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Gao Y, Vasic R, Song Y, Teng R, Liu C, Gbyli R, Biancon G, Nelakanti R, Lobben K, Kudo E, Liu W, Ardasheva A, Fu X, Wang X, Joshi P, Lee V, Dura B, Viero G, Iwasaki A, Fan R, Xiao A, Flavell RA, Li HB, Tebaldi T, Halene S. m 6A Modification Prevents Formation of Endogenous Double-Stranded RNAs and Deleterious Innate Immune Responses during Hematopoietic Development. Immunity 2020; 52:1007-1021.e8. [PMID: 32497523 PMCID: PMC7408742 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification, but little is known about its role in mammalian hematopoietic development. Here, we show that conditional deletion of the m6A writer METTL3 in murine fetal liver resulted in hematopoietic failure and perinatal lethality. Loss of METTL3 and m6A activated an aberrant innate immune response, mediated by the formation of endogenous double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). The aberrantly formed dsRNAs were long, highly m6A modified in their native state, characterized by low folding energies, and predominantly protein coding. We identified coinciding activation of pattern recognition receptor pathways normally tasked with the detection of foreign dsRNAs. Disruption of the aberrant immune response via abrogation of downstream Mavs or Rnasel signaling partially rescued the observed hematopoietic defects in METTL3-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that m6A modification protects against endogenous dsRNA formation and a deleterious innate immune response during mammalian hematopoietic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Gao
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Radovan Vasic
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuanbin Song
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rhea Teng
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rana Gbyli
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Giulia Biancon
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Raman Nelakanti
- Department of Genetics and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kirsten Lobben
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eriko Kudo
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anastasia Ardasheva
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaman Wang
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Poorval Joshi
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Veronica Lee
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Burak Dura
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gabriella Viero
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR Unit at Trento, Povo Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew Xiao
- Department of Genetics and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Dura B, Choi JY, Zhang K, Damsky W, Thakral D, Bosenberg M, Craft J, Fan R. scFTD-seq: freeze-thaw lysis based, portable approach toward highly distributed single-cell 3' mRNA profiling. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e16. [PMID: 30462277 PMCID: PMC6379653 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular barcoding of 3′ mRNAs enabled massively parallel profiling of single-cell gene expression and has been implemented in droplet and microwell based platforms. The latter further adds the value for compatibility with low input samples, optical imaging, scalability, and portability. However, cell lysis in microwells remains challenging despite the recently developed sophisticated solutions. Here, we present scFTD-seq, a microchip platform for performing single-cell freeze-thaw lysis directly toward 3′ mRNA sequencing. It offers format flexibility with a simplified, widely adoptable workflow that reduces the number of preparation steps and hands-on time, with the quality of data and cost per sample matching that of the state-of-the-art scRNA-seq platforms. Freeze-thaw, known as an unfavorable lysis method resulting in possible RNA fragmentation, turns out to be fully compatible with 3′ scRNA-seq. We applied it to the profiling of circulating follicular helper T cells implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Our results delineate the heterogeneity in the transcriptional programs and effector functions of these rare pathogenic T cells. As scFTD-seq decouples on-chip cell isolation and library preparation, we envision it to allow sampling at the distributed sites including point-of-care settings and downstream processing at centralized facilities, which should enable wide-spread adoption beyond academic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Dura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kerou Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William Damsky
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Durga Thakral
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Xhangolli I, Dura B, Lee G, Kim D, Xiao Y, Fan R. Single-cell Analysis of CAR-T Cell Activation Reveals A Mixed T H1/T H2 Response Independent of Differentiation. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2019; 17:129-139. [PMID: 31229590 PMCID: PMC6620429 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The activation mechanism of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells may differ substantially from T cells carrying native T cell receptor, but this difference remains poorly understood. We present the first comprehensive portrait of single-cell level transcriptional and cytokine signatures of anti-CD19/4-1BB/CD28/CD3ζ CAR-T cells upon antigen-specific stimulation. Both CD4+ helper T (TH) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic CAR-T cells are equally effective in directly killing target tumor cells and their cytotoxic activity is associated with the elevation of a range of TH1 and TH2 signature cytokines, e.g., interferon γ, tumor necrotic factor α, interleukin 5 (IL5), and IL13, as confirmed by the expression of master transcription factor genes TBX21 and GATA3. However, rather than conforming to stringent TH1 or TH2 subtypes, single-cell analysis reveals that the predominant response is a highly mixed TH1/TH2 function in the same cell. The regulatory T cell activity, although observed in a small fraction of activated cells, emerges from this hybrid TH1/TH2 population. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is produced from the majority of cells regardless of the polarization states, further contrasting CAR-T to classic T cells. Surprisingly, the cytokine response is minimally associated with differentiation status, although all major differentiation subsets such as naïve, central memory, effector memory, and effector are detected. All these suggest that the activation of CAR-engineered T cells is a canonical process that leads to a highly mixed response combining both type 1 and type 2 cytokines together with GM-CSF, supporting the notion that polyfunctional CAR-T cells correlate with objective response of patients in clinical trials. This work provides new insights into the mechanism of CAR activation and implies the necessity for cellular function assays to characterize the quality of CAR-T infusion products and monitor therapeutic responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Xhangolli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Burak Dura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - GeeHee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Xiao Y, Kim D, Dura B, Zhang K, Yan R, Li H, Han E, Ip J, Zou P, Liu J, Chen AT, Vortmeyer AO, Zhou J, Fan R. Ex vivo Dynamics of Human Glioblastoma Cells in a Microvasculature-on-a-Chip System Correlates with Tumor Heterogeneity and Subtypes. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1801531. [PMID: 31016107 PMCID: PMC6468969 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The perivascular niche (PVN) plays an essential role in brain tumor stem-like cell (BTSC) fate control, tumor invasion, and therapeutic resistance. Here, a microvasculature-on-a-chip system as a PVN model is used to evaluate the ex vivo dynamics of BTSCs from ten glioblastoma patients. BTSCs are found to preferentially localize in the perivascular zone, where they exhibit either the lowest motility, as in quiescent cells, or the highest motility, as in the invasive phenotype, with migration over long distance. These results indicate that PVN is a niche for BTSCs, while the microvascular tracks may serve as a path for tumor cell migration. The degree of colocalization between tumor cells and microvessels varies significantly across patients. To validate these results, single-cell transcriptome sequencing (10 patients and 21 750 single cells in total) is performed to identify tumor cell subtypes. The colocalization coefficient is found to positively correlate with proneural (stem-like) or mesenchymal (invasive) but not classical (proliferative) tumor cells. Furthermore, a gene signature profile including PDGFRA correlates strongly with the "homing" of tumor cells to the PVN. These findings demonstrate that the model can recapitulate in vivo tumor cell dynamics and heterogeneity, representing a new route to study patient-specific tumor cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Burak Dura
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Kerou Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Runchen Yan
- School of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Huamin Li
- Applied Math ProgramYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Edward Han
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Joshua Ip
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Pan Zou
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale School of MedicineNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale School of MedicineNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Ann Tai Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Alexander O. Vortmeyer
- Department of PathologyIndiana University Health Pathology LaboratoryIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale School of MedicineNew HavenCT06520USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer CenterNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer CenterNew HavenCT06520USA
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Xiao Y, Kim D, Dura B, Zhang K, Yan R, Li H, Han E, Ip J, Zou P, Liu J, Chen AT, Vortmeyer AO, Zhou J, Fan R. Ex vivo Dynamics of Human Glioblastoma Cells in a Microvasculature-on-a-Chip System Correlates with Tumor Heterogeneity and Subtypes. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1801531. [PMID: 31016107 DOI: 10.1101/400739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The perivascular niche (PVN) plays an essential role in brain tumor stem-like cell (BTSC) fate control, tumor invasion, and therapeutic resistance. Here, a microvasculature-on-a-chip system as a PVN model is used to evaluate the ex vivo dynamics of BTSCs from ten glioblastoma patients. BTSCs are found to preferentially localize in the perivascular zone, where they exhibit either the lowest motility, as in quiescent cells, or the highest motility, as in the invasive phenotype, with migration over long distance. These results indicate that PVN is a niche for BTSCs, while the microvascular tracks may serve as a path for tumor cell migration. The degree of colocalization between tumor cells and microvessels varies significantly across patients. To validate these results, single-cell transcriptome sequencing (10 patients and 21 750 single cells in total) is performed to identify tumor cell subtypes. The colocalization coefficient is found to positively correlate with proneural (stem-like) or mesenchymal (invasive) but not classical (proliferative) tumor cells. Furthermore, a gene signature profile including PDGFRA correlates strongly with the "homing" of tumor cells to the PVN. These findings demonstrate that the model can recapitulate in vivo tumor cell dynamics and heterogeneity, representing a new route to study patient-specific tumor cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Burak Dura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Kerou Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Runchen Yan
- School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Huamin Li
- Applied Math Program Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Edward Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Joshua Ip
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Pan Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Ann Tai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Alexander O Vortmeyer
- Department of Pathology Indiana University Health Pathology Laboratory Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center New Haven CT 06520 USA
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Dura B, Voldman J. Spatially and temporally controlled immune cell interactions using microscale tools. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dura B, Dougan SK, Barisa M, Hoehl MM, Lo CT, Ploegh HL, Voldman J. Profiling lymphocyte interactions at the single-cell level by microfluidic cell pairing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5940. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Abstract
We present a microfluidic cell pairing device capable of sequential trapping and pairing of hundreds of cells using passive hydrodynamics and flow-induced deformation. We describe the design and operation principles of our device and show its applicability for cell fusion. Using our device, we achieved both homotypic and heterotypic cell pairing, demonstrating efficiencies up to 80%. The platform is compatible with fusion protocols based on biological, chemical and physical stimuli with fusion yields up to 95%. Our device further permits its disconnection from the fluidic hardware enabling its transportation for imaging and culture while maintaining cell registration on chip. Our design principles and cell trapping technique can readily be applied for different cell types and can be extended to trap and fuse multiple (>2) cell partners as demonstrated by our preliminary experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Dura
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 36-824, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Dura B, Kovacs GTA, Giovangrandi L. Spatiotemporally controlled cardiac conduction block using high-frequency electrical stimulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36217. [PMID: 22558389 PMCID: PMC3340354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods for the electrical inhibition of cardiac excitation have long been sought to control excitability and conduction, but to date remain largely impractical. High-amplitude alternating current (AC) stimulation has been known to extend cardiac action potentials (APs), and has been recently exploited to terminate reentrant arrhythmias by producing reversible conduction blocks. Yet, low-amplitude currents at similar frequencies have been shown to entrain cardiac tissues by generation of repetitive APs, leading in some cases to ventricular fibrillation and hemodynamic collapse in vivo. Therefore, an inhibition method that does not lead to entrainment – irrespective of the stimulation amplitude (bound to fluctuate in an in vivo setting) – is highly desirable. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the effects of broader amplitude and frequency ranges on the inhibitory effects of extracellular AC stimulation on HL-1 cardiomyocytes cultured on microelectrode arrays, using both sinusoidal and square waveforms. Our results indicate that, at sufficiently high frequencies, cardiac tissue exhibits a binary response to stimulus amplitude with either prolonged APs or no effect, thereby effectively avoiding the risks of entrainment by repetitive firing observed at lower frequencies. We further demonstrate the ability to precisely define reversible local conduction blocks in beating cultures without influencing the propagation activity in non-blocked areas. The conduction blocks were spatiotemporally controlled by electrode geometry and stimuli duration, respectively, and sustainable for long durations (300 s). Conclusion/Significance Inhibition of cardiac excitation induced by high-frequency AC stimulation exhibits a binary response to amplitude above a threshold frequency, enabling the generation of reversible conduction blocks without the risks of entrainment. This inhibition method could yield novel approaches for arrhythmia modeling in vitro, as well as safer and more efficacious tools for in vivo cardiac mapping and radio-frequency ablation guidance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurent Giovangrandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dura B, Chen MQ, Inan OT, Kovacs GTA, Giovangrandi L. High-frequency electrical stimulation of cardiac cells and application to artifact reduction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2012; 59:1381-90. [PMID: 22345525 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2012.2188136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel modality for the electrical stimulation of cardiac cells is described. The technique is based on HF stimulation-burst of HF (1-25 kHz) biphasic square waves-to depolarize the cells and trigger action potentials (APs). HF stimulation was demonstrated in HL-1 cardiomyocyte cultures using microelectrode arrays, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated using single-cell model simulations. Current thresholds for HF stimulation increased at higher frequencies or shorter burst durations, and were typically higher than thresholds for single biphasic pulses. Nonetheless, owing to the decreasing impedance of metal electrodes with increasing frequencies, HF bursts resulted in reduced electrode voltages (up to four fold). Such lowered potentials might be beneficial in reducing the probability of irreversible electrochemical reactions and tissue damage, especially for long-term stimulation. More significantly, stimulation at frequencies higher than the upper limit of the AP power spectrum allows effective artifact reduction by low-pass filtering. Shaping of the burst envelope provides further reduction of the remaining artifact. This ability to decouple extracellular stimulation and recording in the frequency domain allowed detection of APs during stimulation-something previously not achievable to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Dura
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Games are a significant and defining part of human culture, and their utility beyond pure entertainment has been demonstrated with so-called 'serious games'. Biotechnology--despite its recent advancements--has had no impact on gaming yet. Here we propose the concept of 'biotic games', i.e., games that operate on biological processes. Utilizing a variety of biological processes we designed and tested a collection of games: 'Enlightenment', 'Ciliaball', 'PAC-mecium', 'Microbash', 'Biotic Pinball', 'POND PONG', 'PolymerRace', and 'The Prisoner's Smellemma'. We found that biotic games exhibit unique features compared to existing game modalities, such as utilizing biological noise, providing a real-life experience rather than virtual reality, and integrating the chemical senses into play. Analogous to video games, biotic games could have significant conceptual and cost-reducing effects on biotechnology and eventually healthcare; enable volunteers to participate in crowd-sourcing to support medical research; and educate society at large to support personal medical decisions and the public discourse on bio-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar H Riedel-Kruse
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 299 W. Campus Drive, Fairchild, Room D243, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Dura B, Smukalska E. [Acrodermatitis enteropathica: a case report]. Wiad Lek 1999; 52:303-6. [PMID: 10503047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare disease which is inherited autosomally and recessively. The reason for the illness is a smaller absorption of zinc. The onset of the illness is deceptive and clinical manifestations refers to the digestive system, skin, hair and nails. The report describes a case of a 6 month girl affected acrodermatitis enteropathica.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dura
- Oddziału Dzieciecego Wojewódzkiego Szpitala Obserwacyjno-Zakaźnego w Bydgoszczy
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