Continuous cardiometabolic risk score definitions in early childhood: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in young children has been measured using various approaches, including a continuous summary score that incorporates components such as adiposity, lipids, metabolic factors and blood pressure.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to comprehensively review definitions of continuous CMR scores in children <10 years of age.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted using a systematic search of four scientific databases up to June 2016. Inclusion criteria were children <10 years of age and report of a continuous CMR score.

RESULTS

Ninety-one articles were included. Most studies were published from 2007 to 2016 (96%). Nearly all continuous CMR scores (90%) were calculated using the sum or the mean of z-scores, and many articles age-standardized and sex-standardized components within their own population. The mean number of variables included in the risk scores was 5 with a range of 3-11. The most commonly included score components were waist circumference (52%), triglycerides (87%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (67%), glucose (43%) and systolic blood pressure (52%).

IMPORTANCE

Continuous CMR scores are emerging frequently in the child health literature and are calculated using numerous methods with diverse components. This heterogeneity limits comparability across studies. A harmonized definition of CMR in childhood is needed.

The impact of daycare attendance on outdoor free play in young children

Background

Outdoor free play is important for healthy growth and development in early childhood. Recent studies suggest that the majority of time spent in daycare is sedentary. The objective of this study was to determine whether there was an association between daycare attendance and parent-reported outdoor free play.

Methods

Healthy children aged 1-5 years recruited to The Applied Research Group for Kids! (TARGet Kids!), a primary care research network, were included. Parents reported daycare use, outdoor free play and potential confounding variables. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the association between daycare attendance and outdoor free play, adjusted for age, sex, maternal ethnicity, maternal education, neighborhood income and season.

Results

There were 2810 children included in this study. Children aged 1 to <3 years (n = 1388) and ≥3 to 5 years (n = 1284) who attended daycare had 14.70 min less (95% CI -20.52, -8.87; P < 0.01) and 9.44 min less (95% CI -13.67, -5.20; P < 0.01) per day of outdoor free play compared with children who did not attend daycare, respectively.

Conclusions

Children who spend more time in daycare have less parent-reported outdoor free play. Parents may be relying on daycare to provide opportunity for outdoor free play and interventions to promote increased active play opportunities outside of daycare are needed.

The concurrent and longitudinal associations of temperament and nutritional risk factors in early childhood

BACKGROUND

Early childhood temperament is increasingly recognized as an important attribute that may impact screen time use, outdoor play and childhood obesity. The relationship between temperament and nutrition in preschool children is less clear.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study is to investigate if temperament dimensions (negative affectivity, effortful control and surgency) in early childhood are associated with nutritional risk factors.

METHODS

Six hundred seventy-eight children were followed (mean age at baseline visit 3.1 years; mean time to follow-up 16.5 months). Parents reported on child temperament and nutritional risk factors during regularly scheduled well-child clinic visits.

RESULTS

A mixed effect model demonstrated a significant association between higher negative affectivity (1.03; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.37) and higher effortful control (-0.88; 95% CI -1.27 to -0.49) on concurrent nutritional risk, independent of covariates. Multivariate linear regression analysis identified that higher effortful control, and not negative affectivity, was significantly associated with a decrease in nutritional risk (-0.67; 95% CI -1.10 to -0.24) over time, independent of covariates. There was no relationship identified between surgency and nutritional risk.

CONCLUSION

Three-year-old children with higher effortful control had reduced nutritional risk at 5 years of age. Future nutritional risk prevention strategies may benefit from interventions to increase effortful control in early childhood.

Adolescents with severe obesity: outcomes of participation in an intensive obesity management programme

BACKGROUND

Most interventions for childhood obesity are randomized controlled studies. Less is known about the effectiveness of clinical obesity programmes.

OBJECTIVE

To assess outcomes in adolescents participating in the SickKids Team Obesity Management Program (STOMP) vs. a comparison group of obese adolescents.

METHODS

Severely obese adolescents (n = 75) in STOMP (15.1 ± 1.8 years, body mass index [BMI] 44.8 ± 7.8 kg m(-2) ) were compared with adolescents (n = 41) not in the programme (14.9 ± 2.0 years, BMI 34.5 ± 8.0 kg m(-2) ). Outcomes were change in BMI, cardiometabolic, psychological and health behaviour measures.

RESULTS

At 6 months, STOMP patients' BMI was unchanged (0.08 ± 0.3; P = 0.79) and they reported improvements in quality of life and depression (-3.6 ± 1.4; P = 0.009), and increases in measures of readiness to change (RTC). Between-group differences in change between 0 and 6 months, in favour of STOMP patients, were observed for homeostatic measurement assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; -2.7 ± 1.0; P = 0.007), depression scores (-3.5 ± 1.7; P = 0.04), diet-RTC (0.6 ± 0.2; P < 0.001) and physical activity (1.7 ± 0.9; P = 0.05). At 12 months, STOMP patients increased BMI (0.8 ± 0.5; P = 0.07), but they exhibited decreased waist circumference (-7.4 ± 2.1 cm; P = 0.001) and HOMA-IR (-1.9 ± 0.6; P = 0.002). Between-group differences in change between 0 and 12 months, in favour of STOMP patients, were observed for waist circumference (-5.9 ± 2.4 cm; P = 0.01), HOMA-IR (-2.9 ± 0.7; P < 0.001) and diet-RTC (0.9 ± 0.2; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

STOMP participants did not experience a significant reduction in BMI but did have improvements in cardiometabolic, psychological and health behaviour outcomes. Evaluation of paediatric clinical obesity programmes using multiple measures is essential to understanding real-world outcomes.

In which journals will pediatricians find the best evidence for clinical practice?

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to identify the journals that contain the best evidence relating to clinical pediatric practice, thus enabling general pediatricians and pediatric trainees to identify the best quality evidence more efficiently and to select journals for general reading more judiciously.

METHODS

In the first of three strategies, journal citations from completed systematic reviews using topic headings of pediatric(s), child, infant(s), newborn, neonate(s), neonatology, and adolescent(s) in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) in the 1997, Issue 4, Cochrane Library were collected. In the second strategy, journal citations from American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) policy statements from 1994 to 1996 found in the AAP policy reference guide were collected. In the third strategy, journal citations from the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) statements from 1990 to 1997 found in Pediatrics and Child Health were collected. Topics related to tertiary neonatology, nonphysician health care professionals, public health policy, ethics, and nonjournal citation sources were excluded. All statements with no references were excluded. Journal citations in CDSR with no pediatric subjects and citation of AAP policy statements cited in AAP policy statements were excluded. The number of citations from the journal cited most frequently, from journals that represented approximately 10% of all citations and from the 10 journals cited most frequently were expressed as a percent of total citations and a 95% CI was calculated.

RESULTS

Using all three strategies (CDSR, AAP, and CPS), the journal cited most frequently was Pediatrics. Using the CDSR strategy (n = 234), citations from Pediatrics represented 6.0% of the total (95% CI: 3.0%, 9.0%), using the AAP strategy (n = 930), citations from Pediatrics represented 11. 4% of the total (95% CI: 9.4%, 13.4%), and using the CPS strategy (n = 873), citations from Pediatrics represented 11.9% of the total (95% CI: 9.8, 14.1). Using the CDSR strategy, citations from the 10 journals cited most frequently made up 38.9% of the total citations (95% CI: 32.7%, 45.1%), using the AAP strategy, citations from the 10 journals cited most frequently made up 42.3% of the total citations (95% CI: 39.3%, 45.3%), and using the CPS strategy, citations from the 10 journals cited most frequently made up 60.6% of the total citations (95% CI: 57.4, 63.8). In the CPS strategy, citations from the Journal of Pediatrics represented 10.2% of the total citations (95% CI: 8.2, 12.2) and citations from New England Journal of Medicine represented 9.5% of the total citations (95% CI: 7.6, 11.5). A total of 7 journals were found to be among the 10 cited most frequently using all three strategies (in alphabetical order): Archives of Diseases in Childhood, British Medical Journal, Journal of the American Medical Association, Journal of Pediatrics, Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, and Pediatrics.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides the general pediatrician and pediatric trainee with a strategy to identify efficiently a significant proportion of the best evidence on pediatric practice by restricting searches and reading to a limited number of journals. It also highlights the fact that the best quality evidence on pediatric practice is found in a large number of medical journals.