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Hermel JA, Bruni CM, Sigal DS. Novel Combination Strategies to Enhance Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Narrative Review. Int J Med Students 2020. [DOI: 10.5195/ijms.2020.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint receptor that induces and maintains tolerance of T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, among other lymphocytes. Immune checkpoint inhibition by PD-1 blockade restores the lymphocytic immunostimulatory phenotype and has been successful in the treatment of various malignancies. However, while immune checkpoint blockade has been shown to provide robust antitumor treatment outcomes, its overall response rate remains low in a significant portion of cancer patients. An essential unmet need in cancer therapy is the development of novel pharmacologic strategies designed to lower rates of resistance associated with immune checkpoint blockade. Therefore, efforts that seek to enhance the efficacy of PD-1 inhibition possess profound immunotherapeutic potential. Here, three promising combination strategies that harness the antitumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) together with non-ICI antitumor therapeutic agents are reviewed. These agents include (1) ABX196, a potent inducer of iNKT cells, (2) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, and (3) NK cell therapy. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for scientific articles and active trials, respectively, pertaining to immune checkpoint inhibition, iNKT cells, CAR-T cells, and NK cell immunotherapy. Preliminary clinical and preclinical data suggest that these combination treatment regimens greatly suppress tumor growth and may serve as innovative methods to enhance and optimize anticancer immunotherapy.
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Seidman JS, Troutman TD, Sakai M, Gola A, Spann NJ, Bennett H, Bruni CM, Ouyang Z, Li RZ, Sun X, Vu BT, Pasillas MP, Ego KM, Gosselin D, Link VM, Chong LW, Evans RM, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, Hosseini M, Witztum JL, Germain RN, Glass CK. Niche-Specific Reprogramming of Epigenetic Landscapes Drives Myeloid Cell Diversity in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Immunity 2020; 52:1057-1074.e7. [PMID: 32362324 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident and recruited macrophages contribute to both host defense and pathology. Multiple macrophage phenotypes are represented in diseased tissues, but we lack deep understanding of mechanisms controlling diversification. Here, we investigate origins and epigenetic trajectories of hepatic macrophages during diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The NASH diet induced significant changes in Kupffer cell enhancers and gene expression, resulting in partial loss of Kupffer cell identity, induction of Trem2 and Cd9 expression, and cell death. Kupffer cell loss was compensated by gain of adjacent monocyte-derived macrophages that exhibited convergent epigenomes, transcriptomes, and functions. NASH-induced changes in Kupffer cell enhancers were driven by AP-1 and EGR that reprogrammed LXR functions required for Kupffer cell identity and survival to instead drive a scar-associated macrophage phenotype. These findings reveal mechanisms by which disease-associated environmental signals instruct resident and recruited macrophages to acquire distinct gene expression programs and corresponding functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anita Gola
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cassi M Bruni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rick Z Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - BaoChau T Vu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martina P Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaori M Ego
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Verena M Link
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ling-Wa Chong
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Sakai M, Troutman TD, Seidman JS, Ouyang Z, Spann NJ, Abe Y, Ego KM, Bruni CM, Deng Z, Schlachetzki JCM, Nott A, Bennett H, Chang J, Vu BT, Pasillas MP, Link VM, Texari L, Heinz S, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, Geissmann F, Glass CK. Liver-Derived Signals Sequentially Reprogram Myeloid Enhancers to Initiate and Maintain Kupffer Cell Identity. Immunity 2019; 51:655-670.e8. [PMID: 31587991 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue environment plays a powerful role in establishing and maintaining the distinct phenotypes of resident macrophages, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in repopulating liver macrophages following acute Kupffer cell depletion as a means to infer signaling pathways and transcription factors that promote Kupffer cell differentiation. We obtained evidence that combinatorial interactions of the Notch ligand DLL4 and transforming growth factor-b (TGF-β) family ligands produced by sinusoidal endothelial cells and endogenous LXR ligands were required for the induction and maintenance of Kupffer cell identity. DLL4 regulation of the Notch transcriptional effector RBPJ activated poised enhancers to rapidly induce LXRα and other Kupffer cell lineage-determining factors. These factors in turn reprogrammed the repopulating liver macrophage enhancer landscape to converge on that of the original resident Kupffer cells. Collectively, these findings provide a framework for understanding how macrophage progenitor cells acquire tissue-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yohei Abe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kaori M Ego
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cassi M Bruni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zihou Deng
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexi Nott
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - BaoChau T Vu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina P Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Verena M Link
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Lorane Texari
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sven Heinz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Sakai M, Troutman TD, Seidman JS, Ouyang Z, Spann NJ, Abe Y, Ego K, Bruni CM, Schlachetzki JCM, Nott A, Bennett H, Chang J, Vu BT, Pasillas M, Link VM, Texari L, Heinz S, Glass CK. Deciphering liver environmental signaling pathways for Kupffer cell identity. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.187.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Functional specialization of tissue resident macrophages occurs through environmental signals controlling activity and/or expression of transcription factors. Kupffer cells are resident macrophages in the hepatic sinusoids and have critical roles in the innate immune response and iron metabolism. Here, we characterize transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in repopulating liver macrophages following acute Kupffer cell depletion as a means to infer signaling pathways and transcription factors that promote Kupffer cell differentiation. Nr1h3 encoding LXRα is rapidly and highly induced in repopulating liver macrophages, suggesting its induction plays a crucial role in Kupffer cell differentiation. Restricted deletion of Nr1h3 in Kupffer cells reveal that it is required for shaping the Kupffer cell-specific enhancer landscape. Further, we obtain evidence that combinatorial interactions of DLL4 and TGF-β/BMP produced by sinusoidal endothelial cells and endogenous LXR ligands are required for the induction and maintenance of Kupffer cell identity. DLL4 regulation of RBPJ through Notch signaling plays a key role in activating poised enhancers to rapidly induce LXRα and other Kupffer cell lineage-determining factors. These factors in turn reprogram the repopulating liver macrophage enhancer landscape to converge on that of the original resident Kupffer cells. Using molecules which mimic these liver environment signals, we show that it is possible to induce Kupffer cell-specific genes in mouse bone marrow progenitor cells and human monocytes in vitro. Collectively, these findings provide a framework for understanding how macrophage progenitor cells acquire tissue-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashito Sakai
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD
| | | | | | | | | | - Yohei Abe
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD
| | - Kaori Ego
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD
| | | | | | - Alexi Nott
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD
| | | | | | - BaoChau T. Vu
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD
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Troutman TD, Seidman JS, Sakai M, Gola A, Ouyang Z, Spann NJ, Bruni CM, Bennett H, Ego K, Vu B, Sun X, Pasillas M, Witztum JL, Germain RN, Glass CK. Exploiting altered enhancer landscapes to decode pathogenic changes in gene expression of diverse hepatic macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.59.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Kupffer cells have specialized roles supporting the environment of the liver during homeostasis and disease. However, the key regulatory elements governing these behaviors are unknown. Using scRNA-seq, we found diversification of Kupffer cells and recruitment of additional macrophage subtypes during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A significant source of macrophage heterogeneity during NASH was traced to Cx3cr1 expressing monocytes. Further, macrophage subsets were localized in distinct niches, suggesting environmental specification as a key determinant of macrophage heterogeneity. We profiled chromatin accessibility of the major NASH associated macrophage populations to identify transcription factors governing their environmental specification. These results predict greater NFκB, RUNX, and AP1 activity in recruited hepatic macrophages compared to Kupffer cells. Surprisingly, we found minimal significant chromatin accessibility changes comparing Kupffer cells from healthy mice to mice with NASH, even though several thousand genes were differentially expressed. Instead, NASH led to altered chromatin activity, as measured by H3K27ac ChIP-seq, at Kupffer cell enhancer regions. A binding element for LXR (liver X receptor) was the top transcription factor motif identified in Kupffer cell enhancers with reduced activity during NASH. Furthermore, LXRα was required to maintain expression of a unique gene signature defining healthy Kupffer cells. Thus, our studies establish for the first time gene regulatory events controlling diverse hepatic macrophages during homeostasis and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kaori Ego
- 1University of California, San Diego
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