1
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Sambiagio C, Ferrari M, van Beurden K, Ca’ ND, van Schijndel J, Noël T. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Pyrylium Tetrafluoroborates: Application to Synthesis of Katritzky Salts and Photoinduced Cationic RAFT Polymerization. Org Lett 2021; 23:2042-2047. [PMID: 33650879 PMCID: PMC8041383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Katritzky salts have emerged as effective alkyl radical sources upon metal- or photocatalysis. These are typically prepared from the corresponding triarylpyrylium ions, in turn an important class of photocatalysts for small molecules synthesis and photopolymerization. Here, a flow method for the rapid synthesis of both pyrylium and Katrizky salts in a telescoped fashion is reported. Moreover, several pyrylium salts were tested in the photoinduced RAFT polymerization of vinyl ethers under flow and batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sambiagio
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Koen van Beurden
- Research
Group Biopolymers/Green Chemistry, Avans
University of Applied Science, 4818 CR Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola della Ca’
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jack van Schijndel
- Research
Group Biopolymers/Green Chemistry, Avans
University of Applied Science, 4818 CR Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Wen Z, Maheshwari A, Sambiagio C, Deng Y, Laudadio G, Van Aken K, Sun Y, Gemoets HPL, Noël T. Optimization of a Decatungstate-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Alkylation Using a Continuous Oscillatory Millistructured Photoreactor. Org Process Res Dev 2020; 24:2356-2361. [PMID: 33100815 PMCID: PMC7573979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) has emerged as an efficient and versatile photocatalyst for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes that enables the cleavage of both activated and unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds. Using a recently developed oscillatory millistructured continuous-flow photoreactor, investigations of a decatungstate-catalyzed C(sp3)-H alkylation protocol were carried out, and the results are presented here. The performance of the reactor was evaluated in correlation to several chemical and process parameters, including residence time, light intensity, catalyst loading, and substrate/reagent concentration. In comparison with previously reported batch and flow protocols, conditions were found that led to considerably higher productivity, achieving a throughput up to 36.7 mmol/h with a residence time of only 7.5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Apoorva Maheshwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Sambiagio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yuchao Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Van Aken
- Creaflow BV, Industrielaan 12, 9800 Deinze, Belgium.,Ecosynth NV, Industrielaan 12, 9800 Deinze, Belgium
| | - Yuhan Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | | | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Nyuchev AV, Wan T, Cendón B, Sambiagio C, Struijs JJC, Ho M, Gulías M, Wang Y, Noël T. Photocatalytic trifluoromethoxylation of arenes and heteroarenes in continuous-flow. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1305-1312. [PMID: 32595778 PMCID: PMC7308607 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The first example of photocatalytic trifluoromethoxylation of arenes and heteroarenes under continuous-flow conditions is described. Application of continuous-flow microreactor technology allowed to reduce the residence time up to 16 times in comparison to the batch procedure, while achieving similar or higher yields. In addition, the use of inorganic bases was demonstrated to increase the reaction yield under batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Nyuchev
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ting Wan
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Borja Cendón
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlo Sambiagio
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Job J C Struijs
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Ho
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Moisés Gulías
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ying Wang
- Discovery Chemistry and Technologies, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan, Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States of America
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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4
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Schönbauer D, Sambiagio C, Noël T, Schnürch M. Photocatalytic deaminative benzylation and alkylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines with N-alkylpyrydinium salts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:809-817. [PMID: 32395184 PMCID: PMC7189001 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A ruthenium-catalyzed photoredox coupling of substituted N-aryltetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and different bench-stable pyridinium salts was successfully developed to give fast access to 1-benzyl-THIQs. Furthermore, secondary alkyl and allyl groups were also successfully introduced via the same method. Additionally, the typically applied N-phenyl group in the THIQ substrate could be replaced by the cleavable p-methoxyphenyl (PMP) group and successful N-deprotection was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schönbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlo Sambiagio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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5
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6
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Wei XJ, Abdiaj I, Sambiagio C, Li C, Zysman-Colman E, Alcázar J, Noël T. Visible-Light-Promoted Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 ) Kumada Cross-Coupling in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13030-13034. [PMID: 31210010 PMCID: PMC6771604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A continuous‐flow, visible‐light‐promoted method has been developed to overcome the limitations of iron‐catalyzed Kumada–Corriu cross‐coupling reactions. A variety of strongly electron rich aryl chlorides, previously hardly reactive, could be efficiently coupled with aliphatic Grignard reagents at room temperature in high yields and within a few minutes’ residence time, considerably enhancing the applicability of this iron‐catalyzed reaction. The robustness of this protocol was demonstrated on a multigram scale, thus providing the potential for future pharmaceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irini Abdiaj
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Jannsen-Cilag, S.A., Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carlo Sambiagio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chenfei Li
- Organic Semiconductor Center, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Center, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Jannsen-Cilag, S.A., Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Wei X, Abdiaj I, Sambiagio C, Li C, Zysman‐Colman E, Alcázar J, Noël T. Visible‐Light‐Promoted Iron‐Catalyzed C(sp
2
)–C(sp
3
) Kumada Cross‐Coupling in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Irini Abdiaj
- Discovery Sciences Janssen Research and Development Jannsen-Cilag, S.A. Jarama 75A 45007 Toledo Spain
| | - Carlo Sambiagio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Chenfei Li
- Organic Semiconductor Center EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Eli Zysman‐Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Center EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Discovery Sciences Janssen Research and Development Jannsen-Cilag, S.A. Jarama 75A 45007 Toledo Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
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8
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Sambiagio C. Synthesis of heterocycles via aerobic oxidation. ARKIVOC 2019. [DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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9
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Sambiagio C, Schönbauer D, Blieck R, Dao-Huy T, Pototschnig G, Schaaf P, Wiesinger T, Zia MF, Wencel-Delord J, Besset T, Maes BUW, Schnürch M. A comprehensive overview of directing groups applied in metal-catalysed C-H functionalisation chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6603-6743. [PMID: 30033454 PMCID: PMC6113863 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1071] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present review is devoted to summarizing the recent advances (2015-2017) in the field of metal-catalysed group-directed C-H functionalisation. In order to clearly showcase the molecular diversity that can now be accessed by means of directed C-H functionalisation, the whole is organized following the directing groups installed on a substrate. Its aim is to be a comprehensive reference work, where a specific directing group can be easily found, together with the transformations which have been carried out with it. Hence, the primary format of this review is schemes accompanied with a concise explanatory text, in which the directing groups are ordered in sections according to their chemical structure. The schemes feature typical substrates used, the products obtained as well as the required reaction conditions. Importantly, each example is commented on with respect to the most important positive features and drawbacks, on aspects such as selectivity, substrate scope, reaction conditions, directing group removal, and greenness. The targeted readership are both experts in the field of C-H functionalisation chemistry (to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress made in the last years) and, even more so, all organic chemists who want to introduce the C-H functionalisation way of thinking for a design of straightforward, efficient and step-economic synthetic routes towards molecules of interest to them. Accordingly, this review should be of particular interest also for scientists from industrial R&D sector. Hence, the overall goal of this review is to promote the application of C-H functionalisation reactions outside the research groups dedicated to method development and establishing it as a valuable reaction archetype in contemporary R&D, comparable to the role cross-coupling reactions play to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sambiagio
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY)
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Antwerp
,
Groenenborgerlaan 171
, 2020 Antwerp
, Belgium
| | - David Schönbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Remi Blieck
- Normandie Univ
, INSA Rouen
, UNIROUEN
, CNRS
, COBRA (UMR 6014)
,
76000 Rouen
, France
| | - Toan Dao-Huy
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Gerit Pototschnig
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Patricia Schaaf
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Thomas Wiesinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Muhammad Farooq Zia
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7509)
, Université de Strasbourg
,
ECPM 25 Rue Becquerel
, 67087 Strasbourg
, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ
, INSA Rouen
, UNIROUEN
, CNRS
, COBRA (UMR 6014)
,
76000 Rouen
, France
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY)
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Antwerp
,
Groenenborgerlaan 171
, 2020 Antwerp
, Belgium
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
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10
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Sterckx H, Sambiagio C, Médran-Navarrete V, Maes BUW. Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxygenation of Benzylpyridine N
-Oxides and Subsequent Post-Functionalization. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Sterckx
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Carlo Sambiagio
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Vincent Médran-Navarrete
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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11
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12
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Abstract
An iron-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of (alkyl)(aryl)azinylmethanes has been developed leading to tertiary alcohols in moderate to good yields. Hock rearrangement was identified as a major side reaction leading to a complex mixture of undesired products. Addition of thiourea sometimes allows inhibiting this side reaction and steers the reaction towards the desired products.
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13
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Sambiagio C, Munday RH, John Blacker A, Marsden SP, McGowan PC. Green alternative solvents for the copper-catalysed arylation of phenols and amides. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02265k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of alkyl acetates as green organic solvents for the Cu-catalysed arylation of phenols and amides is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sambiagio
- Institute for Process Research and Development (iPRD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | | | - A. John Blacker
- Institute for Process Research and Development (iPRD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Stephen P. Marsden
- Institute for Process Research and Development (iPRD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Patrick C. McGowan
- Institute for Process Research and Development (iPRD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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14
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Abstract
The complexes [ML2]n+(Mn+= Fe2+, Co2+, Co3+, Cu2+and Ag+), [PdCl2L] and [CuI(L)] are described. [AgL2]+is an unusual square planar silver(i) centre (left). Exposure of [CuI(L)] to air affords mono- or dinuclear copper(ii)/carbonato products. Two of the copper complexes form crystalline hydrates with complicated hydrogen bond networks (right).
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15
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Sambiagio C, Munday RH, Marsden SP, Blacker AJ, McGowan PC. Picolinamides as Effective Ligands for Copper-Catalysed Aryl Ether Formation: Structure-Activity Relationships, Substrate Scope and Mechanistic Investigations. Chemistry 2014; 20:17606-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Sambiagio C, Marsden SP, Blacker AJ, McGowan PC. Copper catalysed Ullmann type chemistry: from mechanistic aspects to modern development. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3525-50. [PMID: 24585151 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60289c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 746] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cu-catalysed arylation reactions devoted to the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds (Ullmann-type couplings) have acquired great importance in the last decade. This review discusses the history and development of coupling reactions between aryl halides and various classes of nucleophiles, focusing mostly on the different mechanisms proposed through the years. Selected mechanistic investigations are treated more in depth than others. For example, evidence in favour or against radical mechanisms is discussed. Cu(I) and Cu(III) complexes involved in the Ullmann reaction and N/O selectivity in aminoalcohol arylation are discussed. A separate section has been dedicated to the synthesis of heterocyclic rings through intramolecular couplings. Finally, recent developments in green chemistry for these reactions, such as reactions in aqueous media and heterogeneous catalysis, have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sambiagio
- iPRD, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2-9JT, UK.
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