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Del-Valle-Soto C, López-Pimentel JC, Vázquez-Castillo J, Nolazco-Flores JA, Velázquez R, Varela-Aldás J, Visconti P. A Comprehensive Review of Behavior Change Techniques in Wearables and IoT: Implications for Health and Well-Being. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2429. [PMID: 38676044 PMCID: PMC11054424 DOI: 10.3390/s24082429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This research paper delves into the effectiveness and impact of behavior change techniques fostered by information technologies, particularly wearables and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, within the realms of engineering and computer science. By conducting a comprehensive review of the relevant literature sourced from the Scopus database, this study aims to elucidate the mechanisms and strategies employed by these technologies to facilitate behavior change and their potential benefits to individuals and society. Through statistical measurements and related works, our work explores the trends over a span of two decades, from 2000 to 2023, to understand the evolving landscape of behavior change techniques in wearable and IoT technologies. A specific focus is placed on a case study examining the application of behavior change techniques (BCTs) for monitoring vital signs using wearables, underscoring the relevance and urgency of further investigation in this critical intersection of technology and human behavior. The findings shed light on the promising role of wearables and IoT devices for promoting positive behavior modifications and improving individuals' overall well-being and highlighting the need for continued research and development in this area to harness the full potential of technology for societal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico;
| | | | - Javier Vázquez-Castillo
- Department of Informatics and Networking, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Quintana Roo, Chetumal 77019, Mexico;
| | | | - Ramiro Velázquez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Aguascalientes 20296, Mexico;
| | - José Varela-Aldás
- Centro de Investigaciones de Ciencias Humanas y de la Educación—CICHE, Universidad Indoamérica, Ambato 180103, Ecuador;
| | - Paolo Visconti
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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Valdivia LJ, Del-Valle-Soto C, Castillo-Vera J, Rico-Campos A. Mixed Reality for Education (MRE) Implementation and Results in Online Classes for Engineering. J Vis Exp 2023. [PMID: 37427950 DOI: 10.3791/65091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many industries, empowering some sectors and causing many others to disappear. The education sector is not exempt from major changes; in some countries or cities, classes were taught 100% online for at least 1 year. However, some university careers need laboratory practices to complement learning, especially in engineering areas, and having only theoretical lessons online could affect their knowledge. For this reason, in this work, a mixed reality system called mixed reality for education (MRE) was developed to help students develop laboratory practices to complement online classes. An experiment was carried out with 30 students; 10 students did not use MRE, 10 used MRE, and 10 more used MRE with teacher feedback. With this, one can see the advantages of mixed reality in the education sector. The results show that using MRE helps to improve knowledge in engineering subjects; the students obtained qualifications with grades 10% to 20% better than those who did not use it. Above all, the results show the importance of feedback when using virtual reality systems.
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Pons M, Valenzuela E, Rodríguez B, Nolazco-Flores JA, Del-Valle-Soto C. Utilization of 5G Technologies in IoT Applications: Current Limitations by Interference and Network Optimization Difficulties-A Review. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3876. [PMID: 37112216 PMCID: PMC10144169 DOI: 10.3390/s23083876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
5G (fifth-generation technology) technologies are becoming more mainstream thanks to great efforts from telecommunication companies, research facilities, and governments. This technology is often associated with the Internet of Things to improve the quality of life for citizens by automating and gathering data recollection processes. This paper presents the 5G and IoT technologies, explaining common architectures, typical IoT implementations, and recurring problems. This work also presents a detailed and explained overview of interference in general wireless applications, interference unique to 5G and IoT, and possible optimization techniques to overcome these challenges. This manuscript highlights the importance of addressing interference and optimizing network performance in 5G networks to ensure reliable and efficient connectivity for IoT devices, which is essential for adequately functioning business processes. This insight can be helpful for businesses that rely on these technologies to improve their productivity, reduce downtime, and enhance customer satisfaction. We also highlight the potential of the convergence of networks and services in increasing the availability and speed of access to the internet, enabling a range of new and innovative applications and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pons
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Istmo, Km 19.2 Carretera a Fraijanes, Fraijanes 01062, Guatemala; (M.P.); (E.V.); (B.R.)
| | - Estuardo Valenzuela
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Istmo, Km 19.2 Carretera a Fraijanes, Fraijanes 01062, Guatemala; (M.P.); (E.V.); (B.R.)
| | - Brandon Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Istmo, Km 19.2 Carretera a Fraijanes, Fraijanes 01062, Guatemala; (M.P.); (E.V.); (B.R.)
| | - Juan Arturo Nolazco-Flores
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico;
| | - Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, JA, Mexico
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Del-Valle-Soto C, Valdivia LJ, López-Pimentel JC, Visconti P. Comparison of Collaborative and Cooperative Schemes in Sensor Networks for Non-Invasive Monitoring of People at Home. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:5268. [PMID: 37047884 PMCID: PMC10094687 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper looks at wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in healthcare, where they can monitor patients remotely. WSNs are considered one of the most promising technologies due to their flexibility and autonomy in communication. However, routing protocols in WSNs must be energy-efficient, with a minimal quality of service, so as not to compromise patient care. The main objective of this work is to compare two work schemes in the routing protocol algorithm in WSNs (cooperative and collaborative) in a home environment for monitoring the conditions of the elderly. The study aims to optimize the performance of the algorithm and the ease of use for people while analyzing the impact of the sensor network on the analysis of vital signs daily using medical equipment. We found relationships between vital sign metrics that have a more significant impact in the presence of a monitoring system. Finally, we conduct a performance analysis of both schemes proposed for the home tracking application and study their usability from the user's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Leonardo J. Valdivia
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos López-Pimentel
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Paolo Visconti
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Del-Valle-Soto C, Nolazco-Flores JA, Del Puerto-Flores JA, Velázquez R, Valdivia LJ, Rosas-Caro J, Visconti P. Statistical Study of User Perception of Smart Homes during Vital Signal Monitoring with an Energy-Saving Algorithm. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:9966. [PMID: 36011599 PMCID: PMC9408693 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sensor networks are deployed in people's homes to make life easier and more comfortable and secure. They might represent an interesting approach for elderly care as well. This work highlights the benefits of a sensor network implemented in the homes of a group of users between 55 and 75 years old, which encompasses a simple home energy optimization algorithm based on user behavior. We analyze variables related to vital signs to establish users' comfort and tranquility thresholds. We statistically study the perception of security that users exhibit, differentiating between men and women, examining how it affects the person's development at home, as well as the reactivity of the sensor algorithm, to optimize its performance. The proposed algorithm is analyzed under certain performance metrics, showing an improvement of 15% over a sensor network under the same conditions. We look at and quantify the usefulness of accurate alerts on each sensor and how it reflects in the users' perceptions (for men and women separately). This study analyzes a simple, low-cost, and easy-to-implement home-based sensor network optimized with an adaptive energy optimization algorithm to improve the lives of older adults, which is capable of sending alerts of possible accidents or intruders with the highest efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ramiro Velázquez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer 101, Aguascalientes 20290, Mexico
| | - Leonardo J. Valdivia
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico
| | - Julio Rosas-Caro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico
| | - Paolo Visconti
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Rodriguez J, Del-Valle-Soto C, Gonzalez-Sanchez J. Affective States and Virtual Reality to Improve Gait Rehabilitation: A Preliminary Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:9523. [PMID: 35954882 PMCID: PMC9368422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over seven million people suffer from an impairment in Mexico; 64.1% are gait-related, and 36.2% are children aged 0 to 14 years. Furthermore, many suffer from neurological disorders, which limits their verbal skills to provide accurate feedback. Robot-assisted gait therapy has shown significant benefits, but the users must make an active effort to accomplish muscular memory, which usually is only around 30% of the time. Moreover, during therapy, the patients' affective state is mostly unsatisfied, wide-awake, and powerless. This paper proposes a method for increasing the efficiency by combining affective data from an Emotiv Insight, an Oculus Go headset displaying an immersive interaction, and a feedback system. Our preliminary study had eight patients during therapy and eight students analyzing the footage using the self-assessment Manikin. It showed that it is possible to use an EEG headset and identify the affective state with a weighted average precision of 97.5%, recall of 87.9%, and F1-score of 92.3% in general. Furthermore, using a VR device could boost efficiency by 16% more. In conclusion, this method allows providing feedback to the therapist in real-time even if the patient is non-verbal and has a limited amount of facial and body expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafet Rodriguez
- Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Sanchez
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, 699 S Mill Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
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Cortés-Leal A, Del-Valle-Soto C, Cardenas C, Valdivia LJ, Del Puerto-Flores JA. Performance Metric Analysis for a Jamming Detection Mechanism under Collaborative and Cooperative Schemes in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 22:s22010178. [PMID: 35009729 PMCID: PMC8749729 DOI: 10.3390/s22010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Industry 4.0 technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), has prompted a reconsideration of methodologies for network security as well as reducing operation and maintenance costs, especially at the physical layer, where the energy consumption plays an important role. This article demonstrates through simulations and experiments that, while the cooperative scheme is more efficient when a WSN is at normal operating conditions, the collaborative scheme offers more enhanced protection against the aggressiveness of jamming in the performance metrics, thus making it safer, reducing operation and maintenance costs and laying the foundations for jamming mitigation. This document additionally offers an algorithm to detect jamming in real time. Firstly, it examines the characteristics and damages caused by the type of aggressor. Secondly, it reflects on the natural immunity of the WSN (which depends on its node density and a cooperative or collaborative configuration). Finally, it considers the performance metrics, especially those that impact energy consumption during transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cortés-Leal
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.C.-L.); (L.J.V.); (J.A.D.P.-F.)
| | - Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.C.-L.); (L.J.V.); (J.A.D.P.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-1368-2200
| | - Cesar Cardenas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR) en Mexico, Mexico City 03600, Mexico;
| | - Leonardo J. Valdivia
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.C.-L.); (L.J.V.); (J.A.D.P.-F.)
| | - Jose Alberto Del Puerto-Flores
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.C.-L.); (L.J.V.); (J.A.D.P.-F.)
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8
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Del-Valle-Soto C, Mex-Perera C, Nolazco-Flores JA, Rodríguez A, Rosas-Caro JC, Martínez-Herrera AF. A Low-Cost Jamming Detection Approach Using Performance Metrics in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21041179. [PMID: 33567489 PMCID: PMC7915737 DOI: 10.3390/s21041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks constitute an important part of the Internet of Things, and in a similar way to other wireless technologies, seek competitiveness concerning savings in energy consumption and information availability. These devices (sensors) are typically battery operated and distributed throughout a scenario of particular interest. However, they are prone to interference attacks which we know as jamming. The detection of anomalous behavior in the network is a subject of study where the routing protocol and the nodes increase power consumption, which is detrimental to the network's performance. In this work, a simple jamming detection algorithm is proposed based on an exhaustive study of performance metrics related to the routing protocol and a significant impact on node energy. With this approach, the proposed algorithm detects areas of affected nodes with minimal energy expenditure. Detection is evaluated for four known cluster-based protocols: PEGASIS, TEEN, LEACH, and HPAR. The experiments analyze the protocols' performance through the metrics chosen for a jamming detection algorithm. Finally, we conducted real experimentation with the best performing wireless protocols currently used, such as Zigbee and LoRa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico; (A.R.); (J.C.R.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-1368-2200
| | | | - Juan Arturo Nolazco-Flores
- Computing Department School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Vía Atlixcáyotl No. 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla Pue. 72453, Mexico;
| | - Alma Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico; (A.R.); (J.C.R.-C.)
| | - Julio C. Rosas-Caro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan 45010, Mexico; (A.R.); (J.C.R.-C.)
| | - Alberto F. Martínez-Herrera
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
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Visconti P, de Fazio R, Velázquez R, Del-Valle-Soto C, Giannoccaro NI. Development of Sensors-Based Agri-Food Traceability System Remotely Managed by A Software Platform for Optimized Farm Management. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20133632. [PMID: 32605300 PMCID: PMC7374378 DOI: 10.3390/s20133632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The huge spreading of Internet of things (IoT)-oriented modern technologies is revolutionizing all fields of human activities, leading several benefits and allowing to strongly optimize classic productive processes. The agriculture field is also affected by these technological advances, resulting in better water and fertilizers' usage and so huge improvements of both quality and yield of the crops. In this manuscript, the development of an IoT-based smart traceability and farm management system is described, which calibrates the irrigations and fertigation operations as a function of crop typology, growth phase, soil and environment parameters and weather information; a suitable software architecture was developed to support the system decision-making process, also based on data collected on-field by a properly designed solar-powered wireless sensor network (WSN). The WSN nodes were realized by using the ESP8266 NodeMCU module exploiting its microcontroller functionalities and Wi-Fi connectivity. Thanks to a properly sized solar power supply system and an optimized scheduling scheme, a long node autonomy was guaranteed, as experimentally verified by its power consumption measures, thus reducing WSN maintenance. In addition, a literature analysis on the most used wireless technologies for agri-food products' traceability is reported, together with the design and testing of a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) low-cost sensor tag to be applied into the containers of agri-food products, just collected from the fields or already processed, to monitor the main parameters indicative of any failure or spoiling over time along the supply chain. A mobile application was developed for monitoring the tracking information and storing conditions of the agri-food products. Test results in real-operative scenarios demonstrate the proper operation of the BLE smart tag prototype and tracking system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Visconti
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.d.F.); (N.I.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0832-297334
| | - Roberto de Fazio
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.d.F.); (N.I.G.)
| | - Ramiro Velázquez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Aguascalientes 20290, Mexico;
| | - Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan Jalisco 45010, Mexico;
| | - Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.d.F.); (N.I.G.)
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Del-Valle-Soto C, Mex-Perera C, Monroy R, Nolazco-Flores JA. MPH-M, AODV-M and DSR-M Performance Evaluation under Jamming Attacks. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17071573. [PMID: 28678180 PMCID: PMC5539809 DOI: 10.3390/s17071573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the design of a mitigation scheme for jamming attacks integrated to the routing protocols MPH, AODV, and DSR. The resulting protocols are named MPH-M (Multi-Parent Hierarchical - Modified), AODV-M (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector - Modified), and DSR-M (Dynamic Source Routing - Modified). For the mitigation algorithm, if the detection algorithm running locally in each node produces a positive result then the node is isolated; second, the routing protocol adapts their paths avoiding the isolated nodes. We evaluated how jamming attacks affect different metrics for all these modified protocols. The metrics we employ to detect jamming attack are number of packet retransmissions, number of CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) retries while waiting for an idle channel and the energy wasted by the node. The metrics to evaluate the performance of the modified routing protocols are the throughput and resilience of the system and the energy used by the nodes. We evaluated all the modified protocols when the attacker position was set near, middle and far of the collector node. The results of our evaluation show that performance for MPH-M is much better than AODV-M and DSR-M. For example, the node energy for MPH-M is 138.13% better than AODV-M and 126.07% better than DSR-M. Moreover, we also find that MPH-M benefits much more of the mitigation scheme than AODV-M and DSR-M. For example, the node energy consumption is 34.61% lower for MPH-M and only 3.92% and 3.42% for AODV-M and DSR-M, respectively. On throughput, the MPH protocol presents a packet reception efficiency at the collector node of 16.4% on to AODV and DSR when there is no mitigation mechanism. Moreover, MPH-M has an efficiency greater than 7.7% with respect to AODV-M and DSR-M when there is a mitigation scheme. In addition, we have that with the mitigation mechanism AODV-M and DSR-M do not present noticeable modification. However, MPH-M improves its efficiency by 8.4%. We also measure the resilience of these algorithms from the average packet re-transmissions perspective, and we find that MPH-M has around a 15% lower change rate than AODV-M and DSR-M. The MPH-M recovery time is 5 s faster than AODV-M and 2 s faster than DSR-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Universidad Panamericana. Facultad de Ingeniería. Prolongación Calzada Circunvalación Poniente 49, Zapopan, Jalisco 45010, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Mex-Perera
- Telemática Telemetría y Radiofrecuencia, Francia 1717, Col. Moderna, Guadalajara 44190, Mexico.
| | - Raul Monroy
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Estado de México, Carretera al lago de Guadalupe Km 3.5, Col. Margarita M. de Juárez, Atizapán 52926, Mexico.
| | - Juan A Nolazco-Flores
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada #2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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11
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Del-Valle-Soto C, Mex-Perera C, Orozco-Lugo A, Lara M, Galván-Tejada GM, Olmedo O. On the MAC/network/energy performance evaluation of Wireless Sensor Networks: Contrasting MPH, AODV, DSR and ZTR routing protocols. Sensors (Basel) 2014; 14:22811-47. [PMID: 25474377 PMCID: PMC4299041 DOI: 10.3390/s141222811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks deliver valuable information for long periods, then it is desirable to have optimum performance, reduced delays, low overhead, and reliable delivery of information. In this work, proposed metrics that influence energy consumption are used for a performance comparison among our proposed routing protocol, called Multi-Parent Hierarchical (MPH), the well-known protocols for sensor networks, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Zigbee Tree Routing (ZTR), all of them working with the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer. Results show how some communication metrics affect performance, throughput, reliability and energy consumption. It can be concluded that MPH is an efficient protocol since it reaches the best performance against the other three protocols under evaluation, such as 19.3% reduction of packet retransmissions, 26.9% decrease of overhead, and 41.2% improvement on the capacity of the protocol for recovering the topology from failures with respect to AODV protocol. We implemented and tested MPH in a real network of 99 nodes during ten days and analyzed parameters as number of hops, connectivity and delay, in order to validate our Sensors 2014, 14 22812 simulator and obtain reliable results. Moreover, an energy model of CC2530 chip is proposed and used for simulations of the four aforementioned protocols, showing that MPH has 15.9% reduction of energy consumption with respect to AODV, 13.7% versus DSR, and 5% against ZTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Del-Valle-Soto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada #2501 Sur, Monterrey NL, 64849, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Mex-Perera
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada #2501 Sur, Monterrey NL, 64849, Mexico.
| | - Aldo Orozco-Lugo
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of IPN, Communications Section, Av. IPN No.2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, CP. 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Mauricio Lara
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of IPN, Communications Section, Av. IPN No.2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, CP. 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Giselle M Galván-Tejada
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of IPN, Communications Section, Av. IPN No.2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, CP. 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Oscar Olmedo
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of IPN, Communications Section, Av. IPN No.2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, CP. 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
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