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Echeverría CE, Oyarzún VI, López-Cortés A, Cancino J, Sotomayor PC, Goncalves MD, Godoy AS. Biological role of fructose in the male reproductive system: Potential implications for prostate cancer. Prostate 2024; 84:8-24. [PMID: 37888416 PMCID: PMC10872645 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last 20 years, fructose has gradually emerged as a potential metabolic substrate capable of promoting the growth and progression of various cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). The biological and molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects of fructose on cancer are beginning to be elucidated. METHODS This review summarizes the biological function of fructose as a potential carbon source for PCa cells and its role in the functionality of the male reproductive tract under normal conditions. RESULTS The most recent biological advances related to fructose transport and metabolism as well as their implications in PCa growth and progression suggest that fructose represent a potential carbon source for PCa cells. Consequently, fructose derivatives may represent efficient radiotracers for obtaining PCa images via positron emission tomography and fructose transporters/fructose-metabolizing enzymes could be utilized as potential diagnostic and/or predictive biomarkers for PCa. CONCLUSION The existing data suggest that restriction of fructose from the diet could be a useful therapeutic strategy for patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E. Echeverría
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa I. Oyarzún
- Laboratory of Ocular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés López-Cortés
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Cancino
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula C. Sotomayor
- Departamento de Urología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcus D. Goncalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro S. Godoy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo New York, USA
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Carreño DV, Corro NB, Cerda-Infante JF, Echeverría CE, Asencio-Barría CA, Torres-Estay VA, Mayorga-Weber GA, Rojas PA, Véliz LP, Cisternas PA, Montecinos VP, San Francisco IF, Varas-Godoy MA, Sotomayor PC, Castro MA, Nualart FJ, Inestrosa NC, Godoy AS. Dietary Fructose Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2824-2832. [PMID: 33762358 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical localization of primary tumors and sites of metastasis by PET is based on the enhanced cellular uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). In prostate cancer, however, PET-FDG imaging has shown limited clinical applicability, suggesting that prostate cancer cells may utilize hexoses other than glucose, such as fructose, as the preferred energy source. Our previous studies suggested that prostate cancer cells overexpress fructose transporters, but not glucose transporters, compared with benign cells. Here, we focused on validating the functional expression of fructose transporters and determining whether fructose can modulate the biology of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Fructose transporters, Glut5 and Glut9, were significantly upregulated in clinical specimens of prostate cancer when compared with their benign counterparts. Fructose levels in the serum of patients with prostate cancer were significantly higher than healthy subjects. Functional expression of fructose transporters was confirmed in prostate cancer cell lines. A detailed kinetic characterization indicated that Glut5 represents the main functional contributor in mediating fructose transport in prostate cancer cells. Fructose stimulated proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer cells in vitro. In addition, dietary fructose increased the growth of prostate cancer cell line-derived xenograft tumors and promoted prostate cancer cell proliferation in patient-derived xenografts. Gene set enrichment analysis confirmed that fructose stimulation enriched for proliferation-related pathways in prostate cancer cells. These results demonstrate that fructose promotes prostate cancer cell growth and aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo and may represent an alternative energy source for prostate cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies increased expression of fructose transporters in prostate cancer and demonstrates a role for fructose as a key metabolic substrate supporting prostate cancer cells, revealing potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Carreño
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Néstor B Corro
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier F Cerda-Infante
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina E Echeverría
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Verónica A Torres-Estay
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Mayorga-Weber
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo A Rojas
- Department of Urology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto P Véliz
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Viviana P Montecinos
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Manuel A Varas-Godoy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula C Sotomayor
- Department of Urology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maite A Castro
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Francisco J Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada (CMA), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro S Godoy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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