1
|
Barbiero M, Salvatierra JP, Risaro M, Clivati C, Calonico D, Levi F, Tarallo MG. Broadband serrodyne phase modulation for optical frequency standards and spectral purity transfer. Opt Lett 2023; 48:1958-1961. [PMID: 37221809 DOI: 10.1364/ol.485064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We perform low phase noise, efficient serrodyne modulation for optical frequency control and spectral purity transfer between two ultrastable lasers. After characterizing serrodyne modulation efficiency and its bandwidth, we estimate the phase noise induced by the modulation setup by developing a novel, to the best of our knowledge, composite self-heterodyne interferometer. Exploiting serrodyne modulation, we phase locked a 698 nm ultrastable laser to a superior ultrastable laser source at 1156 nm by means of a frequency comb as a transfer oscillator. We show that this technique is a reliable tool for ultrastable optical frequency standards.
Collapse
|
2
|
Marra G, Fairweather DM, Kamalov V, Gaynor P, Cantono M, Mulholland S, Baptie B, Castellanos JC, Vagenas G, Gaudron JO, Kronjäger J, Hill IR, Schioppo M, Barbeito Edreira I, Burrows KA, Clivati C, Calonico D, Curtis A. Optical interferometry-based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable. Science 2022; 376:874-879. [PMID: 35587960 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Optical fiber-based sensing technology can drastically improve Earth observations by enabling the use of existing submarine communication cables as seafloor sensors. Previous interferometric and polarization-based techniques demonstrated environmental sensing over cable lengths up to 10,500 kilometers. However, measurements were limited to the integrated changes over the entire length of the cable. We demonstrate the detection of earthquakes and ocean signals on individual spans between repeaters of a 5860-kilometer-long transatlantic cable rather than the whole cable. By applying this technique to the existing undersea communication cables, which have a repeater-to-repeater span length of 45 to 90 kilometers, the largely unmonitored ocean floor could be instrumented with thousands of permanent real-time environmental sensors without changes to the underwater infrastructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Marra
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | - D M Fairweather
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - P Gaynor
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | | | - S Mulholland
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | - B Baptie
- British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - G Vagenas
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | - J-O Gaudron
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | - J Kronjäger
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | - I R Hill
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | - M Schioppo
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | | | - K A Burrows
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | - C Clivati
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Turin, Italy
| | - D Calonico
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Turin, Italy
| | - A Curtis
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Insero G, Borri S, Calonico D, Pastor PC, Clivati C, D'Ambrosio D, De Natale P, Inguscio M, Levi F, Santambrogio G. Measuring molecular frequencies in the 1-10 μm range at 11-digits accuracy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12780. [PMID: 28986590 PMCID: PMC5630624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution spectroscopy in the 1-10 μm region has never been fully tackled for the lack of widely-tunable and practical light sources. Indeed, all solutions proposed thus far suffer from at least one of three issues: they are feasible only in a narrow spectral range; the power available for spectroscopy is limited; the frequency accuracy is poor. Here, we present a setup for high-resolution spectroscopy, whose approach can be applied in the whole 1-10 μm range. It combines the power of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and the accuracy achievable by difference frequency generation using an orientation patterned GaP crystal. The frequency is measured against a primary frequency standard using the Italian metrological fibre link network. We demonstrate the performance of the setup by measuring a vibrational transition in a highly-excited metastable state of CO around 6 μm with 11 digits of precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Insero
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR & Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze & European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Borri
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR & Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze & European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - D Calonico
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRIM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - P Cancio Pastor
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR & Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze & European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - C Clivati
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRIM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - D D'Ambrosio
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR & Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze & European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - P De Natale
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR & Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze & European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Inguscio
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR & Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze & European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - F Levi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRIM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - G Santambrogio
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR & Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze & European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy LENS, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. .,INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRIM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Livi LF, Cappellini G, Diem M, Franchi L, Clivati C, Frittelli M, Levi F, Calonico D, Catani J, Inguscio M, Fallani L. Synthetic Dimensions and Spin-Orbit Coupling with an Optical Clock Transition. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:220401. [PMID: 27925719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.220401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel way of synthesizing spin-orbit interactions in ultracold quantum gases, based on a single-photon optical clock transition coupling two long-lived electronic states of two-electron ^{173}Yb atoms. By mapping the electronic states onto effective sites along a synthetic "electronic" dimension, we have engineered fermionic ladders with synthetic magnetic flux in an experimental configuration that has allowed us to achieve uniform fluxes on a lattice with minimal requirements and unprecedented tunability. We have detected the spin-orbit coupling with fiber-link-enhanced clock spectroscopy and directly measured the emergence of chiral edge currents, probing them as a function of the flux. These results open new directions for the investigation of topological states of matter with ultracold atomic gases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Livi
- LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INO-CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, Sezione di Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Cappellini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INO-CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, Sezione di Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Diem
- ILP Institut für Laserphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
- INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - L Franchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - C Clivati
- INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - M Frittelli
- INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - F Levi
- INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - D Calonico
- INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - J Catani
- LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INO-CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, Sezione di Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Inguscio
- LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INO-CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, Sezione di Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - L Fallani
- LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INO-CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, Sezione di Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clivati C, Bolognini G, Calonico D, Faralli S, Mura A, Levi F. In-field Raman amplification on coherent optical fiber links for frequency metrology. Opt Express 2015; 23:10604-10615. [PMID: 25969100 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Distributed Raman amplification (DRA) is widely exploited for the transmission of broadband, modulated signals used in data links, but not yet in coherent optical links for frequency metrology, where the requirements are rather different. After preliminary tests on fiber spools, in this paper we deeper investigate Raman amplification on deployed in-field optical metrological links. We actually test a Doppler-stabilized optical link both on a 94 km-long metro-network implementation with multiplexed ITU data channels and on a 180 km-long dedicated fiber haul connecting two cities, where DRA is employed in combination with Erbium-doped fiber amplification (EDFA). The performance of DRA is detailed in both experiments, indicating that it does not introduce noticeable penalties for the metrological signal or for the ITU data channels. We hence show that Raman amplification of metrological signals can be compatible with a wavelength division multiplexing architecture and that it can be used as an alternative or in combination with dedicated bidirectional EDFAs. No deterioration is noticed in the coherence properties of the delivered signal, which attains frequency instability at the 10(-19) level in both cases. This study can be of interest also in view of the undergoing deployment of continental fiber networks for frequency metrology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Calosso CE, Bertacco EK, Calonico D, Clivati C, Costanzo GA, Frittelli M, Levi F, Micalizio S, Mura A, Godone A. Doppler-stabilized fiber link with 6 dB noise improvement below the classical limit. Opt Lett 2015; 40:131-134. [PMID: 25679826 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is known that temperature variations and acoustic noise affect ultrastable frequency dissemination along optical fiber. Active stabilization techniques are adopted to compensate for the fiber-induced phase noise. However, despite this compensation, the ultimate link performances are limited by the delay-unsuppressed noise that is related to the propagation delay of the light in the fiber. We demonstrate a post-processing approach which enables us to overcome this limit. We implement a subtraction algorithm between the optical signal delivered at the remote link end and the round-trip signal. In this way, a 6 dB improvement beyond the delay-unsuppressed noise is obtained. We confirm the prediction with experimental data obtained on a 47 km metropolitan fiber link and propose how to extend this method for frequency dissemination.
Collapse
|
7
|
Calosso CE, Bertacco E, Calonico D, Clivati C, Costanzo GA, Frittelli M, Levi F, Mura A, Godone A. Frequency transfer via a two-way optical phase comparison on a multiplexed fiber network. Opt Lett 2014; 39:1177-1180. [PMID: 24690700 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We performed a two-way remote optical phase comparison on optical fiber. Two optical frequency signals were launched in opposite directions in an optical fiber and their phases were simultaneously measured at the other end. In this technique, the fiber noise is passively canceled, and we compared two optical frequencies at the ultimate 10(-21) stability level. The experiment was performed on a 47 km fiber that is part of the metropolitan network for Internet traffic. The technique relies on the synchronous measurement of the optical phases at the two ends of the link, which is here performed by digital electronics. This scheme offers some advantages with respect to active noise cancellation schemes, as the light travels only once in the fiber.
Collapse
|
8
|
Clivati C, Calonico D, Costanzo GA, Mura A, Pizzocaro M, Levi F. Large-area fiber-optic gyroscope on a multiplexed fiber network. Opt Lett 2013; 38:1092-1094. [PMID: 23546254 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a fiber-optic gyroscope based on the Sagnac effect, realized on a multiplexed telecom fiber network. Our loop encloses an area of 20 km² and coexists with Internet data traffic. This Sagnac interferometer is capable of detecting signals that are larger than 10(-8) (rad/s)/√Hz, thus approaching ring laser gyroscopes without using a narrow-linewidth laser or sophisticated optics. The proposed gyroscope could be useful for seismic applications, opening new possibilities for this kind of optical fiber sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Clivati
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRIM, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|