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Fischer J, Fellmuth B, Gaiser C, Zandt T, Pitre L, Sparasci F, Plimmer MD, de Podesta M, Underwood R, Sutton G, Machin G, Gavioso RM, Ripa DM, Steur PPM, Qu J, Feng XJ, Zhang J, Moldover MR, Benz SP, White DR, Gianfrani L, Castrillo A, Moretti L, Darquié B, Moufarej E, Daussy C, Briaudeau S, Kozlova O, Risegari L, Segovia JJ, Martín MC, del Campo D. The Boltzmann project. Metrologia 2018; 55:10.1088/1681-7575/aaa790. [PMID: 31080297 PMCID: PMC6508687 DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/aaa790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), at its meeting in October 2017, followed the recommendation of the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) on the redefinition of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole. For the redefinition of the kelvin, the Boltzmann constant will be fixed with the numerical value 1.380 649 × 10-23 J K-1. The relative standard uncertainty to be transferred to the thermodynamic temperature value of the triple point of water will be 3.7 × 10-7, corresponding to an uncertainty in temperature of 0.10 mK, sufficiently low for all practical purposes. With the redefinition of the kelvin, the broad research activities of the temperature community on the determination of the Boltzmann constant have been very successfully completed. In the following, a review of the determinations of the Boltzmann constant k, important for the new definition of the kelvin and performed in the last decade, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fischer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Fellmuth
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Gaiser
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Zandt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Pitre
- Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie (LNE-CNAM), 61 rue du Landy, 93210 La Plaine-Saint-Denis, France
| | - F Sparasci
- Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie (LNE-CNAM), 61 rue du Landy, 93210 La Plaine-Saint-Denis, France
| | - M D Plimmer
- Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie (LNE-CNAM), 61 rue du Landy, 93210 La Plaine-Saint-Denis, France
| | - M de Podesta
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - R Underwood
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - G Sutton
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - G Machin
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - R M Gavioso
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - D Madonna Ripa
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - P P M Steur
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - J Qu
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - X J Feng
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - J Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - M R Moldover
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg and Boulder, United States of America
| | - S P Benz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg and Boulder, United States of America
| | - D R White
- Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand (MSL), Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - L Gianfrani
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Viale Lincoln 5, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - A Castrillo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Viale Lincoln 5, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - L Moretti
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Viale Lincoln 5, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - B Darquié
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7538, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - E Moufarej
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7538, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - C Daussy
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7538, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - S Briaudeau
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - O Kozlova
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - L Risegari
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France
| | - J J Segovia
- TERMOCAL Research Group, University of Valladolid (UVa), Paseo del Cauce 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - M C Martín
- TERMOCAL Research Group, University of Valladolid (UVa), Paseo del Cauce 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - D del Campo
- Centro Español de Metrología (CEM), Alfar 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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Tokunaga SK, Stoeffler C, Auguste F, Shelkovnikov A, Daussy C, Amy-Klein A, Chardonnet C, Darquié B. Probing weak force-induced parity violation by high-resolution mid-infrared molecular spectroscopy. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.821186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Tokunaga
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers , Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL , Villetaneuse, France
| | - C. Stoeffler
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers , Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL , Villetaneuse, France
| | - F. Auguste
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers , Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL , Villetaneuse, France
| | - A. Shelkovnikov
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers , Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL , Villetaneuse, France
| | - C. Daussy
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers , Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL , Villetaneuse, France
| | - A. Amy-Klein
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers , Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL , Villetaneuse, France
| | - C. Chardonnet
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers , Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL , Villetaneuse, France
| | - B. Darquié
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers , Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL , Villetaneuse, France
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Donnou S, Galand C, Daussy C, Crozet L, Fridman WH, Sautès-Fridman C, Fisson S. Immune adaptive microenvironment profiles in intracerebral and intrasplenic lymphomas share common characteristics. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 165:329-37. [PMID: 21668435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that the immune microenvironment controls tumour development. Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) are aggressive tumours growing in the central nervous system (CNS). To evaluate the role and characteristics of this immune-privileged site in anti-tumour defences, we compared the cellular and molecular immune microenvironments of growing murine lymphoma B cells injected into the brain or the spleen. In the brain, immune cells, including dendritic cells and T lymphocytes with a large proportion of CD4(+) forkhead box P3 (FoxP3(+)) regulatory T cells, rapidly infiltrated the tumour microenvironment. These populations also increased in number in the spleen. The T cell cytokine profiles in tumour-bearing mice were similar in the two sites, with predominant T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 polarization after polyclonal stimulation, although some interleukin (IL)-4 could also be found. We demonstrated that these T cells have anti-tumour activity in the CNS, although less than in the spleen: nude mice that received lymphoma cells intracerebrally died significantly earlier than immunocompetent animals. These results demonstrate that the brain is able to recruit all the major actors to mount a specific anti-tumour immune response against lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Donnou
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Daussy C, Guinet M, Amy-Klein A, Djerroud K, Hermier Y, Briaudeau S, Bordé CJ, Chardonnet C. Direct determination of the Boltzmann constant by an optical method. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:250801. [PMID: 17678007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.250801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We have recorded the Doppler profile of a well-isolated rovibrational line in the nu(2) band of (14)NH(3). Ammonia gas was placed in an absorption cell thermalized by a water-ice bath. By extrapolating to zero pressure, we have deduced the Doppler width which gives a first measurement of the Boltzmann constant k(B) by laser spectroscopy. A relative uncertainty of 2 x 10(-4) has been obtained. The present determination should be significantly improved in the near future and contribute to a new definition of the kelvin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Daussy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR CNRS 7538, Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, 99, avenue J.-B. Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
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Daussy C, Lopez O, Amy-Klein A, Goncharov A, Guinet M, Chardonnet C, Narbonneau F, Lours M, Chambon D, Bize S, Clairon A, Santarelli G, Tobar ME, Luiten AN. Long-distance frequency dissemination with a resolution of 10(-17). Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:203904. [PMID: 16090250 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.203904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We use a new technique to disseminate microwave reference signals along ordinary optical fiber. The fractional frequency resolution of a link of 86 km in length is 10(-17) for a one day integration time, a resolution higher than the stability of the best microwave or optical clocks. We use the link to compare the microwave reference and a CO2/OsO4 frequency standard that stabilizes a femtosecond laser frequency comb. This demonstrates a resolution of 3 x 10(-14) at 1 s. An upper value of the instability introduced by the femtosecond laser-based synthesizer is estimated as 1 x 10(-14) at 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Daussy
- LPL, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR 7538 C.N.R.S., Université Paris 13, 99, avenue J.-B. Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
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