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Li X, Inhester L, Robatjazi SJ, Erk B, Boll R, Hanasaki K, Toyota K, Hao Y, Bomme C, Rudek B, Foucar L, Southworth SH, Lehmann CS, Kraessig B, Marchenko T, Simon M, Ueda K, Ferguson KR, Bucher M, Gorkhover T, Carron S, Alonso-Mori R, Koglin JE, Correa J, Williams GJ, Boutet S, Young L, Bostedt C, Son SK, Santra R, Rolles D, Rudenko A. Pulse Energy and Pulse Duration Effects in the Ionization and Fragmentation of Iodomethane by Ultraintense Hard X Rays. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:093202. [PMID: 34506178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.093202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of intense femtosecond x-ray pulses with molecules sensitively depends on the interplay between multiple photoabsorptions, Auger decay, charge rearrangement, and nuclear motion. Here, we report on a combined experimental and theoretical study of the ionization and fragmentation of iodomethane (CH_{3}I) by ultraintense (∼10^{19} W/cm^{2}) x-ray pulses at 8.3 keV, demonstrating how these dynamics depend on the x-ray pulse energy and duration. We show that the timing of multiple ionization steps leading to a particular reaction product and, thus, the product's final kinetic energy, is determined by the pulse duration rather than the pulse energy or intensity. While the overall degree of ionization is mainly defined by the pulse energy, our measurement reveals that the yield of the fragments with the highest charge states is enhanced for short pulse durations, in contrast to earlier observations for atoms and small molecules in the soft x-ray domain. We attribute this effect to a decreased charge transfer efficiency at larger internuclear separations, which are reached during longer pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - L Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S J Robatjazi
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - B Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Boll
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
- European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K Hanasaki
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Toyota
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Y Hao
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - C Bomme
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Rudek
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - L Foucar
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S H Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - C S Lehmann
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - B Kraessig
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - T Marchenko
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - M Simon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - K Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - K R Ferguson
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - M Bucher
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - T Gorkhover
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Carron
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - R Alonso-Mori
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - J E Koglin
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - J Correa
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - G J Williams
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York, USA
| | - S Boutet
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - L Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - C Bostedt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S-K Son
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Rudek B, Toyota K, Foucar L, Erk B, Boll R, Bomme C, Correa J, Carron S, Boutet S, Williams GJ, Ferguson KR, Alonso-Mori R, Koglin JE, Gorkhover T, Bucher M, Lehmann CS, Krässig B, Southworth SH, Young L, Bostedt C, Ueda K, Marchenko T, Simon M, Jurek Z, Santra R, Rudenko A, Son SK, Rolles D. Relativistic and resonant effects in the ionization of heavy atoms by ultra-intense hard X-rays. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4200. [PMID: 30305630 PMCID: PMC6180123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate description of the interaction of intense hard X-ray pulses with heavy atoms, which is crucial for many applications of free-electron lasers, represents a hitherto unresolved challenge for theory because of the enormous number of electronic configurations and relativistic effects, which need to be taken into account. Here we report results on multiple ionization of xenon atoms by ultra-intense (about 1019 W/cm2) femtosecond X-ray pulses at photon energies from 5.5 to 8.3 keV and present a theoretical model capable of reproducing the experimental data in the entire energy range. Our analysis shows that the interplay of resonant and relativistic effects results in strongly structured charge state distributions, which reflect resonant positions of relativistically shifted electronic levels of highly charged ions created during the X-ray pulse. The theoretical approach described here provides a basis for accurate modeling of radiation damage in hard X-ray imaging experiments on targets with high-Z constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Rudek
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Koudai Toyota
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Boll
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Cédric Bomme
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Correa
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Carron
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Garth J Williams
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Ken R Ferguson
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason E Koglin
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian Bucher
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Carl Stefan Lehmann
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Linda Young
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatiana Marchenko
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marc Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Artem Rudenko
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sang-Kil Son
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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