drugs Are Reversible

Newly developed targeted anticancer drugs inhibit signaling pathways commonly altered in adult and pediatric cancers. However, as these pathways are also essential for normal brain development, concerns have emerged of neurologic sequelae resulting specifically from their application in pediatric cancers. The neural substrates and age dependency of these drug-induced effects in vivo are unknown, and their long-term behavioral consequences have not been characterized. This study defines the age-dependent cellular and behavioral effects of these drugs on normally developing brains and determines their reversibility with post-drug intervention. Mice at different postnatal ages received short courses of molecularly targeted drugs in regimens analagous to clinical treatment. Analysis of rapidly developing brain structures important for sensorimotor and cognitive function showed that, while adult administration was without effect, earlier neonatal administration of targeted therapies attenuated white matter oligodendroglia and hippocampal neuronal development more profoundly than later administration, leading to long-lasting behavioral deficits. This functional impairment was reversed by rehabilitation with physical and cognitive enrichment. Our findings demonstrate age-dependent, reversible effects of these drugs on brain development, which are important considerations as treatment options expand for pediatric cancers.Significance: Targeted therapeutics elicit age-dependent long-term consequences on the developing brain that can be ameliorated with environmental enrichment. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2081-95. ©2018 AACR.