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Heinrich KM, Beattie CM, Crawford DA, Stoepker P, George J. Non-Traditional Physical Education Classes Improve High School Students' Movement Competency and Fitness: A Mixed-Methods Program Evaluation Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20105914. [PMID: 37239640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-traditional physical education (PE) programs may facilitate functional movement patterns and develop fitness and work capacity to facilitate long-term physical activity. This program evaluation study compared changes in body composition, movement competency, work capacity, and fitness for high school students in CrossFit or weight training PE; both classes were hypothesized to improve each area, with greater improvements in the CrossFit class. Students participated in 57 min classes 4 days per week for 9 months. Measures including body composition, movement competencies (squat, lunge, push-up, pull-up, hinge, and brace), work capacity (two CrossFit workouts), and fitness (air squats, push-ups, inverted row, plank hold, horizontal and vertical jumps, 5 rep max back squat and press, 500 m bike, and 12 min run) were taken at baseline, midpoint, and post-test. Focus groups to assess students' experiences and outcomes were conducted at post-test. Students significantly improved in movement competencies (ps = 0.034 to <0.001), work capacity (ps < 0.001), and all fitness tests (ps = 0.036 to <0.001). The CrossFit class was only superior on the 500 m bike. Four themes were identified from the focus groups: (1) increased self-confidence, (2) health improvements, (3) newfound community, and (4) translational sports improvements. Future research should examine changes using an experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- NDRI-USA, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Cassandra M Beattie
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Derek A Crawford
- NDRI-USA, New York, NY 10001, USA
- School of Nutrition, Kinesiology, and Psychological Sciences, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA
| | - Peter Stoepker
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Stein JA, Hepler TC, DeBlauw JA, Beattie CM, Beshirs CD, Holte KM, Kurtz BK, Hatch-McChesney A, Heinrich KM, Farina EK. Anthropometrics and body composition predict performance during a simulated direct-fire engagement. Ergonomics 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36006381 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2117420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study determined anthropometric and body composition predictors of performance during a simulated direct-fire engagement. Healthy subjects (N = 33, age = 25.7 ± 7.0 yr) underwent anthropometric and body composition assessments before completing a simulated direct-fire engagement - consisting of marksmanship with cognitive workload assessment and a fire-and-move drill (16 × 6-m sprints) while wearing combat load. Susceptibility to enemy fire was modelled on sprint duration. Partial correlations and multiple linear regressions established the relationships between predictors and performance outcomes, controlling for age and sex. Significance was p ≤ 0.05. Higher percent body fat, fat mass, fight load index predicted greater susceptibility to enemy fire (r = 0.40 to 0.42) and lower cognitive performance (r= -0.45 to -0.49). Higher BMI also predicted lower cognitive performance (r= -0.49). Shorter stature/hand length predicted higher marksmanship accuracy (r= -0.40), while higher fat-free mass/fat-free mass index predicted slower reaction times (r = 0.36-0.41). These data suggest anthropometric and body composition measures modulate combat effectiveness and reinforce body composition standards in military organisations. Practitioner summary: This study identified field-expedient anthropometric and body composition predictors of a simulated direct-fire engagement that evaluated survivability (i.e. susceptibility to enemy fire) and lethality (i.e. marksmanship, cognitive performance) outcomes. Our findings suggest that anthropometric and body composition measures may play a role in soldier survivability and lethality during simulated direct-fire engagements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stein
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Timothy C Hepler
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Justin A DeBlauw
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Cassandra M Beattie
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chaddrick D Beshirs
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kendra M Holte
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Brady K Kurtz
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Emily K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Heinrich KM, DeBlauw J, Beattie CM, Mailey EL, Besenyi G. What Happened When Fitness Facilities Closed? How Fitness Facility Users Adapted During Covid-19 Shutdowns. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000878280.97184.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rogers EL, Beattie CM, Heinrich KM, Fong C, Haddock CK, Poston WS. Do Sleep And Physical Activity Predict Soldiers’ Upper/lower Body Strength And Endurance Performance? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000881112.12094.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stein JA, Hepler TC, DeBlauw JA, Beattie CM, Beshirs CD, Holte KM, Kurtz BK, Heinrich KM. Lower-body muscular power and exercise tolerance predict susceptibility to enemy fire during a tactical combat movement simulation. Ergonomics 2022; 65:1245-1255. [PMID: 34989329 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2025913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined if field-expedient physical fitness/performance assessments predicted performance during a simulated direct-fire engagement. Healthy subjects (n = 33, age = 25.7 ± 7.0 years) completed upper- and lower-body strength and power assessments and a 3-min all-out running test to determine critical velocity. Subjects completed a simulated direct-fire engagement that consisted of marksmanship with cognitive workload assessment and a fire-and-move drill (16 × 6-m sprints) while wearing a combat load. Susceptibility to enemy fire was modelled on average sprint duration during the fire-and-move drill. Stepwise linear regression identified predictors for the performance during the simulated direct-fire engagement. Critical velocity (β = -0.30, p < 0.01) and standing broad jump (β = -0.67, p < 0.001) predicted susceptibility to enemy fire (R2 = 0.74, p < 0.001). All predictors demonstrated poor relationships with marksmanship accuracy and cognitive performance. These data demonstrate the importance of exercise tolerance and lower-body power during simulated direct-fire engagements and provide potential targets for interventions to monitor and enhance performance and support soldier survivability. Practitioner Summary: This study identified field-expedient physical fitness/performance predictors of a simulated direct-fire engagement which evaluated susceptibility to enemy fire, marksmanship, and cognitive performance. Our findings suggest that high-intensity exercise tolerance and lower-body power are key determinants of performance that predicted susceptibility to enemy fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stein
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Timothy C Hepler
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Justin A DeBlauw
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Kendra M Holte
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Brady K Kurtz
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Besenyi GM, Pruneda O, Mailey EL, DeBlauw JA, Beattie CM, Gustat J, Heinrich KM. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity Behavior across Domains and Settings. J Healthy Eat Act Living 2021; 1:181-197. [PMID: 37771563 PMCID: PMC10522009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 restrictions and alterations to daily living (e.g. working from home, caregiving responsibilities) necessitated changes in physical activity (PA) behavior. The purpose of this study was to understand how PA within specific domains and behavior settings changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the extent to which PA increased or decreased as a function of participants' gender, work location (i.e., home vs. jobsite) and caregiving responsibilities. An e-survey, conducted April-June 2020, examined changes in PA across domains and settings in a national sample of 805 adults. Respondents reported domain-specific increases in household and recreational PA, but decreases in active transportation, occupational PA, and public transportation use. Weekly minutes of PA changed significantly across all behavior settings, with reported increases in home-based, neighborhood, parks/trails, and total PA, and decreases in PA through recreational sports and fitness facilities. Total weekly PA minutes increased by 10.6%. Those with caregiving responsibilities reported increases in household PA and PA frequency, whereas those without caregiving responsibilities were more likely to report increases in sitting. Those working from home reported a larger increase in neighborhood PA. Those working at a jobsite with caregiving responsibilities reported less weekly PA, while those working from home with caregiving responsibilities reported greater weekly PA. The overall increase in weekly PA minutes and ability to adapt to different domains/settings was encouraging. Future interventions should capitalize on domain- and setting-specific changes, while considering work location and caregiving responsibilities to develop innovative PA promotion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Besenyi
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University,
U.S.A
| | - Oziel Pruneda
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University,
U.S.A
| | - Emily L. Mailey
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University,
U.S.A
| | - Justin A. DeBlauw
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University,
U.S.A
| | - Cassandra M. Beattie
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University,
U.S.A
| | - Jeanette Gustat
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University,
U.S.A
| | - Katie M. Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University,
U.S.A
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Stein JA, Hepler TC, DeBlauw JA, Beattie CM, Beshirs CD, Holte KM, Kurtz BK, Heinrich KM. Caffeine Gum Does Not Improve Marksmanship, Bound Duration, Susceptibility to Enemy Fire, or Cognitive Performance During Tactical Combat Movement Simulation. J Spec Oper Med 2021; 21:86-92. [PMID: 34529811 DOI: 10.55460/c9go-xeum] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military personnel supplement caffeine as a countermeasure during unavoidable sustained wakefulness. However, its utility in combat-relevant tasks is unknown. This study examined the effects of caffeinated gum on performance in a tactical combat movement simulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy men (n = 30) and women (n = 9) (age = 25.3 ± 6.8 years; mass 75.1 ± 13.1 kg) completed a marksmanship with a cognitive workload (CWL) assessment and a fire-andmove simulation (16 6-m bounds) in experimental conditions (placebo versus caffeinated gum, 4mg/kg). Susceptibility to enemy fire was modeled on bound duration during the fireand- move simulation. RESULTS Across both conditions, bound duration and susceptibility to enemy fire increased by 9.3% and 7.8%, respectively (p = .001). Cognitive performance decreased after the fire-and-move simulation across both conditions (p < .05). However, bound duration, susceptibility to enemy fire, marksmanship, and cognitive performance did not differ between the caffeine and placebo conditions. CONCLUSION These data do not support a benefit of using caffeinated gum to improve simulated tactical combat movements.
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Heinrich KM, Haddock CK, DeBlauw JA, Beattie CM, Hollerbach BS, Jitnarin N, Jahnke S, Poston WS. Fitness Changes Among Military Personnel Enrolled In A 6-month High Intensity Functional Training Exercise Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000759356.79396.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Crawford BA, Beattie CM, Heinrich KM, DeBlauw J. What Difference Does Age Make? Perceived Confidence In High Intensity Functional Training Participants. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000764920.82936.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beattie CM, DeBlauw J, Besenyi G, Mailey E, Heinrich KM. Covid-19 Lockdowns: How Fitness Facility Users And Non-users Adapted. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000761660.77714.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beattie CM, Stein JA, Heinrich K. Physical Activity Behavior Comparisons Between Adults With and Without Type 1 Diabetes. Health Behavior Research 2021. [DOI: 10.4148/2572-1836.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Stein JA, Gasier HG, Goodman BD, Ramirez MR, Delatorre BP, Beattie CM, Barstow TJ, Heinrich KM. Effects of Caffeine on Exercise Duration, Critical Velocity, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion During Repeated-Sprint Exercise in Physically Active Men. Int J Exerc Sci 2021; 14:435-445. [PMID: 34055153 PMCID: PMC8136552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine improves short-to-moderate distance running performance, but the effect of caffeine on repeated sprints are equivocal. This research determined if caffeine improved exercise tolerance during repeated-sprint exercise. iCV is a running velocity that distinguishes intermittent running velocities (velocities ≤ iCV) that are sustainable from those resulting in a predictable time to exhaustion (velocities > iCV). Seven physically active men (age = 21.6 ± 1.5 years, body mass = 72.8 ± 5.1 kg, VO2max = 56.9 ± 9.8 mL/kg/min) ingested caffeine (5 mg/kg) or placebo (crossover design) 60 min prior to an intermittent critical velocity (iCV) test. The treadmill grade and velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) were used for iCV testing, and consisted of 3 bouts (10 sec running and 10 sec passive rest) at 130, 110 and 120% vVO2max. Each bout continued until volitional exhaustion and was separated by 20 min of passive rest. Total distance and duration were recorded to determine exercise tolerance using the iCV model. Caffeine ingestion increased running duration at 110% vVO2max (p = 0.02), but not at 120 (p = 0.93) and 130% vVO2max (p = 0.14). Caffeine did not improve iCV model parameters. A single dose of caffeine consumed 60 min before repeated-sprints can improve performance at 110% vVO2max, but not at higher velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stein
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heath G Gasier
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Blake D Goodman
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Melitza R Ramirez
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Blanca P Delatorre
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cassandra M Beattie
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas J Barstow
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Beattie CM, Heinrich KM, Feito Y. Differences In Exercise Behaviors By Diabetes Status: Implications For Diabetic Americans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000687304.54932.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beattie CM, Dudgeon LJ, Cosgrove SJ, Heinrich KM. Effects of a Brief Lifestyle Intervention for Office Workers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000563028.80049.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Samuels ME, Shi L, Cochran CR, Glover S, Beattie CM. A profile of women CEOs/administrators in community and migrant health centers. J Health Adm Educ 1999; 17:111-27. [PMID: 10539607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Most of the current research on women executives has focused on models in which few women achieve the highest position (e.g. hospital CEOs). This article looks at the nation's Community and Migrant Health Centers where substantial numbers of women hold the highest executive position. A national profile of women Community and Migrant Health Centers (C/MHCs) Chief Executive Officers/Administrators is provided in terms of their personal and work characteristics, as well as their values and beliefs regarding successful C/MHC attributes and important managerial practices. The study compares C/MHC Chief Executive Officers/Administrators based on gender. The study found that 41 percent of the CEO/Administrators were women and that they shared similar values and beliefs about functions/critical managerial factors and managerial characteristics of C/MHCs with their male colleagues. However, the study did find a comparable salary differential of over $11,000 in favor of male Chief Executive Officers/Administrators. The article reviews the literature of female executives in health care and concludes with recommendations for further study using the C/MHCs CEO/Administrators as a model study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Samuels
- Department of Health Administration, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
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