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Chelcea I, Vogs C, Hamers T, Koekkoek J, Legradi J, Sapounidou M, Örn S, Andersson PL. Physiology-informed toxicokinetic model for the zebrafish embryo test developed for bisphenols. Chemosphere 2023; 345:140399. [PMID: 37839743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos (ZFE) is a widely used model organism, employed in various research fields including toxicology to assess e.g., developmental toxicity and endocrine disruption. Variation in effects between chemicals are difficult to compare using nominal dose as toxicokinetic properties may vary. Toxicokinetic (TK) modeling is a means to estimate internal exposure concentration or dose at target and to enable extrapolation between experimental conditions and species, thereby improving hazard assessment of potential pollutants. In this study we advance currently existing TK models for ZFE with physiological ZFE parameters and novel experimental bisphenol data, a class of chemicals with suspected endocrine activity. We developed a five-compartment model consisting of water, plastic, chorion, yolk sack and embryo in which surface area and volume changes as well as the processes of biotransformation and blood circulation influence mass fluxes. For model training and validation, we measured internal concentrations in ZFE exposed individually to BPA, bisphenol AF (BPAF) and Z (BPZ). Bayesian inference was applied for parameter calibration based on the training data set of BPZ. The calibrated TK model predicted internal ZFE concentrations of the majority of external test data within a 5-fold error and half of the data within a 2-fold error for bisphenols A, AF, F, and tetrabromo bisphenol A (TBBPA). We used the developed model to rank the hazard of seven bisphenols based on predicted internal concentrations and measured in vitro estrogenicity. This ranking indicated a higher hazard for BPAF, BPZ, bisphenol B and C (BPB, BPC) than for BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Chelcea
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Sapounidou
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Nyström-Kandola J, Ahrens L, Glynn A, Johanson G, Benskin JP, Gyllenhammar I, Lignell S, Vogs C. Low concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in municipal drinking water associated with serum PFAA concentrations in Swedish adolescents. Environ Int 2023; 180:108166. [PMID: 37708812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
While highly contaminated drinking water (DW) is a major source of exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), the contribution of low-level contaminated DW (i.e. < 10 ng/L of individual PFAAs) to PFAA body burdens has rarely been studied. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the association between concentrations of perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and their sum (∑4PFAAs) in DW and serum in Swedish adolescents using weighted least squares regression. We paired serum PFAA concentrations in adolescents (age 10-21 years, n = 790) from the dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 (RMA) with mean PFAA concentrations in water samples collected in 2018 from waterworks (n = 45) supplying DW to the participant residential and school addresses. The median concentrations of individual PFAAs in DW were < 1 ng/L. Median concentrations of PFNA and PFHxS in serum were < 1 ng/g, while those of PFOA and PFOS were 1-2 ng/g. Significant positive associations between PFAA concentrations in DW and serum were found for all four PFAAs and ∑4PFAAs, with estimated serum/DW concentration ratios ranging from 210 (PFOA) to 670 (PFHxS), taking exposure from sources other than DW (background) into consideration. The mean concentrations of PFHxS and ∑4PFAA in DW that would likely cause substantially elevated serum concentrations above background variation were estimated to 0.9 ng/L and 2.4 ng/L, respectively. The European Food Safety Authority has determined a health concern concentration of 6.9 ng ∑4PFAAs/mL serum. This level was to a large degree exceeded by RMA participants with DW ∑4PFAA concentrations above the maximum limits implemented in Denmark (2 ng ∑4PFAAs/L) and Sweden (4 ng ∑4PFAAs/L) than by RMA participants with DW concentrations below the maximum limits. In conclusion, PFAA exposure from low-level contaminated DW must be considered in risk assessment for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nyström-Kandola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Gyllenhammar
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanna Lignell
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Billat PA, Vogs C, Blassiau C, Brochot C, Wincent E, Brion F, Beaudouin R. PBTK modeled perfluoroalkyl acid kinetics in zebrafish eleutheroembryos suggests impacts on bioconcentrations by chorion porosity dynamics. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 89:105588. [PMID: 36958675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish eleutheroembryo (zfe) is widely used as a model to characterize the toxicity of chemicals. However, analytical methods are still missing to measure organ concentrations. Therefore, physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling may overcome current limitations to help understand the relationship between toxic effects and internal exposure in various organs. A previous PBTK model has been updated to include the chorionic transport barrier and its permeabilization, hatching dynamics within a zfe population over development, and active mediated transport mechanisms. The zfe PBTK model has been calibrated using measured time-dependent internal concentrations of PFBA, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS in a zfe population and evaluated using external datasets from the literature. Calibration was successful with 96% of the predictions falling within a 2-fold range of the observed concentrations. The external dataset was correctly estimated with about 50% of the predictions falling within a factor of 3 of the observed data and 10% of the predictions are out of the 10-fold error. The calibrated model suggested that active mediated transport differs between PFAS with a sulfonic and carboxylic acid functional end groups. This PBTK model predicts well the fate of PFAS with various physicochemical properties in zfe. Therefore, this model may improve the use of zfe as an alternative model in toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic studies and help to refine and reduce zfe-based experiments, while giving insights into the internal kinetics of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-André Billat
- INERIS, Experimental toxicology and modeling unit (TEAM), Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clément Blassiau
- INERIS, Experimental toxicology and modeling unit (TEAM), Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- INERIS, Experimental toxicology and modeling unit (TEAM), Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Emma Wincent
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - François Brion
- INERIS, Ecotoxicology of substances and environments unit (ESMI), Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France; UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, INERIS, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- INERIS, Experimental toxicology and modeling unit (TEAM), Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France; UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, INERIS, France.
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Johanson G, Gyllenhammar I, Ekstrand C, Pyko A, Xu Y, Li Y, Norström K, Lilja K, Lindh C, Benskin JP, Georgelis A, Forsell K, Jakobsson K, Glynn A, Vogs C. Quantitative relationships of perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water associated with serum concentrations above background in adults living near contamination hotspots in Sweden. Environ Res 2023; 219:115024. [PMID: 36535390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated drinking water (DW) is a major source of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at locations around PFAS production/use facilities and military airports. This study aimed to investigate quantitative relationships between concentrations in DW and serum of nine perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in Swedish adult populations living near contamination hotspots. Short-chained (PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, and PFBS) and long-chained PFAAs (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS and PFOS) were measured in DW and serum. We matched DW and serum concentrations for a total of 398 subjects living or working in areas receiving contaminated DW and in one non-contaminated area. Thereafter, linear regression analysis with and without adjustments for co-variates was conducted. This enabled to derive (i) serum concentrations at background exposure (CB) from sources other than local DW exposure (i.e. food, dust and textiles) at 0 ng/L DW concentration, (ii) population-mean PFAA serum:water ratios (SWR) and (iii) PFAA concentrations in DW causing observable elevated serum PFAA concentrations above background variability. Median concentrations of the sum of nine PFAAs ranged between 2.8 and 1790 ng/L in DW and between 7.6 and 96.9 ng/mL in serum. DW concentration was the strongest predictor, resulting in similar unadjusted and adjusted regression coefficients. Mean CB ranged from <0.1 (PFPeA, PFHpA, PFBS) to 5.1 ng/mL (PFOS). Serum concentrations increased significantly with increasing DW concentrations for all PFAAs except for PFPeA with SWRs ranging from <10 (PFHxA, PFHpA and PFBS) to 111 (PFHxS). Observed elevated serum concentrations above background variability were reached at DW concentrations between 24 (PFOA) and 357 ng/L (PFHxA). The unadjusted linear regression predictions agreed well with serum concentrations previously reported in various populations exposed to low and high DW levels of PFOA, PFHxS and PFOS. The quantitative relationships derived herein should be helpful to translate PFAA concentrations in DW to concentrations in serum at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Johanson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Gyllenhammar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish Food Agency, Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Ekstrand
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrei Pyko
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Xu
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, P.O Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ying Li
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, P.O Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Norström
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Circular Economy Department, 106 48, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Lilja
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Circular Economy Department, 106 48, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Antonios Georgelis
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Forsell
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Norrland University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristina Jakobsson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, P.O Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Bajard L, Adamovsky O, Audouze K, Baken K, Barouki R, Beltman JB, Beronius A, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Cano-Sancho G, de Baat ML, Di Tillio F, Fernández MF, FitzGerald RE, Gundacker C, Hernández AF, Hilscherova K, Karakitsios S, Kuchovska E, Long M, Luijten M, Majid S, Marx-Stoelting P, Mustieles V, Negi CK, Sarigiannis D, Scholz S, Sovadinova I, Stierum R, Tanabe S, Tollefsen KE, van den Brand AD, Vogs C, Wielsøe M, Wittwehr C, Blaha L. Application of AOPs to assist regulatory assessment of chemical risks - Case studies, needs and recommendations. Environ Res 2023; 217:114650. [PMID: 36309218 PMCID: PMC9850416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While human regulatory risk assessment (RA) still largely relies on animal studies, new approach methodologies (NAMs) based on in vitro, in silico or non-mammalian alternative models are increasingly used to evaluate chemical hazards. Moreover, human epidemiological studies with biomarkers of effect (BoE) also play an invaluable role in identifying health effects associated with chemical exposures. To move towards the next generation risk assessment (NGRA), it is therefore crucial to establish bridges between NAMs and standard approaches, and to establish processes for increasing mechanistically-based biological plausibility in human studies. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework constitutes an important tool to address these needs but, despite a significant increase in knowledge and awareness, the use of AOPs in chemical RA remains limited. The objective of this paper is to address issues related to using AOPs in a regulatory context from various perspectives as it was discussed in a workshop organized within the European Union partnerships HBM4EU and PARC in spring 2022. The paper presents examples where the AOP framework has been proven useful for the human RA process, particularly in hazard prioritization and characterization, in integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA), and in the identification and validation of BoE in epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, several limitations were identified that hinder the optimal usability and acceptance of AOPs by the regulatory community including the lack of quantitative information on response-response relationships and of efficient ways to map chemical data (exposure and toxicity) onto AOPs. The paper summarizes suggestions, ongoing initiatives and third-party tools that may help to overcome these obstacles and thus assure better implementation of AOPs in the NGRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karine Audouze
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, Inserm UMR S-1124, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Kirsten Baken
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Robert Barouki
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, Inserm UMR S-1124, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Solna, Sweden
| | - Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Manutooq 1, 3905 Nuussuaq, Greenland
| | | | - Milo L de Baat
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Filippo Di Tillio
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM) & School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rex E FitzGerald
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology SCAHT, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Avda. de la Investigación, 11, 18016, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eliska Kuchovska
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sanah Majid
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Pesticides Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM) & School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chander K Negi
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dimosthenis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Dept Bioanalyt Ecotoxicol, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iva Sovadinova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rob Stierum
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shihori Tanabe
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norway
| | - Annick D van den Brand
- Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Solna, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Wielsøe
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Satbhai K, Vogs C, Crago J. Comparative toxicokinetics and toxicity of PFOA and its replacement GenX in the early stages of zebrafish. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136131. [PMID: 36007738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PER: and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are receiving attention due to their persistence, and potential adverse effects on environmental and human health. Efforts to reduce long-chained PFAS (≥C8) compounds were implemented in 2006 as a part of "PFOA Stewardship Program Initiative" (PFOA-perfluorooctanoic acid). Short-chained PFAS (<C8) were introduced as replacements, which were believed to have lower potential for environmental persistence and bioaccumulation. Little is known about the uptake and elimination, and potential toxic effects of these replacement compounds. Hence, it is important to compare toxicokinetics and toxicity of long-chain PFAS to their replacement compounds. To this end, zebrafish (ZF), Danio rerio, embryos were exposed to PFOA and its short-chain replacement perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (GenX) with the aim to assess uptake and elimination kinetics, hatching success, morphology, startle response, and survival. At 24 hpf, LC50 was 82 μM for PFOA and 170 μM for GenX. At 54 hpf, GenX but not PFOA showed an increase in hatching success. At 120 hpf, no statistically significant differences were seen in white light startle response below the LC50. PFAS internal concentrations were measured at 72 and 120 hpf during exposure phase, and at 168 hpf during depuration phase. GenX and PFOA internal concentrations in 120 hpf larvae exposed to highest concentration (20 μM) were 35.02 and 44.51 μM, respectively. Concentrations were eliminated almost completely at 168 hpf for GenX up to 95%, while for PFOA up to 50%. As steady-state was not reached, we estimated kinetic bioconcentration factors (BCFkin). BCFkin for GenX was lower than PFOA at equimolar concentrations. However, bioconcentration factors were higher at the lower exposure concentrations for both chemicals, suggesting a concentration-dependent uptake of PFASs. The predicted internal effect concentrations, accounting for the differences in bioconcentration factors, were 229 μM for GenX and 226 μM for PFOA, suggesting similar toxic potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruuttika Satbhai
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Science - SLU, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet-KI, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jordan Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Chelcea I, Örn S, Hamers T, Koekkoek J, Legradi J, Vogs C, Andersson P. P04-07 Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling of bisphenols in zebrafish (Danio rerio) accounting for variation in metabolic rates, brain distribution and liver accumulation. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Chelcea I, Örn S, Hamers T, Koekkoek J, Legradi J, Vogs C, Andersson PL. Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Modeling of Bisphenols in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Accounting for Variations in Metabolic Rates, Brain Distribution, and Liver Accumulation. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:10216-10228. [PMID: 35797464 PMCID: PMC9301920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical, which has raised human health and environmental concerns due to its endocrine-disrupting properties. BPA analogues are less well-studied despite their wide use in consumer products. These analogues have been detected in water and aquatic organisms around the world, with some analogues showing toxic effects in various species including fish. Here, we present novel organ-specific time-course distribution data of bisphenol Z (BPZ) in female zebrafish (Danio rerio), including concentrations in the ovaries, liver, and brain, a rarely sampled organ with high toxicological relevance. Furthermore, fish-specific in vitro biotransformation rates were determined for 11 selected bisphenols. A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was adapted for four of these bisphenols, which was able to predict levels in the gonads, liver, and brain as well as the whole body within a 2-5-fold error with respect to experimental data, covering several important target organs of toxicity. In particular, predicted liver concentrations improved compared to currently available PBTK models. Predicted data indicate that studied bisphenols mainly distribute to the carcass and gonads and less to the brain. Our model provides a tool to increase our understanding on the distribution and kinetics of a group of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Chelcea
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Hamers
- Department
of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Department
of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Department
of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
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9
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Chelcea I, Örn S, Hamers T, Legradi J, Vogs C, Andersson P. Modelling Toxicokinetics of BPA Analogues in Zebrafish. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Tal T, Vogs C. Invited Perspective: PFAS Bioconcentration and Biotransformation in Early Life Stage Zebrafish and Its Implications for Human Health Protection. Environ Health Perspect 2021; 129:71304. [PMID: 34288732 PMCID: PMC8312476 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tal
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Science – SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet-KI, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Krais AM, Essig JY, Gren L, Vogs C, Assarsson E, Dierschke K, Nielsen J, Strandberg B, Pagels J, Broberg K, Lindh CH, Gudmundsson A, Wierzbicka A. Biomarkers after Controlled Inhalation Exposure to Exhaust from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6492. [PMID: 34208511 PMCID: PMC8296316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) is a renewable diesel fuel used to replace petroleum diesel. The organic compounds in HVO are poorly characterized; therefore, toxicological properties could be different from petroleum diesel exhaust. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure and effective biomarkers in 18 individuals after short-term (3 h) exposure to HVO exhaust and petroleum diesel exhaust fumes. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze urinary biomarkers. A proximity extension assay was used for the measurement of inflammatory proteins in plasma samples. Short-term (3 h) exposure to HVO exhaust (PM1 ~1 µg/m3 and ~90 µg/m3 for vehicles with and without exhaust aftertreatment systems, respectively) did not increase any exposure biomarker, whereas petroleum diesel exhaust (PM1 ~300 µg/m3) increased urinary 4-MHA, a biomarker for p-xylene. HVO exhaust from the vehicle without exhaust aftertreatment system increased urinary 4-HNE-MA, a biomarker for lipid peroxidation, from 64 ng/mL urine (before exposure) to 141 ng/mL (24 h after exposure, p < 0.001). There was no differential expression of plasma inflammatory proteins between the HVO exhaust and control exposure group. In conclusion, short-term exposure to low concentrations of HVO exhaust did not increase urinary exposure biomarkers, but caused a slight increase in lipid peroxidation associated with the particle fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Julie Y. Essig
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Louise Gren
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.G.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (A.W.)
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Eva Assarsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Katrin Dierschke
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Jörn Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.G.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (A.W.)
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Christian H. Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden; (J.Y.E.); (E.A.); (K.D.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (K.B.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.G.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (A.W.)
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; (L.G.); (J.P.); (A.G.); (A.W.)
- NanoLund, Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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12
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Lungu-Mitea S, Vogs C, Carlsson G, Montag M, Frieberg K, Oskarsson A, Lundqvist J. Modeling Bioavailable Concentrations in Zebrafish Cell Lines and Embryos Increases the Correlation of Toxicity Potencies across Test Systems. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:447-457. [PMID: 33320646 PMCID: PMC7872314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Linking cellular toxicity to low-tier animal toxicity and beyond is crucial within the adverse outcome pathway concept and the 3R framework. This study aimed to determine and compare the bioavailable effect concentrations in zebrafish cell lines and embryos. Acute, short-term toxicity (48 h) of eight veterinary pharmaceuticals was measured in two zebrafish cell lines (hepatocytes, fibroblasts) and zebrafish embryos. Seven endpoints of cytotoxicity were recorded. The fish embryo acute toxicity test was modified by adding sublethal endpoints. Chemical distribution modeling (mass balance) was applied to compute the bioavailable compound concentrations in cells (Cfree) and embryos (Cint;aq) based on nominal effect concentrations (Cnom). Effect concentration ratios were calculated (cell effects/embryo effects). A low correlation was observed between cytotoxicity and embryo toxicity when nominal concentrations were used. Modeled bioavailable effect concentrations strongly increased correlations and placed regression lines close to the line of unity and axis origin. Cytotoxicity endpoints showed differences in sensitivity and predictability. The hepatocyte cell line depicted closer proximity to the embryo data. Conclusively, the high positive correlation between the cell- and embryo-based test systems emphasizes the appropriate modulation of toxicity when linked to bioavailable concentrations. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of fish cell lines to be utilized in integrated testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lungu-Mitea
- Department
of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department
of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Carlsson
- Department
of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maximiliane Montag
- Institute
for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Frieberg
- Department
of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department
of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department
of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Cunha V, Vogs C, Le Bihanic F, Dreij K. Mixture effects of oxygenated PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene on cardiovascular development and function in zebrafish embryos. Environ Int 2020; 143:105913. [PMID: 32615350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs), are common environmental pollutants known to cause health effects in humans and wild-life. In particular, vertebrate cardiovascular development and function are sensitive to PACs. However, the interactive effects of PAHs and oxy-PAHs on cardiovascular endpoints have not been well studied. In this study, we used zebrafish embryos (ZFEs) as a model to examine developmental and cardiovascular toxicities induced by the three environmental oxy-PAHs benzo[a]fluorenone (BFLO), 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthren-4-one (4H-CPO) and, 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (6H-BPO), and the PAH benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) either as single exposures or binary oxy-PAH + PAH mixtures. 6H-BPO induced developmental and cardiovascular toxicity, including reduced heartbeat rate and blood flow, at lower doses compared to the other compounds. Exposure to binary mixtures generally caused enhanced toxicity and induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-regulated gene expression (ahr2 and cyp1a) compared to single compound exposure. This was associated with differential expression of genes involved in cardiovascular development and function including atp2a2, myh6, tbx5 and zerg. AhR-knock-down significantly reduced the cardiovascular toxicity of 6H-BPO and its binary mixture with BaP indicating a significant AhR-dependence of the effects. Measurements of internal concentrations showed that the toxicokinetics of BaP and 6H-BPO were altered in the binary mixture compared to the single compound exposure, and most likely due to CYP1 inhibition by 6H-BPO. Altogether, these data support that similar to interactions between PAHs, mixtures of PAHs and oxy-PAHs may cause increased developmental and cardiovascular toxicity in ZFEs through an AhR-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Cunha
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Xu Y, Fletcher T, Pineda D, Lindh CH, Nilsson C, Glynn A, Vogs C, Norström K, Lilja K, Jakobsson K, Li Y. Serum Half-Lives for Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids after Ceasing Exposure from Drinking Water Contaminated by Firefighting Foam. Environ Health Perspect 2020; 128:77004. [PMID: 32648786 PMCID: PMC7351026 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firefighting foam-contaminated ground water, which contains high levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), is frequently found around airports. In 2018 it was detected that employees at a municipal airport in northern Sweden had been exposed to high levels of short-chain PFAS along with legacy PFAS (i.e., PFOA, PFHxS, and PFOS) through drinking water. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to describe the PFAS profile in drinking water and biological samples (paired serum and urine) and to estimate serum half-lives of the short-chain PFAS together with legacy PFAS. METHODS Within 2 weeks after provision of clean water, blood sampling was performed in all 26 airport employees. Seventeen of them were then followed up monthly for 5 months. PFHxA, PFHpA, PFBS, PFPeS, and PFHpS together with legacy PFAS in water and biological samples were quantified using LC/MS/MS. Half-lives were estimated by assuming one compartment, first-order elimination kinetics. RESULTS The proportions of PFHxA, PFHpA, and PFBS were higher in drinking water than in serum. The opposite was found for PFHxS and PFOS. The legacy PFAS accounted for about 50% of total PFAS in drinking water and 90% in serum. Urinary PFAS levels were very low compared with serum. PFBS showed the shortest half-life {average 44 d [95% confidence interval (CI): 37, 55 d]}, followed by PFHpA [62 d (95% CI: 51, 80 d)]. PFPeS and PFHpS showed average half-lives as 0.63 and 1.46 y, respectively. Branched PFOS isomers had average half-lives ranging from 1.05 to 1.26 y for different isomers. PFOA, PFHxS, and linear PFOS isomers showed average half-lives of 1.77, 2.87, and 2.93 y, respectively. DISCUSSION A general pattern of increasing half-lives with increasing chain length was observed. Branched PFOS isomers had shorter half-lives than linear PFOS isomers. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6785.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Xu
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniela Pineda
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H. Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carina Nilsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Norström
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Lilja
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Jakobsson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ying Li
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Vogs C, Johanson G, Näslund M, Wulff S, Sjödin M, Hellstrandh M, Lindberg J, Wincent E. Toxicokinetics of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids Influences Their Toxic Potency in the Zebrafish Embryo ( Danio rerio). Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:3898-3907. [PMID: 30844262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) are highly persistent and bioaccumulative and have been associated with several adverse health effects. The chemical structure mainly differs in two ways: the length of the hydrophobic alkyl chain and the type of hydrophilic end group. Little is known how the chemical structure affects the toxicokinetics (TK) in different organisms. We studied the TK of four PFAA (PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFBA) with different chain lengths (4-8 carbons) and functional groups (sulfonic and carboxylic acid) in zebrafish ( Danio rerio) embryo. The time courses of the external (ambient water) and internal concentrations were determined at three exposure concentrations from 2 up to 120 h postfertilization (hpf). Three of the four PFAA showed a biphasic uptake pattern with slow uptake before hatching (around 48 hpf) and faster uptake thereafter. A two-compartment TK model adequately described the biphasic uptake pattern, suggesting that the chorion functions as an uptake barrier until 48 hpf. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) determined at 120 hpf varied widely between PFAA with averages of approximately 4000 (PFOS), 200 (PFHxS), 50 (PFOA), and 0.8 (PFBA) L kg dry weight-1, suggesting that both the alkyl chain length and the functional group influence the TK. The differences in toxic potency were reduced by 3 orders of magnitude when comparing internal effect concentrations instead of effective external concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vogs
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Markus Näslund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Sascha Wulff
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Marcus Sjödin
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Magnus Hellstrandh
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Emma Wincent
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
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Klüver N, Vogs C, Altenburger R, Escher BI, Scholz S. Development of a general baseline toxicity QSAR model for the fish embryo acute toxicity test. Chemosphere 2016; 164:164-173. [PMID: 27588575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos have become a popular model in ecotoxicology and toxicology. The fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish embryo was recently adopted by the OECD as technical guideline TG 236 and a large database of concentrations causing 50% lethality (LC50) is available in the literature. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) of baseline toxicity (also called narcosis) are helpful to estimate the minimum toxicity of chemicals to be tested and to identify excess toxicity in existing data sets. Here, we analyzed an existing fish embryo toxicity database and established a QSAR for fish embryo LC50 using chemicals that were independently classified to act according to the non-specific mode of action of baseline toxicity. The octanol-water partition coefficient Kow is commonly applied to discriminate between non-polar and polar narcotics. Replacing the Kow by the liposome-water partition coefficient Klipw yielded a common QSAR for polar and non-polar baseline toxicants. This developed baseline toxicity QSAR was applied to compare the final mode of action (MOA) assignment of 132 chemicals. Further, we included the analysis of internal lethal concentration (ILC50) and chemical activity (La50) as complementary approaches to evaluate the robustness of the FET baseline toxicity. The analysis of the FET dataset revealed that specifically acting and reactive chemicals converged towards the baseline toxicity QSAR with increasing hydrophobicity. The developed FET baseline toxicity QSAR can be used to identify specifically acting or reactive compounds by determination of the toxic ratio and in combination with appropriate endpoints to infer the MOA for chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Klüver
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Carolina Vogs
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Biologie V, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Center for Applied Geosciences, Environmental Toxicology, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Vogs C, Altenburger R. Time-Dependent Effects in Algae for Chemicals with Different Adverse Outcome Pathways: A Novel Approach. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:7770-7780. [PMID: 27149222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals affect unicellular algae as a result of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes. The internal concentration of chemicals in algae cells typically reaches equilibrium within minutes, while damage cumulatively increases over hours. The time gap between the steady state of internal exposure and damage development is thus suspected to span up to hours, mainly due to toxicodynamic processes. The quantification of rate-limited toxicodynamic processes, aggregated as a progressive effect from an initiating molecular event through biological key events toward the adverse outcome on algae growth inhibition, might discriminate between different adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). To support our hypothesis, we selected six chemicals according to different physicochemical properties and three distinctly dissimilar AOPs. The time courses of internal concentrations were linked to the observed affected Scenedesmus vacuolatus growth using toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic modeling. Effects on cell growth were explained by effect progression and not by the time to reach internal equilibrium concentration. Effect progression rates ranged over 6 orders of magnitude for all chemicals but varied by less than 1 order of magnitude within similar AOP (photosystem II inhibitors > reactive chemicals > lipid biosynthesis inhibitors), meaning that inhibitors of photosystem II advance an effect toward algae growth fastest compared to reactive chemicals and inhibitors of lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vogs
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Massei R, Vogs C, Renner P, Altenburger R, Scholz S. Differential sensitivity in embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio): The role of toxicokinetics for stage-specific susceptibility for azinphos-methyl lethal effects. Aquat Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26210375 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The occasionally observed differential chemical sensitivity in embryonic life stages of fish is still poorly understood and could represent an important issue for understanding the time course of toxicity and the toxic modes of action of chemicals. In this study we analyzed the toxicity of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor azinphos-methyl (APM) in different life-stages of zebrafish embryos. To this end, the LC50 of three 48h-exposure windows were determined (12μM for 0-48, no mortality observed for 24-72 and 72-120hpf up to a concentration of 79μM). We hypothesized that the differential sensitivity of the stage-specific embryos may be related to differences in uptake of the compound and/or internal concentrations. Therefore, internal concentrations were determined using HPLC. Similar levels and time courses of internal concentrations for all three exposure windows were observed. Bioconcentration amounted to a factor of about 30. Short-term exposure windows for a concentration 4-fold above the calculated LC50 (47μM) identified the period of 0-4hpf as the most sensitive time window for APM toxicity. Our results indicate that the differential sensitivity of APM in the embryos is not related to differences in internal concentrations but related to a stage specific mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Massei
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Carolina Vogs
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Renner
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Vogs C, Kühnert A, Hug C, Küster E, Altenburger R. A toxicokinetic study of specifically acting and reactive organic chemicals for the prediction of internal effect concentrations in Scenedesmus vacuolatus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:100-111. [PMID: 25263251 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The toxic potency of chemicals is determined by using the internal effect concentration by accounting for differences in toxicokinetic processes and mechanisms of toxic action. The present study examines toxicokinetics of specifically acting and reactive chemicals in the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus by using an indirect method. Concentration depletion in the exposure medium was measured for chemicals of lower (log KOW < 3: isoproturon, metazachlor, paraquat) and moderate (log KOW 4-5: irgarol, triclosan, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine) hydrophobicity at 7 to 8 time points over 240 min or 360 min. Uptake and overall elimination rates were estimated by fitting a toxicokinetic model to the observed concentration depletions. The equilibrium of exposure concentrations was reached within minutes to hours or was even not observed within the exposure time. The kinetics of bioconcentration cannot be explained by the chemical's hydrophobicity only, but influential factors such as ionization of chemicals, the ion trapping mechanism, or the potential susceptibility for biotransformation are discussed. Internal effect concentrations associated with 50% inhibition of S. vacuolatus reproduction were predicted by linking the bioconcentration kinetics to the effect concentrations and ranged from 0.0480 mmol/kg wet weight to 7.61 mmol/kg wet weight for specifically acting and reactive chemicals. Knowing the time-course of the internal effect concentration may promote an understanding of toxicity processes such as delayed toxicity, carry-over toxicity, or mixture toxicity in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vogs
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Faust M, Vogs C, Rotter S, Wöltjen J, Höllrigl-Rosta A, Backhaus T, Altenburger R. Comparative assessment of plant protection products: how many cases will regulatory authorities have to answer? Environ Sci Eur 2014; 26:11. [PMID: 27752410 PMCID: PMC5044940 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-014-0011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The substitution principle has been included in the EU pesticides legislation as a new element. Comparative assessments will have to be conducted for all uses of plant protection products (PPPs) that contain active substances with certain hazardous properties, the so-called candidates for substitution (CFS). This study investigated the resulting workload in terms of the number of cases for comparative assessments that regulatory authorities may have to face. The analysis was carried out for Germany as an example. MAIN TEXT In Germany, the requirement for comparative assessments may affect up to 25% of all PPPs and around 50% of all uses of PPPs. In absolute terms, these are around 350 candidate products with 1,850 different uses. Alternative products without CFS may be available for around 40% of these uses. On average, a candidate product is authorised for around 18 different uses. For 11 of these uses, no alternatives are authorised. For the remaining seven uses, slightly more than seven alternatives are available on average. Multiplication of these factors gives an indicative figure of around 18,500 possible pairwise comparisons of candidate products with alternative products for every common use. CONCLUSIONS The high number of expectable cases poses a formidable challenge for the efficient conduct of the new task of comparative assessments by competent Member States authorities. To this end, new data handling systems, assessment procedures, and decision rules need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Faust
- Faust & Backhaus Environmental Consulting, Fahrenheitstr. 1, Bremen, 28359 Germany
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoser Str. 15, Leipzig, 04318 Germany
| | - Stefanie Rotter
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoser Str. 15, Leipzig, 04318 Germany
| | - Janina Wöltjen
- Federal Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, 06844 Germany
| | | | - Thomas Backhaus
- Faust & Backhaus Environmental Consulting, Fahrenheitstr. 1, Bremen, 28359 Germany
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoser Str. 15, Leipzig, 04318 Germany
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Kühnert A, Vogs C, Altenburger R, Küster E. The internal concentration of organic substances in fish embryos--a toxicokinetic approach. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32:1819-1827. [PMID: 23605957 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In ecotoxicity assessment, the ambient exposure concentration is typically applied to quantify the toxic potential of xenobiotic substances. However, exposure and organism-related differences in bioconcentration often cause a considerable variability of toxicity data. This can be minimized by using the internal organism concentration, because toxicokinetic modifying factors are considered implicitly. In the present study, the relationship between ambient and internal concentration-time profiles was investigated for zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The aim was to gain a better understanding and interpretation of exposure-based methods using this model organism. For this purpose, a simple and effective approach to determine the internal concentration was developed. Embryos were exposed to a series of 4 neutral organic substances (naphthalene, fluorene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene) of different hydrophobicity for 72 h. The internal and ambient concentrations were measured at 8 to 9 time points. Kinetics of uptake and elimination were modeled using a first-order 1-compartment model. Biotransformation processes appeared to influence the internal concentrations of fluoranthene and benz[a]anthracene after 48 h. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) obtained are in excellent agreement with those determined in previous studies using radiolabeled substances. The method demonstrated in the present study is a further step toward a refined ecotoxicity assessment using fish embryos, which links toxicity to the chemical concentration within the organism. This system may also be considered as an alternative to animal testing for BCF determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Kühnert
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Vogs C, Bandow N, Altenburger R. Effect propagation in a toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic model explains delayed effects on the growth of unicellular green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32:1161-1172. [PMID: 23359135 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological standard tests assess toxic effects by exposing an organism to high concentrations over defined periods of time. To evaluate toxicity under field conditions such as fluctuating and pulsed exposures, process-based toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic (TK/TD) models may be used for extrapolation from the existing evidence. A TK/TD model was developed that simulates the effect on growth of the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus continuously exposed to the model chemicals norflurazon, triclosan, and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine. A pharmacological time-response model describing the effects of anticancer treatments on cancer cell growth was adapted and modified to model the affected growth of synchronized algae cells. The TK/TD model simulates the temporal effect course by linking the ambient concentration of a chemical to the observable adverse effect via an internal concentration and a sequence of biological events in the organism. The parameters of the toxicodynamic model are related to the growth characteristics of algae cells, a no effect concentration, the chemical efficacy as well as the ability of recovery and repair, and the delay during damage propagation. The TK/TD model fits well to the observed algae growth. The effect propagation through cumulative cell damage explained the observed delayed responses better than just the toxicokinetics. The TK/TD model could facilitate the link between several effect levels within damage propagation, which prospectively may be helpful to model adverse outcome pathways and time-dependent mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vogs
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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