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Miolla A, Cardaioli M, Scarpazza C. Padova Emotional Dataset of Facial Expressions (PEDFE): A unique dataset of genuine and posed emotional facial expressions. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:2559-2574. [PMID: 36002622 PMCID: PMC10439033 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Facial expressions are among the most powerful signals for human beings to convey their emotional states. Indeed, emotional facial datasets represent the most effective and controlled method of examining humans' interpretation of and reaction to various emotions. However, scientific research on emotion mainly relied on static pictures of facial expressions posed (i.e., simulated) by actors, creating a significant bias in emotion literature. This dataset tries to fill this gap, providing a considerable amount (N = 1458) of dynamic genuine (N = 707) and posed (N = 751) clips of the six universal emotions from 56 participants. The dataset is available in two versions: original clips, including participants' body and background, and modified clips, where only the face of participants is visible. Notably, the original dataset has been validated by 122 human raters, while the modified dataset has been validated by 280 human raters. Hit rates for emotion and genuineness, as well as the mean, standard deviation of genuineness, and intensity perception, are provided for each clip to allow future users to select the most appropriate clips needed to answer their scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Miolla
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M. Cardaioli
- Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- GFT Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Scarpazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Scarpazza C, Ha M, Baecker L, Garcia-Dias R, Pinaya WHL, Vieira S, Mechelli A. Translating research findings into clinical practice: a systematic and critical review of neuroimaging-based clinical tools for brain disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:107. [PMID: 32313006 PMCID: PMC7170931 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A pivotal aim of psychiatric and neurological research is to promote the translation of the findings into clinical practice to improve diagnostic and prognostic assessment of individual patients. Structural neuroimaging holds much promise, with neuroanatomical measures accounting for up to 40% of the variance in clinical outcome. Building on these findings, a number of imaging-based clinical tools have been developed to make diagnostic and prognostic inferences about individual patients from their structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans. This systematic review describes and compares the technical characteristics of the available tools, with the aim to assess their translational potential into real-world clinical settings. The results reveal that a total of eight tools. All of these were specifically developed for neurological disorders, and as such are not suitable for application to psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, most of the tools were trained and validated in a single dataset, which can result in poor generalizability, or using a small number of individuals, which can cause overoptimistic results. In addition, all of the tools rely on two strategies to detect brain abnormalities in single individuals, one based on univariate comparison, and the other based on multivariate machine-learning algorithms. We discuss current barriers to the adoption of these tools in clinical practice and propose a checklist of pivotal characteristics that should be included in an "ideal" neuroimaging-based clinical tool for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scarpazza
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - M Ha
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - L Baecker
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - R Garcia-Dias
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - W H L Pinaya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Center of Mathematics, Computing, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - S Vieira
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - A Mechelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
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Scarpazza C, Ferracuti S, Miolla A, Sartori G. The charm of structural neuroimaging in insanity evaluations: guidelines to avoid misinterpretation of the findings. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:227. [PMID: 30367031 PMCID: PMC6203853 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the popularity of structural neuroimaging techniques in twenty-first-century research, its results have had limited translational impact in real-world settings, where inferences need to be made at the individual level. Structural neuroimaging methods are now introduced frequently to aid in assessing defendants for insanity in criminal forensic evaluations, with the aim of providing "convergence" of evidence on the mens rea of the defendant. This approach may provide pivotal support for judges' decisions. Although neuroimaging aims to reduce uncertainty and controversies in legal settings and to increase the objectivity of criminal rulings, the application of structural neuroimaging in forensic settings is hampered by cognitive biases in the evaluation of evidence that lead to misinterpretation of the imaging results. It is thus increasingly important to have clear guidelines on the correct ways to apply and interpret neuroimaging evidence. In the current paper, we review the literature concerning structural neuroimaging in court settings with the aim of identifying rules for its correct application and interpretation. These rules, which aim to decrease the risk of biases, focus on the importance of (i) descriptive diagnoses, (ii) anatomo-clinical correlation, (iii) brain plasticity and (iv) avoiding logical fallacies, such as reverse inference. In addition, through the analysis of real forensic cases, we describe errors frequently observed due to incorrect interpretations of imaging. Clear guidelines for both the correct circumstances for introducing neuroimaging and its eventual interpretation are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scarpazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychosis and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - S Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - A Miolla
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - G Sartori
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Mancinelli CR, Scarpazza C, Santuccio G, De Rossi N, Capra R. Dealing with highly active multiple sclerosis after natalizumab-associated PML: could rituximab be of help? Neurol Sci 2018; 39:965-966. [PMID: 29302813 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rosa Mancinelli
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Via Ciotti 154, 25018, Montichiari, Brescia, Italy.
| | - C Scarpazza
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Via Ciotti 154, 25018, Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
| | - G Santuccio
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Sondrio Hospital, ASST Valtellina-Alto Lario, 23100, Sondrio, Italy
| | - N De Rossi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Via Ciotti 154, 25018, Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Capra
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Via Ciotti 154, 25018, Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
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Scarpazza C, Prosperini L, Mancinelli C, De Rossi N, Lugaresi A, Capobianco M, Moiola L, Naldi P, Imberti L, Gerevini S, Capra R. Corrigendum to “Is maraviroc useful in multiple sclerosis patients with natalizumab-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?” [J. Neurol. Sci. 378 (2017) 233–237]. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Scarpazza C, Sartori G, De Simone MS, Mechelli A. When the single matters more than the group: very high false positive rates in single case Voxel Based Morphometry. Neuroimage 2013; 70:175-88. [PMID: 23291189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) studies typically involve a comparison between groups of individuals; this approach however does not allow inferences to be made at the level of the individual. In recent years, an increasing number of research groups have attempted to overcome this issue by performing single case studies, which involve the comparison between a single subject and a control group. However, the interpretation of the results is problematic; for instance, any significant difference might be driven by individual variability in neuroanatomy rather than the neuropathology of the disease under investigation, or might represent a false positive due to the data being sampled from non-normally distributed populations. The aim of the present investigation was to empirically estimate the likelihood of detecting significant differences in gray matter volume in individuals free from neurological or psychiatric diagnosis. We compared a total of 200 single subjects against a group of 16 controls matched for age and gender, using two independent datasets from the Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse. We report that the chance of detecting a significant difference in a disease-free individual is much higher than previously expected; for instance, using a standard voxel-wise threshold of p<0.05 (corrected) and an extent threshold of 10 voxels, the likelihood of a single subject showing at least one significant difference is as high as 93.5% for increases and 71% for decreases. We also report that the chance of detecting significant differences was greatest in frontal and temporal cortices and lowest in subcortical regions. The chance of detecting significant differences was inversely related to the degree of smoothing applied to the data, and was higher for unmodulated than modulated data. These results were replicated in the two independent datasets. By providing an empirical estimation of the number of significant increases and decreases to be expected in each cortical and subcortical region in disease-free individuals, the present investigation could inform the interpretation of future single case VBM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scarpazza
- Department of Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 12, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Scarpazza C, Braghittoni D, Casale B, Malagú S, Mattioli F, di Pellegrino G, Ladavas E. Education protects against cognitive changes associated with multiple sclerosis. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2013; 31:619-31. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Scarpazza
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- CSRNC, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - D. Braghittoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- CSRNC, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - B. Casale
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- CSRNC, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | | | - F. Mattioli
- Neuropsychology Unit, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - G. di Pellegrino
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- CSRNC, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - E. Ladavas
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- CSRNC, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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Mattioli F, Gialanella B, Stampatori C, Scarpazza C. General intellectual impairment in chronic right hemisphere damaged patients with anosognosia: A group study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2012; 22:501-15. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2012.662340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lorenzi M, Donohue M, Paternicò D, Scarpazza C, Ostrowitzki S, Blin O, Irving E, Frisoni GB. Enrichment through biomarkers in clinical trials of Alzheimer's drugs in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 31:1443-51, 1451.e1. [PMID: 20541287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials of disease modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) might benefit from enrichment with true AD cases. Four hundred five MCI patients (143 converters and 262 nonconverters to AD within 2 years) of the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were used. Markers for enrichment were hippocampal atrophy on magnetic resonance (MRI), temporoparietal hypometabolism on FDG PET, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Abeta42, tau, and phospho-tau), and cortical amyloid deposition (11C-PIB positron emission tomography (PET)). Two separate enrichment strategies were tested to A) maximize the proportion of MCI converters screened in, and B) minimize the proportion of MCI converters screened out. Based on strategy A, when compared with no enrichment and ADAS-Cog as an outcome measure (sample size of 834), enrichment with 18F-FDG PET and hippocampal volume lowered samples size to 260 and 277 cases per arm, but at the cost of screening out 1,597 and 434 cases per arm. When compared with no enrichment and clinical dementia rating (CDR-SOB) as an outcome measure (sample size of 674), enrichment with hippocampal volume and Abeta42 lowered sample sizes to 191 and 291 cases per arm, with 639 and 157 screened out cases. Strategy B reduced the number of screened out cases (740 for [11C]-PIB PET, 101 hippocampal volume, 82 ADAS-COG and 330 for [18F]-FDG PET) but at the expense of decreased power and a relative increase size (740 for [11C]-PIB PET, 676 for hippocampal volume, 744 for ADAS-Cog, and 517 for [18F]-FDG PET). Enrichment comes at the price of an often relevant proportion of screened out cases, and in clinical trial settings, the balance between enrichment of screened in and loss of screened out patients should be critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lorenzi
- LENITEM Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio-FBF, Brescia, Italy
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