1
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Zimmerman EA, Irani I, Chen P, Gal-Yam A, Schulze S, Perley DA, Sollerman J, Filippenko AV, Shenar T, Yaron O, Shahaf S, Bruch RJ, Ofek EO, De Cia A, Brink TG, Yang Y, Vasylyev SS, Ben Ami S, Aubert M, Badash A, Bloom JS, Brown PJ, De K, Dimitriadis G, Fransson C, Fremling C, Hinds K, Horesh A, Johansson JP, Kasliwal MM, Kulkarni SR, Kushnir D, Martin C, Matuzewski M, McGurk RC, Miller AA, Morag J, Neil JD, Nugent PE, Post RS, Prusinski NZ, Qin Y, Raichoor A, Riddle R, Rowe M, Rusholme B, Sfaradi I, Sjoberg KM, Soumagnac M, Stein RD, Strotjohann NL, Terwel JH, Wasserman T, Wise J, Wold A, Yan L, Zhang K. The complex circumstellar environment of supernova 2023ixf. Nature 2024; 627:759-762. [PMID: 38538936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The early evolution of a supernova (SN) can reveal information about the environment and the progenitor star. When a star explodes in vacuum, the first photons to escape from its surface appear as a brief, hours-long shock-breakout flare1,2, followed by a cooling phase of emission. However, for stars exploding within a distribution of dense, optically thick circumstellar material (CSM), the first photons escape from the material beyond the stellar edge and the duration of the initial flare can extend to several days, during which the escaping emission indicates photospheric heating3. Early serendipitous observations2,4 that lacked ultraviolet (UV) data were unable to determine whether the early emission is heating or cooling and hence the nature of the early explosion event. Here we report UV spectra of the nearby SN 2023ixf in the galaxy Messier 101 (M101). Using the UV data as well as a comprehensive set of further multiwavelength observations, we temporally resolve the emergence of the explosion shock from a thick medium heated by the SN emission. We derive a reliable bolometric light curve that indicates that the shock breaks out from a dense layer with a radius substantially larger than typical supergiants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Zimmerman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - I Irani
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P Chen
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A V Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Shenar
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Shahaf
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R J Bruch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A De Cia
- European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - T G Brink
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics (THCA), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - S S Vasylyev
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Ben Ami
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Aubert
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Badash
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P J Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K De
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Dimitriadis
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C Fransson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Fremling
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K Hinds
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Horesh
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J P Johansson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D Kushnir
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Martin
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Matuzewski
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R C McGurk
- W. M. Keck Observatory, Kamuela, HI, USA
| | - A A Miller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Morag
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J D Neil
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - P E Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R S Post
- Post Observatory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - N Z Prusinski
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Qin
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A Raichoor
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Riddle
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Rowe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - B Rusholme
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - I Sfaradi
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - K M Sjoberg
- Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Isaac Newton Group (ING), Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M Soumagnac
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - R D Stein
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N L Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J H Terwel
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Isaac Newton Group (ING), Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - T Wasserman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Wise
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Wold
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - L Yan
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K Zhang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Gal-Yam A, Bruch R, Schulze S, Yang Y, Perley DA, Irani I, Sollerman J, Kool EC, Soumagnac MT, Yaron O, Strotjohann NL, Zimmerman E, Barbarino C, Kulkarni SR, Kasliwal MM, De K, Yao Y, Fremling C, Yan L, Ofek EO, Fransson C, Filippenko AV, Zheng W, Brink TG, Copperwheat CM, Foley RJ, Brown J, Siebert M, Leloudas G, Cabrera-Lavers AL, Garcia-Alvarez D, Marante-Barreto A, Frederick S, Hung T, Wheeler JC, Vinkó J, Thomas BP, Graham MJ, Duev DA, Drake AJ, Dekany R, Bellm EC, Rusholme B, Shupe DL, Andreoni I, Sharma Y, Riddle R, van Roestel J, Knezevic N. A WC/WO star exploding within an expanding carbon-oxygen-neon nebula. Nature 2022; 601:201-204. [PMID: 35022591 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The final fate of massive stars, and the nature of the compact remnants they leave behind (black holes and neutron stars), are open questions in astrophysics. Many massive stars are stripped of their outer hydrogen envelopes as they evolve. Such Wolf-Rayet stars1 emit strong and rapidly expanding winds with speeds greater than 1,000 kilometres per second. A fraction of this population is also helium-depleted, with spectra dominated by highly ionized emission lines of carbon and oxygen (types WC/WO). Evidence indicates that the most commonly observed supernova explosions that lack hydrogen and helium (types Ib/Ic) cannot result from massive WC/WO stars2,3, leading some to suggest that most such stars collapse directly into black holes without a visible supernova explosion4. Here we report observations of SN 2019hgp, beginning about a day after the explosion. Its short rise time and rapid decline place it among an emerging population of rapidly evolving transients5-8. Spectroscopy reveals a rich set of emission lines indicating that the explosion occurred within a nebula composed of carbon, oxygen and neon. Narrow absorption features show that this material is expanding at high velocities (greater than 1,500 kilometres per second), requiring a compact progenitor. Our observations are consistent with an explosion of a massive WC/WO star, and suggest that massive Wolf-Rayet stars may be the progenitors of some rapidly evolving transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - R Bruch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Schulze
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - I Irani
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E C Kool
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M T Soumagnac
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - O Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N L Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Zimmerman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Barbarino
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K De
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Yao
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C Fremling
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - L Yan
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Fransson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A V Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - W Zheng
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T G Brink
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C M Copperwheat
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - R J Foley
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - J Brown
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - M Siebert
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - G Leloudas
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - S Frederick
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - T Hung
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - J C Wheeler
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J Vinkó
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Konkoly Observatory, ELKH CSFK, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,ELTE Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B P Thomas
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M J Graham
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D A Duev
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A J Drake
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R Dekany
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - E C Bellm
- DIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Rusholme
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D L Shupe
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - I Andreoni
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Sharma
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R Riddle
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J van Roestel
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N Knezevic
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Hung T, Gezari S, Cenko SB, van Velzen S, Blagorodnova N, Yan L, Kulkarni SR, Lunnan R, Kupfer T, Leloudas G, Kong AKH, Nugent PE, Fremling C, Laher RR, Masci FJ, Cao Y, Roy R, Petrushevska T. SIFTING FOR SAPPHIRES: SYSTEMATIC SELECTION OF TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS IN iPTF. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 2018; 238:15. [PMID: 31160831 PMCID: PMC6544052 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aad8b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present results from a systematic selection of tidal disruption events (TDEs) in a wide-area (4800 deg2), g + R band, Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) experiment. Our selection targets typical optically-selected TDEs: bright (>60% flux increase) and blue transients residing in the center of red galaxies. Using photometric selection criteria to down-select from a total of 493 nuclear transients to a sample of 26 sources, we then use follow-up UV imaging with the Neil Gehrels Swift Telescope, ground-based optical spectroscopy, and light curve fitting to classify them as 14 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), 9 highly variable active galactic nuclei (AGNs), 2 confirmed TDEs, and 1 potential core-collapse supernova. We find it possible to filter AGNs by employing a more stringent transient color cut (g - r < -0.2 mag); further, UV imaging is the best discriminator for filtering SNe, since SNe Ia can appear as blue, optically, as TDEs in their early phases. However, when UV-optical color is unavailable, higher precision astrometry can also effectively reduce SNe contamination in the optical. Our most stringent optical photometric selection criteria yields a 4.5:1 contamination rate, allowing for a manageable number of TDE candidates for complete spectroscopic follow-up and real-time classification in the ZTF era. We measure a TDE per galaxy rate of 1.7 - 1.3 + 2.9 × 10 - 4 gal - 1 yr - 1 (90% CL in Poisson statistics). This does not account for TDEs outside our selection criteria, thus may not reflect the total TDE population, which is yet to be fully mapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hung
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S Gezari
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S B Cenko
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S van Velzen
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, New York University, NY 10003, USA
| | - N Blagorodnova
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lin Yan
- Caltech Optical Observatories, Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R Lunnan
- The Oskar Klein Centre & Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Kupfer
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - G Leloudas
- Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A K H Kong
- Institute of Astronomy, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - P E Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 50B-4206, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C Fremling
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Russ R Laher
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - F J Masci
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Y Cao
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, U.W., Seattle, WA 98195-1580, USA
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Box 351570, U.W., Seattle, WA 98195-1580, USA
| | - R Roy
- The Oskar Klein Centre & Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Petrushevska
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Kasliwal MM, Nakar E, Singer LP, Kaplan DL, Cook DO, Van Sistine A, Lau RM, Fremling C, Gottlieb O, Jencson JE, Adams SM, Feindt U, Hotokezaka K, Ghosh S, Perley DA, Yu PC, Piran T, Allison JR, Anupama GC, Balasubramanian A, Bannister KW, Bally J, Barnes J, Barway S, Bellm E, Bhalerao V, Bhattacharya D, Blagorodnova N, Bloom JS, Brady PR, Cannella C, Chatterjee D, Cenko SB, Cobb BE, Copperwheat C, Corsi A, De K, Dobie D, Emery SWK, Evans PA, Fox OD, Frail DA, Frohmaier C, Goobar A, Hallinan G, Harrison F, Helou G, Hinderer T, Ho AYQ, Horesh A, Ip WH, Itoh R, Kasen D, Kim H, Kuin NPM, Kupfer T, Lynch C, Madsen K, Mazzali PA, Miller AA, Mooley K, Murphy T, Ngeow CC, Nichols D, Nissanke S, Nugent P, Ofek EO, Qi H, Quimby RM, Rosswog S, Rusu F, Sadler EM, Schmidt P, Sollerman J, Steele I, Williamson AR, Xu Y, Yan L, Yatsu Y, Zhang C, Zhao W. Illuminating gravitational waves: A concordant picture of photons from a neutron star merger. Science 2017; 358:1559-1565. [PMID: 29038373 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Merging neutron stars offer an excellent laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an electromagnetic counterpart (EM170817) with gravitational waves (GW170817) detected from merging neutron stars. By synthesizing a panchromatic data set, we demonstrate that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis. The weak gamma rays seen in EM170817 are dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultrarelativistic jets. Instead, we suggest that breakout of a wide-angle, mildly relativistic cocoon engulfing the jet explains the low-luminosity gamma rays, the high-luminosity ultraviolet-optical-infrared, and the delayed radio and x-ray emission. We posit that all neutron star mergers may lead to a wide-angle cocoon breakout, sometimes accompanied by a successful jet and sometimes by a choked jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - E Nakar
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - L P Singer
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.,Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - D L Kaplan
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - D O Cook
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Van Sistine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - R M Lau
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - C Fremling
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - O Gottlieb
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - J E Jencson
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S M Adams
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - U Feindt
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hotokezaka
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Simons Foundation, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA.,Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Browlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - P-C Yu
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Road, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - T Piran
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - J R Allison
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions, Australia
| | - G C Anupama
- Indian Institute of Astrophysics, II Block Koramangala, Bangalore 560034, India
| | - A Balasubramanian
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - K W Bannister
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Post Office Box 76, Epping, New South Wales 1710, Australia
| | - J Bally
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J Barnes
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - S Barway
- South African Astronomical Observatory, Post Office Box 9, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - E Bellm
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - V Bhalerao
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - D Bhattacharya
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Office Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - N Blagorodnova
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 50B-4206, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P R Brady
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - C Cannella
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Chatterjee
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - S B Cenko
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.,Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - B E Cobb
- Department of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - C Copperwheat
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Browlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - A Corsi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Box 41051, Lubbock, TX 79409-1051, USA
| | - K De
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Dobie
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia.,Australia Telescope National Facility, Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Post Office Box 76, Epping, New South Wales 1710, Australia
| | - S W K Emery
- University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P A Evans
- X-ray and Observational Astronomy Research Group, Leicester Institute for Space and Earth Observation, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - O D Fox
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D A Frail
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87825, USA
| | - C Frohmaier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.,Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, Dennis Sciama Building, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
| | - A Goobar
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Hallinan
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - F Harrison
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - G Helou
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - T Hinderer
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A Y Q Ho
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Horesh
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - W-H Ip
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - R Itoh
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - D Kasen
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - H Kim
- Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - N P M Kuin
- University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - T Kupfer
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - C Lynch
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia
| | - K Madsen
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - P A Mazzali
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Browlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.,Max-Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
| | - A A Miller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,The Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - K Mooley
- Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - T Murphy
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia
| | - C-C Ngeow
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Road, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - D Nichols
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - S Nissanke
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - P Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 50B-4206, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - H Qi
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - R M Quimby
- Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - S Rosswog
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Rusu
- School of Engineering (EECS), University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - E M Sadler
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia
| | - P Schmidt
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Steele
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Browlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - A R Williamson
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Y Xu
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - L Yan
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Y Yatsu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - W Zhao
- School of Engineering (EECS), University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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5
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Goobar A, Amanullah R, Kulkarni SR, Nugent PE, Johansson J, Steidel C, Law D, Mörtsell E, Quimby R, Blagorodnova N, Brandeker A, Cao Y, Cooray A, Ferretti R, Fremling C, Hangard L, Kasliwal M, Kupfer T, Lunnan R, Masci F, Miller AA, Nayyeri H, Neill JD, Ofek EO, Papadogiannakis S, Petrushevska T, Ravi V, Sollerman J, Sullivan M, Taddia F, Walters R, Wilson D, Yan L, Yaron O. iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova. Science 2017; 356:291-295. [PMID: 28428419 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova, iPTF16geu (SN 2016geu), at redshift z = 0.409. This phenomenon was identified because the light from the stellar explosion was magnified more than 50 times by the curvature of space around matter in an intervening galaxy. We used high-spatial-resolution observations to resolve four images of the lensed supernova, approximately 0.3 arc seconds from the center of the foreground galaxy. The observations probe a physical scale of ~1 kiloparsec, smaller than is typical in other studies of extragalactic gravitational lensing. The large magnification and symmetric image configuration imply close alignment between the lines of sight to the supernova and to the lens. The relative magnifications of the four images provide evidence for substructures in the lensing galaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goobar
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - R Amanullah
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - P E Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,MS 50B-4206, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J Johansson
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - C Steidel
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Law
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - E Mörtsell
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Quimby
- Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Kavli IPMU (WPI), University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - N Blagorodnova
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Brandeker
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Cao
- eScience Institute and Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - A Cooray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - R Ferretti
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Fremling
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Hangard
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Kasliwal
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - T Kupfer
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R Lunnan
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Masci
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A A Miller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - H Nayyeri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - J D Neill
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - S Papadogiannakis
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Petrushevska
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Ravi
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Sollerman
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - F Taddia
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Walters
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - L Yan
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - O Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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6
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Fremling C, Raivio M, Karppinen I. Endoscopic discision of Zenker's diverticulum. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1995; 84:169-172. [PMID: 7574376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Being typically an elderly make, the patient with a Zenker's diverticulum quite uncommonly presents in the best condition for surgery. Optimal management should therefore minimize the operative risk, shorten the time of postoperative hospitalization, and simultaneously avoid postoperative recurrence of the disorder. Using an automatic stapling device, the sphincter of the diverticulum (consisting mainly of the cricopharyngeus muscle) is cut easily endoscopically, with reliable haemostasis and a wide opening of the pouch as result. Six cases operated on by us between December 1993 and August 1994, became completely free of symptoms. The surgical technique (actually a variety of the traditional Dohlman's procedure) is described. Postoperative results over a follow-up of 3-8 months, and details of one non-serious postoperative complication are reported. Our experience of this pilot series gives rise to positive expectations of a new, safe, and time-saving procedure for successful treatment of even elderly patients with Zenker's diverticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fremling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
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