1
|
Shi W, Wasson LK, Dorr KM, Robbe ZL, Wilczewski CM, Hepperla AJ, Davis IJ, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Conlon FL. CHD4 and SMYD1 repress common transcriptional programs in the developing heart. Development 2024; 151:dev202505. [PMID: 38619323 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of chromatin states is essential for proper temporal and spatial gene expression. Chromatin states are modulated by remodeling complexes composed of components that have enzymatic activities. CHD4 is the catalytic core of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, which represses gene transcription. However, it remains to be determined how CHD4, a ubiquitous enzyme that remodels chromatin structure, functions in cardiomyocytes to maintain heart development. In particular, whether other proteins besides the NuRD components interact with CHD4 in the heart is controversial. Using quantitative proteomics, we identified that CHD4 interacts with SMYD1, a striated muscle-restricted histone methyltransferase that is essential for cardiomyocyte differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. Comprehensive transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility studies of Smyd1 and Chd4 null embryonic mouse hearts revealed that SMYD1 and CHD4 repress a group of common genes and pathways involved in glycolysis, response to hypoxia, and angiogenesis. Our study reveals a mechanism by which CHD4 functions during heart development, and a previously uncharacterized mechanism regarding how SMYD1 represses cardiac transcription in the developing heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren K Wasson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Kerry M Dorr
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zachary L Robbe
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caralynn M Wilczewski
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Austin J Hepperla
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ian J Davis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Frank L Conlon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spontarelli K, Young VC, Sweazey R, Padro A, Lee J, Bueso T, Hernandez RM, Kim J, Katz A, Rossignol F, Turner C, Wilczewski CM, Maxwell GL, Holmgren M, Bailoo JD, Yano ST, Artigas P. ATP1A1-linked diseases require a malfunctioning protein product from one allele. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2024; 1871:119572. [PMID: 37659504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous germline variants in ATP1A1, the gene encoding the α1 subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), have been linked to diseases including primary hyperaldosteronism and the peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). ATP1A1 variants that cause CMT induce loss-of-function of NKA. This heterodimeric (αβ) enzyme hydrolyzes ATP to establish transmembrane electrochemical gradients of Na+ and K+ that are essential for electrical signaling and cell survival. Of the 4 catalytic subunit isoforms, α1 is ubiquitously expressed and is the predominant paralog in peripheral axons. Human population sequencing datasets indicate strong negative selection against both missense and protein-null ATP1A1 variants. To test whether haploinsufficiency generated by heterozygous protein-null alleles are sufficient to cause disease, we tested the neuromuscular characteristics of heterozygous Atp1a1+/- knockout mice and their wildtype littermates, while also evaluating if exercise increased CMT penetrance. We found that Atp1a1+/- mice were phenotypically normal up to 18 months of age. Consistent with the observations in mice, we report clinical phenotyping of a healthy adult human who lacks any clinical features of known ATP1A1-related diseases despite carrying a plasma-membrane protein-null early truncation variant, p.Y148*. Taken together, these results suggest that a malfunctioning gene product is required for disease induction by ATP1A1 variants and that if any pathology is associated with protein-null variants, they may display low penetrance or high age of onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Spontarelli
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Victoria C Young
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Sweazey
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alexandria Padro
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jeannie Lee
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Tulio Bueso
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Roberto M Hernandez
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jongyeol Kim
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alexander Katz
- NIH Reverse Phenotyping Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francis Rossignol
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clesson Turner
- NIH Reverse Phenotyping Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caralynn M Wilczewski
- NIH Reverse Phenotyping Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George L Maxwell
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Miguel Holmgren
- Molecular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy D Bailoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Sho T Yano
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Molecular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Current address: Section of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Pablo Artigas
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spontarelli K, Young VC, Sweazey R, Padro A, Lee J, Bueso T, Hernandez RM, Kim J, Katz A, Rossignol F, Turner C, Wilczewski CM, Maxwell GL, Holmgren M, Bailoo JD, Yano ST, Artigas P. ATP1A1 -linked diseases require a malfunctioning protein product from one allele. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.05.531165. [PMID: 37090550 PMCID: PMC10120656 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.05.531165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous germline variants in ATP1A1 , the gene encoding the α1 subunit of the Na + /K + -ATPase (NKA), have been linked to diseases including primary hyperaldosteronism and the peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). ATP1A1 variants that cause CMT induce loss-of-function of NKA. This heterodimeric (αβ) enzyme hydrolyzes ATP to establish transmembrane electrochemical gradients of Na + and K + that are essential for electrical signaling and cell survival. Of the 4 catalytic subunit isoforms, α1 is ubiquitously expressed and is the predominant paralog in peripheral axons. Human population sequencing datasets indicate strong negative selection against both missense and protein-null ATP1A1 variants. To test whether haploinsufficiency generated by heterozygous protein-null alleles are sufficient to cause disease, we tested the neuromuscular characteristics of heterozygous Atp1a1 +/- knockout mice and their wildtype littermates, while also evaluating if exercise increased CMT penetrance. We found that Atp1a1 +/- mice were phenotypically normal up to 18 months of age. Consistent with the observations in mice, we report clinical phenotyping of a healthy adult human who lacks any clinical features of known ATP1A1 -related diseases despite carrying a protein-null early truncation variant, p.Y148*. Taken together, these results suggest that a malfunctioning gene product is required for disease induction by ATP1A1 variants and that if any pathology is associated with protein-null variants, they may display low penetrance or high age of onset.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wilczewski CM, Obasohan J, Paschall JE, Zhang S, Singh S, Maxwell GL, Similuk M, Wolfsberg TG, Turner C, Biesecker LG, Katz AE. Genotype first: Clinical genomics research through a reverse phenotyping approach. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:3-12. [PMID: 36608682 PMCID: PMC9892776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although genomic research has predominantly relied on phenotypic ascertainment of individuals affected with heritable disease, the falling costs of sequencing allow consideration of genomic ascertainment and reverse phenotyping (the ascertainment of individuals with specific genomic variants and subsequent evaluation of physical characteristics). In this research modality, the scientific question is inverted: investigators gather individuals with a genomic variant and test the hypothesis that there is an associated phenotype via targeted phenotypic evaluations. Genomic ascertainment research is thus a model of predictive genomic medicine and genomic screening. Here, we provide our experience implementing this research method. We describe the infrastructure we developed to perform reverse phenotyping studies, including aggregating a super-cohort of sequenced individuals who consented to recontact for genomic ascertainment research. We assessed 13 studies completed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that piloted our reverse phenotyping approach. The studies can be broadly categorized as (1) facilitating novel genotype-disease associations, (2) expanding the phenotypic spectra, or (3) demonstrating ex vivo functional mechanisms of disease. We highlight three examples of reverse phenotyping studies in detail and describe how using a targeted reverse phenotyping approach (as opposed to phenotypic ascertainment or clinical informatics approaches) was crucial to the conclusions reached. Finally, we propose a framework and address challenges to building collaborative genomic ascertainment research programs at other institutions. Our goal is for more researchers to take advantage of this approach, which will expand our understanding of the predictive capability of genomic medicine and increase the opportunity to mitigate genomic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caralynn M. Wilczewski
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Justice Obasohan
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Justin E. Paschall
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Suiyuan Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sumeeta Singh
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - George L. Maxwell
- Women’s Health Integrated Research Center, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - Morgan Similuk
- National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Tyra G. Wolfsberg
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Clesson Turner
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Leslie G. Biesecker
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Alexander E. Katz
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Federspiel JD, Tandon P, Wilczewski CM, Wasson L, Herring LE, Venkatesh SS, Cristea IM, Conlon FL. Conservation and divergence of protein pathways in the vertebrate heart. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000437. [PMID: 31490923 PMCID: PMC6750614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the western world. Attaining a mechanistic understanding of human heart development and homeostasis and the molecular basis of associated disease states relies on the use of animal models. Here, we present the cardiac proteomes of 4 model vertebrates with dual circulatory systems: the pig (Sus scrofa), the mouse (Mus musculus), and 2 frogs (Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis). Determination of which proteins and protein pathways are conserved and which have diverged within these species will aid in our ability to choose the appropriate models for determining protein function and to model human disease. We uncover mammalian- and amphibian-specific, as well as species-specific, enriched proteins and protein pathways. Among these, we find and validate an enrichment in cell-cycle–associated proteins within Xenopus laevis. To further investigate functional units within cardiac proteomes, we develop a computational approach to profile the abundance of protein complexes across species. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these data sets for predicting appropriate model systems for studying given cardiac conditions by testing the role of Kielin/chordin-like protein (Kcp), a protein found as enriched in frog hearts compared to mammals. We establish that germ-line mutations in Kcp in Xenopus lead to valve defects and, ultimately, cardiac failure and death. Thus, integrating these findings with data on proteins responsible for cardiac disease should lead to the development of refined, species-specific models for protein function and disease states. Comparison of cardiac proteomes across four vertebrate model systems reveals species-specific differentially enriched proteins and pathways, including the Xenopus-enriched Kielin/chordin-like protein (Kcp), which is shown to be important for proper heart development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Panna Tandon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caralynn M. Wilczewski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lauren Wasson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Herring
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMC); (FLC)
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMC); (FLC)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Waldron L, Steimle JD, Greco TM, Gomez NC, Dorr KM, Kweon J, Temple B, Yang XH, Wilczewski CM, Davis IJ, Cristea IM, Moskowitz IP, Conlon FL. The Cardiac TBX5 Interactome Reveals a Chromatin Remodeling Network Essential for Cardiac Septation. Dev Cell 2016; 36:262-75. [PMID: 26859351 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human mutations in the cardiac transcription factor gene TBX5 cause congenital heart disease (CHD), although the underlying mechanism is unknown. We report characterization of the endogenous TBX5 cardiac interactome and demonstrate that TBX5, long considered a transcriptional activator, interacts biochemically and genetically with the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) repressor complex. Incompatible gene programs are repressed by TBX5 in the developing heart. CHD mis-sense mutations that disrupt the TBX5-NuRD interaction cause depression of a subset of repressed genes. Furthermore, the TBX5-NuRD interaction is required for heart development. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the TBX5-NuRD interaction domain evolved during early diversification of vertebrates, simultaneous with the evolution of cardiac septation. Collectively, this work defines a TBX5-NuRD interaction essential to cardiac development and the evolution of the mammalian heart, and when altered may contribute to human CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Waldron
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Steimle
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nicholas C Gomez
- Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kerry M Dorr
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Junghun Kweon
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brenda Temple
- R.L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xinan Holly Yang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Caralynn M Wilczewski
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ian J Davis
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ivan P Moskowitz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Frank L Conlon
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tandon P, Wilczewski CM, Williams CE, Conlon FL. The Lhx9-integrin pathway is essential for positioning of the proepicardial organ. Development 2016; 143:831-40. [PMID: 26811386 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate embryonic heart occurs by hyperplastic growth as well as the incorporation of cells from tissues outside of the initial heart field. Amongst these tissues is the epicardium, a cell structure that develops from the precursor proepicardial organ on the right side of the septum transversum caudal to the developing heart. During embryogenesis, cells of the proepicardial organ migrate, adhere and envelop the maturing heart, forming the epicardium. The cells of the epicardium then delaminate and incorporate into the heart giving rise to cardiac derivatives, including smooth muscle cells and cardiac fibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate that the LIM homeodomain protein Lhx9 is transiently expressed in Xenopus proepicardial cells and is essential for the position of the proepicardial organ on the septum transversum. Utilizing a small-molecule screen, we found that Lhx9 acts upstream of integrin-paxillin signaling and consistently demonstrate that either loss of Lhx9 or disruption of the integrin-paxillin pathway results in mis-positioning of the proepicardial organ and aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. This leads to a failure of proepicardial cell migration and adhesion to the heart, and eventual death of the embryo. Collectively, these studies establish a requirement for the Lhx9-integrin-paxillin pathway in proepicardial organ positioning and epicardial formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panna Tandon
- Department of Biology, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Department of Genetics, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Caralynn M Wilczewski
- Department of Genetics, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Clara E Williams
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Frank L Conlon
- Department of Biology, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Department of Genetics, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| |
Collapse
|