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La Piana R, Cayami FK, Tran LT, Guerrero K, van Spaendonk R, Õunap K, Pajusalu S, Haack T, Wassmer E, Timmann D, Mierzewska H, Poll-Thé BT, Patel C, Cox H, Atik T, Onay H, Ozkınay F, Vanderver A, van der Knaap MS, Wolf NI, Bernard G. Diffuse hypomyelination is not obligate for POLR3-related disorders. Neurology 2016; 86:1622-6. [PMID: 27029625 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report atypical MRI patterns associated with POLR3A and POLR3B mutations. METHODS This was a multicenter retrospective study to collect neuroradiologic, clinical, and molecular data of patients with mutations in POLR3A and POLR3B without the classic MRI phenotype, i.e., diffuse hypomyelination associated with relative T2 hypointensity of the ventrolateral thalamus, globus pallidus, optic radiation, corticospinal tract at the level of the internal capsule, and dentate nucleus, cerebellar atrophy, and thinning of the corpus callosum. RESULTS Eight patients were identified: 6 carried mutations in POLR3A and 2 in POLR3B. We identified 2 novel MRI patterns: 4 participants presented a selective involvement of the corticospinal tracts, specifically at the level of the posterior limbs of the internal capsules; 4 patients presented moderate to severe cerebellar atrophy. Incomplete hypomyelination was observed in 5 participants. CONCLUSION Diffuse hypomyelination is not an obligatory feature of POLR3-related disorders. Two distinct patterns, selective involvement of the corticospinal tracts and cerebellar atrophy, are added to the MRI presentation of POLR3-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta La Piana
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ferdy K Cayami
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Luan T Tran
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kether Guerrero
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rosalina van Spaendonk
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Katrin Õunap
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tobias Haack
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Evangeline Wassmer
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hanna Mierzewska
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bwee T Poll-Thé
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chirag Patel
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Helen Cox
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tahir Atik
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Huseyin Onay
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ferda Ozkınay
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
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