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Londoño‐Ramírez H, Huang X, Cools J, Chrzanowska A, Brunner C, Ballini M, Hoffman L, Steudel S, Rolin C, Mora Lopez C, Genoe J, Haesler S. Multiplexed Surface Electrode Arrays Based on Metal Oxide Thin-Film Electronics for High-Resolution Cortical Mapping. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2308507. [PMID: 38145348 PMCID: PMC10933637 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrode grids are used in neuroscience research and clinical practice to record electrical activity from the surface of the brain. However, existing passive electrocorticography (ECoG) technologies are unable to offer both high spatial resolution and wide cortical coverage, while ensuring a compact acquisition system. The electrode count and density are restricted by the fact that each electrode must be individually wired. This work presents an active micro-electrocorticography (µECoG) implant that tackles this limitation by incorporating metal oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) into a flexible electrode array, allowing to address multiple electrodes through a single shared readout line. By combining the array with an incremental-ΔΣ readout integrated circuit (ROIC), the system is capable of recording from up to 256 electrodes virtually simultaneously, thanks to the implemented 16:1 time-division multiplexing scheme, offering lower noise levels than existing active µECoG arrays. In vivo validation is demonstrated acutely in mice by recording spontaneous activity and somatosensory evoked potentials over a cortical surface of ≈8×8 mm2 . The proposed neural interface overcomes the wiring bottleneck limiting ECoG arrays, holding promise as a powerful tool for improved mapping of the cerebral cortex and as an enabling technology for future brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Londoño‐Ramírez
- Department of Neuroscience, Leuven Brain InstituteKatholieke Universiteit (KU) LeuvenLeuven3001Belgium
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF)Leuven3001Belgium
- imecLeuven3001Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Gent9052Belgium
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- imecLeuven3001Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT)Katholieke Universiteit (KU) LeuvenLeuven3001Belgium
| | - Jordi Cools
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF)Leuven3001Belgium
- imecLeuven3001Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Gent9052Belgium
- Present address:
Thermo Fisher Scientific3001LeuvenBelgium
| | - Anna Chrzanowska
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF)Leuven3001Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Gent9052Belgium
- Department of BiologyKatholieke Universiteit (KU) LeuvenLeuven3001Belgium
| | - Clément Brunner
- Department of Neuroscience, Leuven Brain InstituteKatholieke Universiteit (KU) LeuvenLeuven3001Belgium
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF)Leuven3001Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Gent9052Belgium
| | - Marco Ballini
- imecLeuven3001Belgium
- Present address:
Microphone Business Unit, TDK InvenSense20057MilanItaly
| | - Luis Hoffman
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF)Leuven3001Belgium
- imecLeuven3001Belgium
- Present address:
Swave Photonics3001LeuvenBelgium
| | - Soeren Steudel
- imecLeuven3001Belgium
- Present address:
MICLEDI Microdisplays3001LeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | - Jan Genoe
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT)Katholieke Universiteit (KU) LeuvenLeuven3001Belgium
| | - Sebastian Haesler
- Department of Neuroscience, Leuven Brain InstituteKatholieke Universiteit (KU) LeuvenLeuven3001Belgium
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (NERF)Leuven3001Belgium
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Gent9052Belgium
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Fesenko P, Flauraud V, Xie S, Kang E, Uemura T, Brugger J, Genoe J, Heremans P, Rolin C. Growth Of Organic Semiconductor Thin Films with Multi-Micron Domain Size and Fabrication of Organic Transistors Using a Stencil Nanosieve. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:23314-23318. [PMID: 28678470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To grow small molecule semiconductor thin films with domain size larger than modern-day device sizes, we evaporate the material through a dense array of small apertures, called a stencil nanosieve. The aperture size of 0.5 μm results in low nucleation density, whereas the aperture-to-aperture distance of 0.5 μm provides sufficient crosstalk between neighboring apertures through the diffusion of adsorbed molecules. By integrating the nanosieve in the channel area of a thin-film transistor mask, we show a route for patterning both the organic semiconductor and the metal contacts of thin-film transistors using one mask only and without mask realignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Fesenko
- imec , Large Area Electronics, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven , Department of Electrical Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Shenqi Xie
- EPFL , Microsystems Laboratory, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enpu Kang
- imec , Large Area Electronics, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047 Osaka, Japan
| | - Jürgen Brugger
- EPFL , Microsystems Laboratory, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Genoe
- imec , Large Area Electronics, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven , Department of Electrical Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Heremans
- imec , Large Area Electronics, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven , Department of Electrical Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cédric Rolin
- imec , Large Area Electronics, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Rolin C, Hecq JD, Tulkens P, Vanbeckbergen D, Jamart J, Galanti L. Long-term stability of temocillin in dextrose 5% and in sodium chloride 0.9% polyolefin bags at 5±3°C after freeze-thaw treatment. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 2011; 69:296-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cheyns D, Vasseur K, Rolin C, Genoe J, Poortmans J, Heremans P. Nanoimprinted semiconducting polymer films with 50 nm features and their application to organic heterojunction solar cells. Nanotechnology 2008; 19:424016. [PMID: 21832676 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/42/424016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanoimprint lithography is used to directly pattern the conjugated polymer semiconductor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We obtain trenches with aspect ratios up to 2 and feature sizes as small as 50 nm in this polymer. The application to organic solar cells is shown by creating an interpenetrated donor-acceptor interface, based on P3HT and N,N'-ditridecyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C(13)), deposited from the vapor phase to reduce shadow effects. A planarizing layer of spin-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is used to reduce the roughness of the layer stack. The response of the photovoltaic devices follows the increased interface area, up to a 2.5-fold enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cheyns
- IMEC vzw, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. ESAT, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Pectin, a polysaccharide derived from plant cells of fruit, is commonly used as stabilizer in acidified milk drinks. To gain a better understanding of the way that pectin stabilizes these drinks, we studied the adsorption and layer thickness of pectin on casein micelles in skim milk dispersions. Dynamic light scattering was used to measure the layer thickness of adsorbed pectin onto casein micelles in situ during acidification. The results indicate that the adsorption of pectin onto casein micelles is multilayered and takes place at and below pH 5.0. Renneting, i.e., cleaving-off kappa-casein from the casein micelles, did not alter the adsorption pH. It did, however, show that pectin arrests the rennet-induced flocculation of casein micelles below pH 5.0. From the findings we concluded the attachment of pectin onto casein micelles is driven by electrosorption. Adsorption measurements confirmed the multilayered nature of the adsorption of pectin onto casein micelles. Both the adsorbed amount and the layer thickness increased with decreasing pH in the relevant range 3.5-5.0. The phase behavior of a casein micelles/pectin mixture was determined and could be explained in terms of thermodynamic incompatibility being relevant above pH 5.0 and adsorption, leading to either stabilization and bridging, being relevant below pH 5.0. The results confirm that electrosorption is the driving force for the adsorption of pectin onto casein micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tuinier
- NIZO food research, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands
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Zhong HJ, Williams M, Keenan R, Goodall D, Rolin C. Separation and quantification of pectins using capillary electrophoresis: a preliminary study. Carbohydr Polym 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(96)00132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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