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Ossiander M, Golyari K, Scharl K, Lehnert L, Siegrist F, Bürger JP, Zimin D, Gessner JA, Weidman M, Floss I, Smejkal V, Donsa S, Lemell C, Libisch F, Karpowicz N, Burgdörfer J, Krausz F, Schultze M. The speed limit of optoelectronics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1620. [PMID: 35338120 PMCID: PMC8956609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-field driven charge motion links semiconductor technology to electric fields with attosecond temporal control. Motivated by ultimate-speed electron-based signal processing, strong-field excitation has been identified viable for the ultrafast manipulation of a solid's electronic properties but found to evoke perplexing post-excitation dynamics. Here, we report on single-photon-populating the conduction band of a wide-gap dielectric within approximately one femtosecond. We control the subsequent Bloch wavepacket motion with the electric field of visible light. The resulting current allows sampling optical fields and tracking charge motion driven by optical signals. Our approach utilizes a large fraction of the conduction-band bandwidth to maximize operating speed. We identify population transfer to adjacent bands and the associated group velocity inversion as the mechanism ultimately limiting how fast electric currents can be controlled in solids. Our results imply a fundamental limit for classical signal processing and suggest the feasibility of solid-state optoelectronics up to 1 PHz frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ossiander
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany. .,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - K Golyari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - K Scharl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - L Lehnert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - F Siegrist
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - J P Bürger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - D Zimin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - J A Gessner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - M Weidman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany
| | - I Floss
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - V Smejkal
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - S Donsa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - F Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - N Karpowicz
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, EU, Italy
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, 1040, Vienna, EU, Austria
| | - F Krausz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany. .,Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.
| | - M Schultze
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, EU, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, EU, Austria
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2
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Ossiander M, Riemensberger J, Neppl S, Mittermair M, Schäffer M, Duensing A, Wagner MS, Heider R, Wurzer M, Gerl M, Schnitzenbaumer M, Barth JV, Libisch F, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Feulner P, Kienberger R. Absolute timing of the photoelectric effect. Nature 2018; 561:374-377. [PMID: 30232421 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photoemission spectroscopy is central to understanding the inner workings of condensed matter, from simple metals and semiconductors to complex materials such as Mott insulators and superconductors1. Most state-of-the-art knowledge about such solids stems from spectroscopic investigations, and use of subfemtosecond light pulses can provide a time-domain perspective. For example, attosecond (10-18 seconds) metrology allows electron wave packet creation, transport and scattering to be followed on atomic length scales and on attosecond timescales2-7. However, previous studies could not disclose the duration of these processes, because the arrival time of the photons was not known with attosecond precision. Here we show that this main source of ambiguity can be overcome by introducing the atomic chronoscope method, which references all measured timings to the moment of light-pulse arrival and therefore provides absolute timing of the processes under scrutiny. Our proof-of-principle experiment reveals that photoemission from the tungsten conduction band can proceed faster than previously anticipated. By contrast, the duration of electron emanation from core states is correctly described by semiclassical modelling. These findings highlight the necessity of treating the origin, initial excitation and transport of electrons in advanced modelling of the attosecond response of solids, and our absolute data provide a benchmark. Starting from a robustly characterized surface, we then extend attosecond spectroscopy towards isolating the emission properties of atomic adsorbates on surfaces and demonstrate that these act as photoemitters with instantaneous response. We also find that the tungsten core-electron timing remains unchanged by the adsorption of less than one monolayer of dielectric atoms, providing a starting point for the exploration of excitation and charge migration in technologically and biologically relevant adsorbate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ossiander
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
| | - J Riemensberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - S Neppl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Mittermair
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Schäffer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - A Duensing
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M S Wagner
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - R Heider
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Wurzer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - M Gerl
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | - M Schnitzenbaumer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - J V Barth
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - F Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Feulner
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - R Kienberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
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3
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Li H, Mignolet B, Wachter G, Skruszewicz S, Zherebtsov S, Süssmann F, Kessel A, Trushin SA, Kling NG, Kübel M, Ahn B, Kim D, Ben-Itzhak I, Cocke CL, Fennel T, Tiggesbäumker J, Meiwes-Broer KH, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Levine RD, Remacle F, Kling MF. Coherent electronic wave packet motion in C(60) controlled by the waveform and polarization of few-cycle laser fields. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:123004. [PMID: 25860740 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.123004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strong laser fields can be used to trigger an ultrafast molecular response that involves electronic excitation and ionization dynamics. Here, we report on the experimental control of the spatial localization of the electronic excitation in the C_{60} fullerene exerted by an intense few-cycle (4 fs) pulse at 720 nm. The control is achieved by tailoring the carrier-envelope phase and the polarization of the laser pulse. We find that the maxima and minima of the photoemission-asymmetry parameter along the laser-polarization axis are synchronized with the localization of the coherent electronic wave packet at around the time of ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - B Mignolet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - G Wachter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - S Skruszewicz
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - S Zherebtsov
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - F Süssmann
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - A Kessel
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - S A Trushin
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Nora G Kling
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - M Kübel
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - B Ahn
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Physics Department, CASTECH, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Research Initiative, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - D Kim
- Physics Department, CASTECH, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Research Initiative, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - I Ben-Itzhak
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - C L Cocke
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - T Fennel
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
- Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - R D Levine
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Remacle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - M F Kling
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Lemell C, Dimitriou KI, Arbó DG, Tong XM, Kartashov D, Burgdörfer J, Gräfe S. Low-Energy Peak Structure in Strong-Field Ionization by Mid-Infrared Laser Pulses. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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5
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6
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Pazourek R, Nagele S, Doblhoff-Dier K, Feist J, Lemell C, Tökési K, Burgdörfer J. Probing scattering phase shifts by attosecond streaking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/388/1/012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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El-Said AS, Wilhelm RA, Heller R, Facsko S, Lemell C, Wachter G, Burgdörfer J, Ritter R, Aumayr F. Phase diagram for nanostructuring CaF(2) surfaces by slow highly charged ions. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:117602. [PMID: 23005676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.117602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The impact of individual slow highly charged ions (HCI) on alkaline earth halide and alkali halide surfaces creates nano-scale surface modifications. For different materials and impact energies a wide variety of topographic alterations have been observed, ranging from regularly shaped pits to nanohillocks. We present experimental evidence for the creation of thermodynamically stable defect agglomerations initially hidden after irradiation but becoming visible as pits upon subsequent etching. A well defined threshold separating regions with and without etch-pit formation is found as a function of potential and kinetic energies of the projectile. Combining this novel type of surface defects with the previously identified hillock formation, a phase diagram for HCI induced surface restructuring emerges. The simulation of the energy deposition by the HCI in the crystal provides insight into the early stages of the dynamics of the surface modification and its dependence on the kinetic and potential energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S El-Said
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany, EU.
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9
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Schiessl K, Tokési K, Solleder B, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J. Electron guiding through insulating nanocapillaries. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:163201. [PMID: 19518708 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.163201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We simulate the electron transmission through insulating Mylar (polyethylene terephthalate, or PET) capillaries. We show that the mechanisms underlying the recently discovered electron guiding are fundamentally different from those for ion guiding. Quantum reflection and multiple near-forward scattering rather than the self-organized charge up are key to the transmission along the capillary axis irrespective of the angle of incidence. We find surprisingly good agreement with recent data. Our simulation suggests that electron guiding should also be observable for metallic capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schiessl
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU.
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10
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El-Said AS, Heller R, Meissl W, Ritter R, Facsko S, Lemell C, Solleder B, Gebeshuber IC, Betz G, Toulemonde M, Möller W, Burgdörfer J, Aumayr F. Creation of nanohillocks on CaF2 surfaces by single slow highly charged ions. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:237601. [PMID: 18643543 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.237601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Upon impact on a solid surface, the potential energy stored in slow highly charged ions is primarily deposited into the electronic system of the target. By decelerating the projectile ions to kinetic energies as low as 150 x q eV, we find first unambiguous experimental evidence that potential energy alone is sufficient to cause permanent nanosized hillocks on the (111) surface of a CaF(2) single crystal. Our investigations reveal a surprisingly sharp and well-defined threshold of potential energy for hillock formation which can be linked to a solid-liquid phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S El-Said
- Institut für Allgemeine Physik, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Lemell C, Alducin M, Burgdörfer J, Juaristi J, Schiessl K, Solleder B, Tökesi K. Interaction of slow multicharged ions with surfaces. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Tőkési K, Tong XM, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J. Friction Force for Charged Particles at Large Distances from Metal Surfaces. Theory of the Interaction of Swift Ions with Matter. Part 2 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(04)46002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Lemell C, Tong XM, Krausz F, Burgdörfer J. Electron emission from metal surfaces by ultrashort pulses: determination of the carrier-envelope phase. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:076403. [PMID: 12633255 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.076403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phase varphi of the field oscillations with respect to the peak of a laser pulse influences the light field evolution as the pulse length becomes comparable to the wave cycle and, hence, affects the interaction of intense few-cycle pulses with matter. We theoretically investigate photoelectron emission induced by an intense, few-cycle laser pulse from a metal surface (jellium) within the framework of time-dependent density functional theory and find a pronounced varphi dependence of the photocurrent. Our results reveal a promising route to measuring varphi of few-cycle light pulses (tau<6 fs at lambda=0.8 microm) at moderate intensity levels (I(p) approximately 10(12) W/cm(2)) using a solid-state device.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Hayderer G, Cernusca S, Schmid M, Varga P, Winter H, Aumayr F, Niemann D, Hoffmann V, Stolterfoht N, Lemell C, Wirtz L, Burgdörfer J. Kinetically assisted potential sputtering of insulators by highly charged ions. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:3530-3533. [PMID: 11328015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new form of potential sputtering has been found for impact of slow ( < or = 1500 eV) multiply charged Xe ions (charge states up to q = 25) on MgO(x). In contrast to alkali-halide or SiO2 surfaces this mechanism requires the simultaneous presence of electronic excitation of the target material and of a kinetically formed collision cascade within the target in order to initiate the sputtering process. This kinetically assisted potential sputtering mechanism has been identified to be present for other insulating surfaces as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hayderer
- Institut für Allgemeine Physik, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Lemell C, Winter HP, Aumayr F, Burgdörfer J, Meyer F. Image acceleration of highly charged ions by metal surfaces. Phys Rev A 1996; 53:880-885. [PMID: 9912961 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Kurz H, Aumayr F, Lemell C, Töglhofer K, Winter H. Neutralization of slow multicharged ions at a clean gold surface: Electron-emission statistics. Phys Rev A 1993; 48:2192-2197. [PMID: 9909840 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Kurz H, Aumayr F, Lemell C, Töglhofer K, Winter H. Neutralization of slow multicharged ions at a clean gold surface: Total electron yields. Phys Rev A 1993; 48:2182-2191. [PMID: 9909839 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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