1
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Albright EL, Levchenko TI, Kulkarni VK, Sullivan AI, DeJesus JF, Malola S, Takano S, Nambo M, Stamplecoskie K, Häkkinen H, Tsukuda T, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Stabilized Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5759-5780. [PMID: 38373254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This perspective highlights advances in the preparation and understanding of metal nanoclusters stabilized by organic ligands with a focus on N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). We demonstrate the need for a clear understanding of the relationship between NHC properties and their resulting metal nanocluster structure and properties. We emphasize the importance of balancing nanocluster stability with the introduction of reactive sites for catalytic applications and the importance of a better understanding of how these clusters interact with their environments for effective use in biological applications. The impact of atom-scale simulations, development of atomic interaction potentials suitable for large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind synthetic methods and physical properties (e.g., the bright fluorescence displayed by many clusters) are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Albright
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tetyana I Levchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Viveka K Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Angus I Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joseph F DeJesus
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Sami Malola
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kevin Stamplecoskie
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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2
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Lee DS, Singh I, Veinot AJ, Aloisio MD, Lomax JT, Ragogna PJ, Crudden CM. Mesoionic carbene-based self-assembled monolayers on gold. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2480-2485. [PMID: 38362421 PMCID: PMC10866350 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have been widely studied as ligands for surface chemistry, and have shown advantages compared to existing ligands (e.g. thiols). Herein, we introduce mesoionic carbenes (MICs) as a new type of surface ligand. MICs exhibit higher σ-donor ability compared to typical NHCs, yet they have received little attention in the area of surface chemistry. The synthesis of MICs derived from imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine was established and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. The self-assembly of these MICs on gold was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, XPS was used to compare bonding ability in MICs compared to the typical NHCs. These results show that MIC overlayers on gold are robust, resistant to replacement by NHCs, and may be superior to NHCs for applications that require even greater levels of robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Alex J Veinot
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
- Surface Science Western 999 Collip Cir London Ontario N6G 0J3 Canada
| | - Mark D Aloisio
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Justin T Lomax
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
- Surface Science Western 999 Collip Cir London Ontario N6G 0J3 Canada
| | - Paul J Ragogna
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
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3
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Zhang T, Khomane SB, Singh I, Crudden CM, McBreen PH. N-heterocyclic carbene adsorption states on Pt(111) and Ru(0001). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4083-4090. [PMID: 38226886 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHCs) are increasingly used to tune the properties of metal surfaces. The generally greater chemical and thermal robustness of NHCs on gold, as compared to thiolate surface ligands, underscores their potential for a range of applications. While much is now known about the adsorption geometry, overlayer structure, dynamics, and stability of NHCs on coinage elements, especially gold and copper, much less is known about their interaction with the surfaces of Pt-group metals, despite the importance of such metals in catalysis and electrochemistry. In this study, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) is used to probe the structure of benzimidazolylidene NHC ligands on Pt(111) and Ru(0001). The experiments exploit the intense absorption peaks of a CF3 substituent on the phenyl ring of the NHC backbone to provide unprecedented insight into adsorption geometry and chemical stability. The results also permit comparison with literature data for NHC ligands on Au(111) and to DFT predictions for NHCs on Pt(111) and Ru(0001), thereby greatly extending the known surface chemistry of NHCs and providing much needed molecular information for the design of metal-organic hybrid materials involving strongly reactive metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Zhang
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
| | - Sonali B Khomane
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Peter H McBreen
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
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Liu J, Sato Y, Kulkarni VK, Sullivan AI, Zhang W, Crudden CM, Hein JE. Insights into the synthesis of NHC-stabilized Au nanoclusters through real-time reaction monitoring. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10500-10507. [PMID: 37800004 PMCID: PMC10548510 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02077k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are interesting nanomaterials with potential applications in catalysis, bioimaging and optoelectronics. Their compositions and properties are commonly evaluated by various analytical techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. While these techniques have provided detailed insights into the structure and properties of nanoclusters, synthetic methods still suffer from a lack of in situ and real-time reaction monitoring methodologies. This limits insight into the mechanism of formation of AuNCs and hinders attempts at optimization. We have demonstrated the utility of HPLC-MS as a monitoring methodology in the synthesis of two NHC-protected gold nanoclusters: [Au13(NHC)9Cl3]2+ and [Au24(NHC)14Cl2H3]3+. Herein we show that HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry and 13C NMR spectroscopy of labelled derivatives enables new insight into critical reaction dynamics of AuNCs synthesis and rapid reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Viveka K Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coatings Institute, Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - Angus I Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coatings Institute, Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coatings Institute, Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen N-5007 Bergen Norway
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5
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Buriak JM, Akinwande D, Artzi N, Brinker CJ, Burrows C, Chan WCW, Chen C, Chen X, Chhowalla M, Chi L, Chueh W, Crudden CM, Di Carlo D, Glotzer SC, Hersam MC, Ho D, Hu TY, Huang J, Javey A, Kamat PV, Kim ID, Kotov NA, Lee TR, Lee YH, Li Y, Liz-Marzán LM, Mulvaney P, Narang P, Nordlander P, Oklu R, Parak WJ, Rogach AL, Salanne M, Samorì P, Schaak RE, Schanze KS, Sekitani T, Skrabalak S, Sood AK, Voets IK, Wang S, Wang S, Wee ATS, Ye J. Best Practices for Using AI When Writing Scientific Manuscripts. ACS Nano 2023; 17:4091-4093. [PMID: 36848601 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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6
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Choi Y, Park CS, Tran HV, Li CH, Crudden CM, Lee TR. Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Gold for Surface-Initiated Polymerizations. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:44969-44980. [PMID: 36150129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are superior to thiol adsorbates in that they form remarkably stable bonds with gold, the generation of NHC-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) typically requires a strong base and an inert atmosphere, which limits the utility of such films in many applications. Herein, we report the development and use of bench-stable NHC adsorbates, benzimidazolium methanesulfonates, for the direct formation of NHC films on gold surfaces under an ambient atmosphere at room temperature without the need for extraordinary precautions. The generated NHC SAMs were fully characterized using ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and contact angle measurements, and they were compared to analogous SAMs generated from an NHC bicarbonate adsorbate. Based on these findings, a unique radical initiator α,ω-bidentate azo-terminated NHC adsorbate, NHC15AZO[OMs], was designed and synthesized for the preparation of SAMs on gold surfaces with both NHC headgroups bound to the surface. The adsorbate molecules in NHC15AZO SAMs can exist in a hairpin or a linear conformation depending on the concentration of the adsorbate solution used to prepare the SAM. These conformations were studied by a combination of ellipsometry, XPS, PM-IRRAS, and scanning electron microscopy using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a tag material. Moreover, the potential utility of these unique radical-initiating NHC films as surface-initiated polymerization platforms was demonstrated by controlling the thickness of polystyrene brush films grown from azo-terminated NHC monolayer surfaces simply by adjusting the reaction time of the photoinitiated radical polymer growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Hung-Vu Tran
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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7
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Nambo M, Ghosh K, Yim JCH, Tahara Y, Inai N, Yanai T, Crudden CM. Desulfonylative Coupling of Alkylsulfones with gem-Difluoroalkenes by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Koushik Ghosh
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Jacky C.-H. Yim
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Tahara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Naoto Inai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanai
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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8
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Kulkarni VK, Khiarak BN, Takano S, Malola S, Albright EL, Levchenko TI, Aloisio MD, Dinh CT, Tsukuda T, Häkkinen H, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Stabilized Hydrido Au 24 Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Structure, and Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9000-9006. [PMID: 35549258 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise hydrido gold nanoclusters are extremely rare but interesting due to their potential applications in catalysis. By optimization of molecular precursors, we have prepared an unprecedented N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized hydrido gold nanocluster, [Au24(NHC)14Cl2H3]3+. This cluster comprises a dimer of two Au12 kernels, each adopting an icosahedral shape with one missing vertex. The two kernels are joined through triangular faces, which are capped with a total of three hydrides. The hydrides are detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, with density functional theory calculations supporting their position bridging the six uncoordinated gold sites. The reactivity of this Au24H3 cluster in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 is demonstrated and benchmarked against related catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka K Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Emily L Albright
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tetyana I Levchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mark D Aloisio
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Cao-Thang Dinh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Dupuis Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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9
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Lummis PA, Osten KM, Levchenko TI, Sabooni Asre Hazer M, Malola S, Owens-Baird B, Veinot AJ, Albright EL, Schatte G, Takano S, Kovnir K, Stamplecoskie KG, Tsukuda T, Häkkinen H, Nambo M, Crudden CM. NHC-Stabilized Au 10 Nanoclusters and Their Conversion to Au 25 Nanoclusters. JACS Au 2022; 2:875-885. [PMID: 35557749 PMCID: PMC9088291 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of a toroidal Au10 cluster stabilized by N-heterocyclic carbene and halide ligands via reduction of the corresponding NHC-Au-X complexes (X = Cl, Br, I). The significant effect of the halide ligands on the formation, stability, and further conversions of these clusters is presented. While solutions of the chloride derivatives of Au10 show no change even upon heating, the bromide derivative readily undergoes conversion to form a biicosahedral Au25 cluster at room temperature. For the iodide derivative, the formation of a significant amount of Au25 was observed even upon the reduction of NHC-Au-I. The isolated bromide derivative of the Au25 cluster displays a relatively high (ca. 15%) photoluminescence quantum yield, attributed to the high rigidity of the cluster, which is enforced by multiple CH-π interactions within the molecular structure. Density functional theory computations are used to characterize the electronic structure and optical absorption of the Au10 cluster. 13C-Labeling is employed to assist with characterization of the products and to observe their conversions by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Lummis
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Kimberly M. Osten
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tetyana I. Levchenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Maryam Sabooni Asre Hazer
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bryan Owens-Baird
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S.
Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Emily L. Albright
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Gabriele Schatte
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kirill Kovnir
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S.
Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Kevin G. Stamplecoskie
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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10
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11
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12
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Angove E, Grillo F, Früchtl HA, Veinot AJ, Singh I, Horton JH, Crudden CM, Baddeley CJ. Highly Ordered N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Cu(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2051-2056. [PMID: 35200016 PMCID: PMC9007529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The benzannulated N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dibenzylbenzimidazolylidene (NHCDBZ) forms large, highly ordered domains when adsorbed on Cu(111) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals that the overlayer consists of vertical benzannulated NHC moieties coordinating to Cu adatoms. Long-range order results from the placement of the two benzyl substituents on opposite sides of the benzimidazole moiety, with their aromatic rings approximately parallel to the surface. The organization of three surface-bound benzyl substituents from three different NHCs into a triangular array controls the formation of a highly ordered Kagome-like surface lattice. By comparison with earlier studies of NHCs on Cu(111), we show that the binding geometry and self-assembly of NHCDBZ are influenced by intermolecular and adsorbate-substrate interactions and facilitated by the flexibility of the methylene linkage between the N-heterocycle and the aromatic wingtip substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Angove
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Grillo
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert A. Früchtl
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - J. Hugh Horton
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Chikusa 464-8601, Japan
| | - Christopher J. Baddeley
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
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13
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Nambo M, Crudden CM. Sequential Transformations of Organosulfones on the Basis of Properties of Sulfonyl Groups. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan, 464-8602
| | - Yuuki Maekawa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan, 464-8602
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 4 V1
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan, 464-8602
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 4 V1
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15
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Man RWY, Yi H, Malola S, Takano S, Tsukuda T, Häkkinen H, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Synthesis and Characterization of Enantiopure Chiral Bis NHC-Stabilized Edge-Shared Au 10 Nanocluster with Unique Prolate Shape. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2056-2061. [PMID: 35100506 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the first chiral Au10 nanoclusters stabilized by chiral bis N-heterocyclic carbene (bisNHC) ligands. ESI-MS and single-crystal X-ray crystallography confirmed the molecular formula to be [Au10(bisNHC)4Br2](O2CCF3)2. The chiral Au10 nanocluster adopts a linear edge-shared tetrahedral geometry with a prolate shape. DFT calculations provide insight into the electronic structure, optical absorption, and circular dichroism (CD) characteristics of this unique Au10 nanocluster. CD spectra demonstrate chirality transfer from the chiral bisNHC ligand to the inner Au10 nanocluster core. Examination of ESI-MS and UV-vis spectra show that cluster [Au9(bisNHC)4Br]Br2 is formed initially and then transformed into the Au10 nanocluster in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee W Y Man
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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16
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Nambo M, Crudden CM. Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Benzylic Sulfone Derivatives. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3978-3989. [PMID: 34523788 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of organosulfones as a new class of cross-coupling partner in transition-metal catalyzed reactions has undergone significant advancement. In this personal account, our recent investigations into desulfonylative cross-coupling reactions of benzylic sulfone derivatives catalyzed by Pd, Ni, and Cu catalysis is described. Combined with the facile α-functionalizations of sulfones, our methods can be used to form valuable multiply-arylated structures such as di-, tri-, and, tetraarylmethanes from readily available substrates. The reactivity of sulfones can be increased by introducing electron-withdrawing substituents such as 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, which enable more challenging cross-coupling reactions. Reactive intermediates including Cu-carbene complexes were identified as key intermediates in sulfone activation, representing new types of C-SO2 bond activation processes. These results indicate sulfones are powerful functional groups, enabling new catalytic desulfonylative transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-860, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-860, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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17
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Clarke JJ, Maekawa Y, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Borenium-Catalyzed Reduction of Pyridines through the Combined Action of Hydrogen and Hydrosilane. Org Lett 2021; 23:6617-6621. [PMID: 34383490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic carbene-stabilized borenium ions efficiently reduce substituted pyridines to piperidines in the presence of a hydrosilane and a hydrogen atmosphere. Control experiments and deuterium labeling studies demonstrate reversible hydrosilylation of the pyridine, enabling full reduction of the N-heterocycle under milder conditions. The silane is a critical reaction component to prevent adduct formation between the piperidine product and the borenium catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Yuuki Maekawa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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18
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Crudden CM. ACS Catalysis Appoints Four New Editors, Including the First Editors from Industry. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Yi H, Osten KM, Levchenko TI, Veinot AJ, Aramaki Y, Ooi T, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Synthesis and enantioseparation of chiral Au 13 nanoclusters protected by bis- N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10436-10440. [PMID: 34447535 PMCID: PMC8356741 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of chiral Au13 nanoclusters were synthesized via the direct reduction of achiral dinuclear Au(i) halide complexes ligated by ortho-xylyl-linked bis-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. A broad range of functional groups are tolerated as wingtip substituents, allowing for the synthesis of a variety of functionalized chiral Au13 nanoclusters. Single crystal X-ray crystallography confirmed the molecular formula to be [Au13(bisNHC)5Cl2]Cl3, with a chiral helical arrangement of the five bidentate NHC ligands around the icosahedral Au13 core. This Au13 nanocluster is highly luminescent, with a quantum yield of 23%. The two enantiomers of the Au13 clusters can be separated by chiral HPLC, and the isolated enantiomers were characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The clusters show remarkable stability, including configurational stability, opening the door to further investigation of the effect of chirality on these clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kimberly M Osten
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Tetyana I Levchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Alex J Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Yoshitaka Aramaki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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20
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Singh I, Lee DS, Huang S, Bhattacharjee H, Xu W, McLeod JF, Crudden CM, She Z. N-Heterocyclic carbenes meet toll-like receptors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8421-8424. [PMID: 34373867 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Combining the stability of the N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and broad-spectrum recognition of toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins, we report new electrochemical biosensors for bacteria detection. Instead of traditional thiol-gold chemistry, newly synthesized NHCs are employed as the linker molecules to immobilize TLR bio-recognition elements on gold electrodes. Our proof-of-concept methodology includes testing the fidelity of TLR-based electrochemical sensors with NHC linkers. The performance of the biosensors is demonstrated using whole-cell bacterial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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21
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Clarke JJ, Devaraj K, Bestvater BP, Kojima R, Eisenberger P, DeJesus JF, Crudden CM. Hydrosilylation and Mukaiyama aldol-type reaction of quinolines and hydrosilylation of imines catalyzed by a mesoionic carbene-stabilized borenium ion. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6786-6791. [PMID: 34318834 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01056e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aldimines and ketimines containing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups can be hydrosilylated with borenium catalysts at as low as 1 mol% catalyst loading at room temperature, providing the corresponding secondary amines in excellent yields. Reactions with 2-phenylquinoline gave the 1,4-hydrosilylquinoline product selectively which can be further functionalized in a one-pot synthesis to give unique γ-amino alcohol derivatives. Control experiments suggest that the borenium ion catalyzes both the hydrosilylation and subsequent addition to the aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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22
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Inayeh A, Groome RRK, Singh I, Veinot AJ, de Lima FC, Miwa RH, Crudden CM, McLean AB. Self-assembly of N-heterocyclic carbenes on Au(111). Nat Commun 2021; 12:4034. [PMID: 34188031 PMCID: PMC8241988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the self-assembly of organic ligands on gold has been dominated by sulfur-based ligands for decades, a new ligand class, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), has appeared as an interesting alternative. However, fundamental questions surrounding self-assembly of this new ligand remain unanswered. Herein, we describe the effect of NHC structure, surface coverage, and substrate temperature on mobility, thermal stability, NHC surface geometry, and self-assembly. Analysis of NHC adsorption and self-assembly by scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory have revealed the importance of NHC-surface interactions and attractive NHC-NHC interactions on NHC monolayer structures. A remarkable way these interactions manifest is the need for a threshold NHC surface coverage to produce upright, adatom-mediated adsorption motifs with low surface diffusion. NHC wingtip structure is also critical, with primary substituents leading to the formation of flat-lying NHC2Au complexes, which have high mobility when isolated, but self-assemble into stable ordered lattices at higher surface concentrations. These and other studies of NHC surface chemistry will be crucial for the success of these next-generation monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Inayeh
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan R K Groome
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alex J Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Felipe Crasto de Lima
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National, Laboratory, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Miwa
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Alastair B McLean
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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23
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Crudden CM. Charting the Next Phase of ACS Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Nambo M, Tahara Y, Yim JCH, Yokogawa D, Crudden CM. Synthesis of quaternary centres by single electron reduction and alkylation of alkylsulfones. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4866-4871. [PMID: 34168761 PMCID: PMC8179647 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A new method for the generation of tertiary radicals through single electron reduction of alkylsulfones promoted by Zn and 1,10-phenanthroline has been developed. These radicals could be employed in the Giese reaction, affording structurally diverse quaternary products in good yields. With the high modularity and functional group compatibility of sulfones, the utility of this method was demonstrated by intramolecular and iterative reactions to give complex structures. The radical generation process was investigated by control experiments and theoretical calculations. A new method for the generation of tertiary radicals through single electron reduction of alkylsulfones promoted by Zn and 1,10-phenanthroline has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yasuyo Tahara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Jacky C-H Yim
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Daisuke Yokogawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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25
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Crudden CM, Maekawa Y, Clarke JJ, Ida T, Fukumoto Y, Chatani N, Murai S. Ru 3(CO) 12-Catalyzed Reaction of 1,6-Diynes, Carbon Monoxide, and Water via the Reductive Coupling of Carbon Monoxide. Org Lett 2020; 22:8747-8751. [PMID: 32812430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the ruthenium-catalyzed cyclization of 1,6-diynes with two molecules of carbon monoxide and water to give a variety of catechols. This reaction likely proceeds through the intermediacy of the water-gas shift reaction to generate an yne-diol-type intermediate followed by a [4 + 2] cycloaddition with 1,6-diynes. The reaction requires no external reductants or hydride sources and provides a novel and valuable method for the synthesis of a variety of catechols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuuki Maekawa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Joshua J Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tomohide Ida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Fukumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinji Murai
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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26
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Mayall RM, Smith CA, Hyla AS, Lee DS, Crudden CM, Birss VI. Ultrasensitive and Label-Free Detection of the Measles Virus Using an N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Based Electrochemical Biosensor. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2747-2752. [PMID: 32820626 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the current intense need for rapid and accurate detection of viruses due to COVID-19, we report on a platform technology that is well suited for this purpose, using intact measles virus for a demonstration. Cases of infection due to the measles virus are rapidly increasing, yet current diagnostic tools used to monitor for the virus rely on slow (>1 h) technologies. Here, we demonstrate the first biosensor capable of detecting the measles virus in minutes with no preprocessing steps. The key sensing element is an electrode coated with a self-assembled monolayer containing the measles antibody, immobilized through an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). The intact virus is detected by changes in resistance, giving a linear response to 10-100 μg/mL of the intact measles virus without the need to label or process the sample. The limit of detection is 6 μg/mL, which is at the lower limit of concentrations that can cause infections in primates. The NHC-based biosensors are shown to be superior to thiol-based systems, producing an approximately 10× larger response and significantly greater stability toward repeated measurements and long-term storage. This NHC-based biosensor thus represents an important development for both the rapid detection of the measles virus and as a platform technology for the detection of other biological targets of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Mayall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Christene A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alexander S. Hyla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dianne S. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Viola I. Birss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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27
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Maekawa Y, Nambo M, Yokogawa D, Crudden CM. Alkyltriflones in the Ramberg-Bäcklund Reaction: An Efficient and Modular Synthesis of gem-Difluoroalkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15667-15672. [PMID: 32799441 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented synthesis of gem-difluoroalkenes through the Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction of alkyl triflones is described herein. Structurally diverse, fully substituted gem-difluoroalkenes that are difficult to prepare by other methods can be easily prepared from readily available triflones by treatment with specific Grignard reagents. Experimental and computational studies provide insight into the unique and critical role of the Grignard reagent, which serves both as a base to remove the α-proton and as a Lewis acid to assist C-F bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Maekawa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yokogawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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28
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Veinot AJ, Al-Rashed A, Padmos JD, Singh I, Lee DS, Narouz MR, Lummis PA, Baddeley CJ, Crudden CM, Horton JH. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Reduce and Functionalize Copper Oxide Surfaces in One Pot. Chemistry 2020; 26:11431-11434. [PMID: 32428330 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazolium hydrogen carbonate salts have been shown to act as N-heterocyclic carbene precursors, which can remove oxide from copper oxide surfaces and functionalize the resulting metallic surfaces in a single pot. Both the surfaces and the etching products were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. Analysis of surfaces before and after NHC treatment by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates the complete removal of copper(II) oxide. By using 13 C-labelling, we determined that the products of this transformation include a cyclic urea, a ring-opened formamide and a bis-carbene copper(I) complex. These results illustrate the potential of NHCs to functionalize a much broader class of metals, including those prone to oxidation, greatly facilitating the preparation of NHC-based films on metals other than gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Abrar Al-Rashed
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Daniel Padmos
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dianne S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christopher J Baddeley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - J Hugh Horton
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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29
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She Z, Narouz MR, Smith CA, MacLean A, Loock HP, Kraatz HB, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic carbene and thiol micropatterns enable the selective deposition and transfer of copper films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1275-1278. [PMID: 31903463 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08919e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcontact printed patterns of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and thiols were prepared on gold substrates and utilized as templates for the creation of metallic Cu structures using electroplating. The presence of the NHC in the pattern is essential to enable the transfer of the resulting copper microstructures to a second substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe She
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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30
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Salorinne K, Man RWY, Lummis PA, Hazer MSA, Malola S, Yim JCH, Veinot AJ, Zhou W, Häkkinen H, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Synthesis and properties of an Au6 cluster supported by a mixed N-heterocyclic carbene–thiolate ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6102-6105. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a novel Au6 cluster bearing a bidentate mixed carbene–thiolate ligand is presented.
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31
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Narouz MR, Takano S, Lummis PA, Levchenko TI, Nazemi A, Kaappa S, Malola S, Yousefalizadeh G, Calhoun LA, Stamplecoskie KG, Häkkinen H, Tsukuda T, Crudden CM. Robust, Highly Luminescent Au 13 Superatoms Protected by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14997-15002. [PMID: 31497943 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold superatom nanoclusters stabilized entirely by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and halides are reported. The reduction of well-defined NHC-Au-Cl complexes produces clusters comprised of an icosahedral Au13 core surrounded by a symmetrical arrangement of nine NHCs and three chlorides. X-ray crystallography shows that the clusters are characterized by multiple CH-π and π-π interactions, which rigidify the ligand and likely contribute to the exceptionally high photoluminescent quantum yields observed, up to 16.0%, which is significantly greater than that of the most luminescent ligand-protected Au13 superatom cluster. Density functional theory analysis suggests that clusters are 8-electron superatoms with a wide HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 2 eV. Consistent with this, the clusters have high stability relative to phosphine stabilized clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Tetyana I Levchenko
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Sami Kaappa
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center , University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center , University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Goonay Yousefalizadeh
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Larry A Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry , University of New Brunswick Fredericton , New Brunswick E3B 5A3 , Canada
| | - Kevin G Stamplecoskie
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center , University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) , Kyoto University , Katsura , Kyoto 615-8520 , Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky C.-H. Yim
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Tahara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
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34
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Torres-Rocha OL, Wu X, Zhu C, Crudden CM, Cunningham MF. Synthesis of Diblock and Triblock Polymers from Cyclooctadiene and Norbornene Via ROMP in Miniemulsion. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900087. [PMID: 31058385 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of diblock and triblock linear polyolefins via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) in an aqueous nanoparticle dispersion is presented. The different block polyolefins are synthesized from the cyclic olefins 1,5-cyclooctadiene and norbornene (NB), using a water-soluble TEGylated ruthenium alkylidene catalyst, yielding the structures PCOD-b-PNB, PNB-b-PCOD, and PCOD-b-PNB-b-PCOD. High monomer conversion (>90%), monitored by NMR, is achieved in relatively short times (≈1 h) for the polymerization of each block. The livingness of the system, essential to obtain block copolymers, is confirmed by gel permeation chromatography. Latex particles' size during the multiple steps range between 90 and 150 nm. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain nanoparticle latexes from ROMP-based monomers with block copolymer architectures, creating the opportunity to copolymerize olefins bearing different functional groups for the synthesis of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lidia Torres-Rocha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division St, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chunyang Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division St, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael F Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division St, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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35
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Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most widely studied class of ligands in molecular chemistry and have found applications in fields as varied as catalysis, the stabilization of reactive molecular fragments, and biochemistry. More recently, NHCs have found applications in materials chemistry and have allowed for the functionalization of surfaces, polymers, nanoparticles, and discrete, well-defined clusters. In this review, we provide an in-depth look at recent advances in the use of NHCs for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christene A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Chikusa 464-8601 , Japan
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Yasuyo Tahara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Jacky C.‐H. Yim
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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37
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Abstract
Herein, we report the transition-metal free, pyridine-catalyzed desulfonative borylation of benzyl sulfones with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Maekawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
| | | | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Chikusa
- Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
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38
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Zhu C, Wu X, Zenkina O, Zamora MT, Moffat K, Crudden CM, Cunningham MF. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization in Miniemulsion Using a TEGylated Ruthenium-Based Metathesis Catalyst. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, 19 Division St., Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Olena Zenkina
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Matthew T. Zamora
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Karen Moffat
- Xerox Research Centre
of Canada, 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5K 2L1
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Michael F. Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, 19 Division St., Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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39
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Torres-Rocha OL, Wu X, Zhu C, Crudden CM, Cunningham MF. Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA) of 1,5-Cyclooctadiene Using Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800326. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lidia Torres-Rocha
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; 19 Division St Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Chunyang Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; 19 Division St Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Michael F. Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; 19 Division St Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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40
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Li Z, Munro K, Narouz MR, Lau A, Hao H, Crudden CM, Horton JH. Self-Assembled N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Based Carboxymethylated Dextran Monolayers on Gold as a Tunable Platform for Designing Affinity-Capture Biosensor Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:17560-17570. [PMID: 29741868 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensor surfaces play a predominant role in the development of optical biosensor technologies for the analysis of biomolecular interactions. Thiol-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold have been widely used as linker layers for sensor surfaces. However, the degradation of the thiol-gold bond can limit the performance and durability of such surfaces, directly impacting their performance and cost-effectiveness. To this end, a new family of materials based on N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has emerged as an alternative for surface modification, capable of self-assembling onto a gold surface with higher affinity and superior stability as compared to the thiol-based systems. Here we demonstrate three applications of NHC SAMs supporting a dextran layer as a tunable platform for developing various affinity-capture biosensor surfaces. We describe the development and testing of NHC-based dextran biosensor surfaces modified with each of streptavidin, nitrilotriacetic acid, and recombinant Protein A. These affinity-capture sensor surfaces enable oriented binding of ligands for optimal performance in biomolecular assays. Together, the intrinsic high stability and flexible design of the NHC biosensing platforms show great promise and open up exciting possibilities for future biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongxia Hao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization and Key Laboratory of Evidence Science , China University of Political Science and Law , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute for Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM-WPI) , Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
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41
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Man RWY, Li CH, MacLean MWA, Zenkina OV, Zamora MT, Saunders LN, Rousina-Webb A, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Ultrastable Gold Nanoparticles Modified by Bidentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1576-1579. [PMID: 29211456 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Highly stable gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) functionalized by bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches. A detailed study of the effect of alkylation, denticity, and method of synthesis has led to the production of NHC-stabilized nanoparticles with higher thermal stability than bi- and tridentate thiol-protected Au NPs and than monodentate NHC-stabilized NPs. Importantly, bidentate NHC-protected NPs also displayed unprecedented stability to external thiol, which has been an unsolved problem to date with all nanoparticles. Thus, multidentate NHC ligands are an important, and as yet unrecognized, step forward for the preparation of high stability nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee W Y Man
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Michael W A MacLean
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Olena V Zenkina
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Matthew T Zamora
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Lisa N Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Alexander Rousina-Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario Canada , K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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42
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Abstract
Conversion of the surface NHC to another surface carbene through isopropyl C–H bond activation ca. 400 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Laval University
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Tianchi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Laval University
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Mina R. Narouz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI, Nagoya University
- Nagoya
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43
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Ariki ZT, Maekawa Y, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Preparation of Quaternary Centers via Nickel-Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Tertiary Sulfones. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:78-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Ariki
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuuki Maekawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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44
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Narouz MR, Li CH, Nazemi A, Crudden CM. Amphiphilic N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Self-Assembly in Polar Solvents. Langmuir 2017; 33:14211-14219. [PMID: 29148789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft matter-directed self-assembly of amphiphilic inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) has recently emerged as a promising approach to access NP ensembles with superior collective properties. While thiol-terminated molecules are primarily employed to tether the amphiphilic ligand to the metal, concerns remain regarding the stabilities of the resulting NPs and their corresponding aggregates. As an alternative, we report amphiphilic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). To accomplish this, an amphiphilic NHC-AuI complex based on an asymmetric triethylene glycol-/dodecyl-functionalized benzimidazole was first synthesized and used to prepare the corresponding stable amphiphilic NHC-decorated AuNPs. The resulting NPs were comprehensively characterized using both solution- and solid-state-based techniques such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By optimizing the self-assembly behavior of these amphiphilic AuNPs in deionized water, ethanol, and their mixtures, we were able to fine-tune the plasmonic properties of the AuNPs in the wide range of 525-640 nm. Furthermore, when treated with thiols, the ensembles showed greater stability compared to their parent discrete AuNP counterparts at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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45
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Larrea CR, Baddeley CJ, Narouz MR, Mosey NJ, Horton JH, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Self-assembled Monolayers on Copper and Gold: Dramatic Effect of Wingtip Groups on Binding, Orientation and Assembly. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3536-3539. [PMID: 28960768 PMCID: PMC5765499 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on copper are reported. The monolayer structure is highly dependent on the N,N-substituents on the NHC. On both Cu(111) and Au(111), bulky isopropyl substituents force the NHC to bind perpendicular to the metal surface while methyl- or ethyl-substituted NHCs lie flat. Temperature-programmed desorption studies show that the NHC binds to Cu(111) with a desorption energy of Edes =152±10 kJ mol-1 . NHCs that bind upright desorb cleanly, while flat-lying NHCs decompose leaving adsorbed organic residues. Scanning tunneling microscopy of methylated NHCs reveals arrays of covalently linked dimers which transform into adsorbed (NHC)2 Cu species by extraction of a copper atom from the surface after annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Larrea
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Mina R. Narouz
- Department of ChemistryQueen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Nicholas J. Mosey
- Department of ChemistryQueen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - J. Hugh Horton
- Department of ChemistryQueen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department of ChemistryQueen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonOntarioCanada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University ChikusaNagoyaJapan
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. G. Rygus
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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47
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Li Z, Munro K, Ebralize II, Narouz MR, Padmos JD, Hao H, Crudden CM, Horton JH. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold as Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors. Langmuir 2017; 33:13936-13944. [PMID: 29141140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensing is a powerful tool to study the recognition processes between biomolecules in real-time without need for labels. The use of thiol chemistry is a critical component in surface functionalization of various SPR biosensor surfaces on gold. However, its use is hampered by the high propensity for oxidation of the gold-thiol linkage even in ambient atmosphere, resulting in a short lifetime of SPR sensor chips unless strict precautions are taken. Herein, we describe an approach to overcome this limitation by employing highly robust self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylated N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on gold. An alkylated NHC sensor surface was developed and its biosensing capabilities were compared to a commercial thiol-based analogue-a hydrophobic association (HPA) chip-in terms of its ability to act as a reliable platform for biospecific interaction analysis under a wide range of conditions. The NHC-based SPR sensor outperforms related thiol-based sesnsors in several aspects, including lower nonspecific binding capacity, better chemical stability, higher reproducibility, shorter equilibration time, and longer life span. We also demonstrate that the NHC-based sensor can be used for rapid and efficient formation of a hybrid lipid bilayer for use in membrane interaction studies. Overall, this work identifies the great promise in designing NHC-based surfaces as a new technology platform for SPR-based biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kim Munro
- Protein Function Discovery Facility, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Iraklli I Ebralize
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Daniel Padmos
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hongxia Hao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization and Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Institute for Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM-WPI), Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - J Hugh Horton
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Li Z, Narouz MR, Munro K, Hao B, Crudden CM, Horton JH, Hao H. Carboxymethylated Dextran-Modified N-Heterocyclic Carbene Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold for Use in Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:39223-39234. [PMID: 29048150 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface chemistry is a key enabler for various biosensing applications. Biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance routinely employ thiol-based chemistry for the linker layer between gold-coated support surfaces and functional biosensor surfaces. However, there is a growing awareness that such sensor surfaces are prone to oxidation/degradation problems in the presence of oxygen, and previous efforts to improve the stability have shown limited advancements. As an alternative, recent studies employing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) deposited on gold have shown significant promise in this area. Here, we describe a sensor surface employing an NHC SAM to couple a modified carboxymethylated dextran onto a gold surface. Such a dextran matrix is also used for affinity chromatography, and it is the most commonly employed matrix for commercial biosensor surfaces today. The performance reliability of the dextran-modified NHC chip to act as an alternative biosensing platform is compared with that of a thiol-based commercial chip in the proof-of-concept tests. The resultant NHC sensor surface shows a higher thermal stability compared to thiol analogues. Moreover, the plasma protein/drug and antibody/antigen interactions were validated on the NHC-based dextran chip and showed similar performance as compared to the thiol-based commercial chip. Ultimately, this study shows the strong potential applicability of chemical modifications to gold surfaces using NHC ligands for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization and Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law , Beijing 100088, China
| | | | | | - Bin Hao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization and Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law , Beijing 100088, China
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute for Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM-WPI), Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Hongxia Hao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization and Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law , Beijing 100088, China
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Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed desulfonative cross-coupling reaction of benzylic sulfone derivatives with 1,3-oxazoles via a deprotonative pathway has been developed. Broad substrate scope for both sulfone and 1,3-oxazole partners is observed, affording a variety of 1,3-oxazole-containing triarylmethanes. Sulfone partners that are primary benzylic, secondary benzylic, and benzhydryl are all effective. Using this method, the straightforward synthesis of multiply arylated structures has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky C-H Yim
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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50
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Salorinne K, Man RWY, Li CH, Taki M, Nambo M, Crudden CM. Water-Soluble N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: Size-Controlled Synthesis, Stability, and Optical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6198-6202. [PMID: 28407403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
NHC-AuI complexes were used to prepare stable, water-soluble, NHC-protected gold nanoparticles. The water-soluble, charged nature of the nanoparticles permitted analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), which showed that the nanoparticles were highly monodisperse, with tunable core diameters between 2.0 and 3.3 nm depending on the synthesis conditions. Temporal, thermal, and chemical stability of the nanoparticles were determined to be high. Treatment with thiols caused etching of the particles after 24 h; however larger plasmonic particles showed greater resistance to thiol treatment. These water-soluble, bio-compatible nanoparticles are promising candidates for use in photoacoustic imaging, with even the smallest nanoparticles giving reliable photoacoustic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Salorinne
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Renee W Y Man
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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