1
|
Liu Z, Liu Y, Bu T, Matic R, Corilic D, Casaru C, Zhang Y. Association between evergrande FC's club debt and Chinese super league's profitability from 2014 to 2019. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1095250. [PMID: 36923293 PMCID: PMC10009254 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1095250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the role of Evergrande FC's club debt on the Chinese Super League (CSL)'s profitability from 2014 to 2019. Methods We extracted the financial statements of Evergrande FC and evaluated its correlation with the profitability of CSL and Evergrande Group, which serves as a direct indicator of commercial growth. Results The association between Evergrande FC's net loss and gross debt and CSL's profitability is positive, strong (all correlation coefficients > .89), and statistically significant (all p < .05). The association between Evergrande FC's net asset value and CSL's profitability is negative, strong (correlation coefficient = -.97), and statistically significant (p < .05). Conclusion These data imply that there is a good likelihood of a causal relationship between the negative club returns generated by real estate investments and CSL's rapid commercial growth from 2014 to 2019. In essence, a dovish monetary-regulatory policy nexus during this period drove up the CSL premium. This business history from the sports industry is another illustration of how the modern coupling of economic leverage and regulatory policy could have asymmetric impacts on short-term market growth. Based on this debt-fueled business history, CSL should progress to a higher level of development in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyong Liu
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- School of Finance, Hunan University of Finance and Economics, Changsha, China
| | | | - Te Bu
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Radenko Matic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dusan Corilic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Catalina Casaru
- Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Independent researcher, Orlando, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bai X, Soh KG, Omar Dev RD, Talib O, Xiao W, Soh KL, Ong SL, Zhao C, Galeru O, Casaru C. Aerobic Exercise Combination Intervention to Improve Physical Performance Among the Elderly: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2022; 12:798068. [PMID: 35058805 PMCID: PMC8764279 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.798068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of aerobic exercise for the elderly are well-known. They extend beyond cardiovascular changes and can reduce the inactivity-induced loss of strength, mobility, balance, and endurance that are vital for the safe performance of daily activities in older adults. However, the benefits of combined aerobic exercise with other exercises such as strength/resistance, multi-component and aerobic exercise remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of combined aerobic exercise on physical performance among the elderly, as opposed to single aerobic exercise. We searched four databases of SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and CINAHL Plus to find 18 articles that met criteria. Data was extracted using PICOs extraction tool and summarized using a narrative synthesis approach. Studies have shown that aerobics combined resistance/strength training (CEX), multi-component training (ME), and dance combined training has positive and significant effects on the physical performance (upper body strength and lower body strength, dynamic balance, fall risk, mobility, gait, agility, flexibility) of the elderly. CEX had additional benefits compared to aerobic training (AER) and resistance/strength training (RES) in gait speed, lower limb strength, and trunk fat. Furthermore, CEX was more effective than AER in improving sitting and stretching, elbow flexion, knee flexion, shoulder flexion and stretching, strength and body fat, function reach test, 30-s chair standing test and 6-min walking test, self-evaluation of body function. Therefore, the combination of multiple components contributes to the overall improvement in physical fitness of the elderly, thus preventing them from losing balance and reducing susceptibility to injury. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails], identifier [CRD42021213147].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Bai
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Roxana Dev Omar Dev
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Othman Talib
- Department of Science and Technical Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Wensheng Xiao
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Kim Lam Soh
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Swee Leong Ong
- School of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Human Resources Office, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Arts and Technology, Wuxi, China
| | - Ovidiu Galeru
- Faculty of Movement, Sports, and Health Sciences, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, Bacǎu, Romania
| | - Catalina Casaru
- Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, University of West Alabama, Livingston, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Balilionis G, Casaru C, Geary C, Schumacker RE, Neggers YH, Curtner-Smith MD, Richardson MT, Bishop PA, Green JM. Effects of caffeine and menthol on cognition and mood during simulated firefighting in the heat. Appl Ergon 2014; 45:510-514. [PMID: 23891504 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the separate effects of caffeine and menthol on cognition and mood during simulated firefighting in the heat. Participants (N = 10) performed three trials in a counterbalanced order, either with 400 mg caffeine, menthol lozenges, or placebo. The simulated firefighting consisted of 2 bouts of 20-min treadmill exercise and one bout of 20-min stepping exercise in the heat with two brief 15-min rest periods between each exercise phase. Exercise induced significant dehydration (>3%) and elevated rectal temperature (>38.9 °C), for all three conditions. Neither caffeine nor menthol reduced perceived exertion compared to placebo (p > 0.05). Mood ratings (i.e., alertness, hedonic tone, tension) significantly deteriorated over time (p < 0.05), but there was no difference among the three conditions. Simple reaction time, short-term memory, and retrieval memory did not alter with treatments or repeated evaluations. Reaction accuracy from a math test remained unchanged throughout the experimental period; reaction time from the math test was significantly faster after exposure to the heat (p < 0.05). It is concluded that, exhaustive exercise in the heat severely impacted mood, but minimally impacted cognition. These treatments failed to show ergogenic benefits in a simulated firefighting paradigm in a hot environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Gytis Balilionis
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Catalina Casaru
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colleen Geary
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Randall E Schumacker
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yasmin H Neggers
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | | | - Mark T Richardson
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Phillip A Bishop
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James M Green
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davis JK, Bishop PA, Zhang Y, Green M, Casaru C, Orrick KD, Curtner-Smith M, Richardson MT, Schumacker RE. Thermal Stress, Rate Of Cooling, And Microenvironment In Women's Islamic Athletic Clothing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000386483.40794.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Wickwire PJ, Bishop PA, Green JM, Richardson MT, Lomax RG, Casaru C, Curtner-Smith M. Physiological and comfort effects of a commercial "cooling cap" worn under protective helmets. J Occup Environ Hyg 2009; 6:455-459. [PMID: 19412861 DOI: 10.1080/15459620902959377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ballistic protective helmets can impair heat dissipation. A cooling device in the helmet (cooling pad, CP) could help prevent heat problems in military personnel and potentially enhance comfort. This study examined the effects of CP on rectal and skin temperatures, heart rate, percent change in plasma volume, urine specific gravity, rating of perceived exertion, and other subjective measures while performing light work in a hot environment. It was hypothesized that the CP would act as an insulator to the head, which would not positively affect any physiological variable but could positively affect wearer subjective comfort or temperature. Participants performed a work protocol for approximately 2 hr. A ballistic vest, slacks, short-sleeved button-up shirt, and a ballistic helmet (one trial with CP and one trial without) were worn. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no differences (p > 0.05) between wearing and not wearing the CP for any physiological parameter. However, participants perceived the CP as cooler (p = 0.002). Other trends in perceptual data such as thermal strain and helmet comfort indicated the CP felt cooler. However, based on forehead temperature and participant comments, the CP lost its cooling ability relatively quickly (within approximately 30 min).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Wickwire
- Kennesaw State University, Department of Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
This study tested a new portable cooling device for fire fighting recovery. Participants (N = 8) walked and did arm curls (time-weighted VO(2): 1.6 L x min(-1) on a treadmill for 40 min in a heated chamber (wet bulb globe temperature: 33.7 degrees C; relative humidity: 40-45%) while wearing firefighter turn-out gear and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Immediately on finishing exercise, participants recovered for 40 min with either a hand-cooling device or seated passive recovery at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, 35% RH in a repeated-measures counterbalanced design. The cooling device had little impact on recovery during the first 30 min; however, compared with passive cooling, the cooling device resulted in significantly lower rectal temperature (T(re)) during the last 10 min. Relative to starting T(re) of the recovery period, Delta T(re) at 35 min had fallen 0.51 +/- 0.19 degrees C (passive) and 0.76 +/- 0.30 degrees C (active) (p = 0.03); and at 40 min Delta T(re) had fallen 0.63 +/- 0.17 degrees C (passive) and 0.88 +/- 0.31 degrees C (active) (p = 0.03). Cooling capacity of the device calculated from Delta T(re) over the whole recovery period averaged about 144% of passive. Reductions in heat storage enhance worker safety and performance in hot environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pritchett K, Bishop P, Pritchett R, Kovacs M, Davis JK, Casaru C, Green M. Effects of timing of pre-exercise nutrient intake on glucose responses and intermittent cycling performance. S Afr j sports med 2008. [DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2008/v20i3a279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the effects of two different pre-exercise feeding schedules (15 minutes and 60 minutes prior to exercise) of a mixed-nutrient nutritional bar on blood glucose levels and subsequent intermittent, high-intensity cycling performance.
Methods. Ten moderately trained athletes participated in this counterbalanced, crossover, repeated measures study. Participants completed a 50-minute counterbalanced treatment intermittent exercise protocol. During one trial, participants consumed 400 ml water and a nutritional bar 15 minutes before the exercise session (15MPE). During another trial, participants consumed 400 ml water and a nutritional bar 60 minutes before the exercise
session (60MPE). During a control trial (CON) participants consumed 400 ml water.
Results. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose response at rest or during exercise among the three treatments (CON, 15MPE and 60MPE). There were no significant differences in mean power (MP) between the three trials.
Conclusions. Pre-exercise nutrient feedings at 15 minutes or 60 minutes before exercise did not affect intermittent cycling performance or blood glucose concentration. These results suggest that the time of ingestion, within 1 hour prior to exercise, of a complex carbohydrate similar in composition and volume used in this study does not impact on performance. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (3) 2008: pp. 86-90
Collapse
|
8
|
Kerr KL, Bishop P, Pritchett R, Kovacs M, Davis JK, Casaru C, Green M. Effects of Pre-exercise Nutrient Timing on Glucose Responses and Intermittent Exercise Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000321784.64145.f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Wickwire J, Bishop PA, Green JM, Richardson MT, Lomax RG, Casaru C, Jones E, Curtner-Smith M. Validation of a personal fluid loss monitor. Int J Sports Med 2007; 29:139-44. [PMID: 17960503 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydration raises heat injury risk and reduces performance [ , , ]. The purpose was to validate the Hydra-Alert Jr (Acumen). The Hydra-Alert was tested in two exercise/clothing conditions. Participants wore it while wearing exercise clothing and exercising at a self-selected intensity (n = 8). Others wore the Hydra-Alert while wearing a ballistic-vest and performing an industrial-protocol (n = 8). For each condition, the Hydra-Alert was tested on two occasions (T1 and T2). The Hydra-Alert was tested against nude weight loss for both conditions. The Hydra-Alert had low test-retest reliability for both conditions (average absolute value of the error between Hydra-Alert outputs of T1 and T2 = 0.08 +/- 0.08 percentage points). With exercise-clothing, the Hydra-Alert evidenced low-moderate correlations between percent nude weight loss and Hydra-Alert output at 20 min (r = 0.59-T1, p = 0.13; r = 0.12-T2, p = 0.78), at 40 min (r = 0.93-T1, p = 0.001; r = 0.63-T2, p = 0.10), and at approximately 2 % weight loss (r = 0.21-T1 and T2, p = 0.61 and 0.62, respectively). The correlation at 40 min during T1 fell during T2 suggesting the Hydra-Alert was inconsistent. When wearing a ballistic-vest, the Hydra-Alert had poor validity (T1: r = - 0.29 [p = 0.48] for weight loss vs. monitor; T2: r = 0.11 [p = 0.80]). At the higher levels of dehydration ( approximately 2 %), the Hydra-Alert error was so high as to render its readings of little value. In some cases, the Hydra-Alert could lead to a false level of security if dehydrated. Therefore, the Hydra-Alert is of little use for those who want to measure their fluid loss while exercising in the heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wickwire
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Sport Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144-5591, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|