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Righini I, Graamans L, van Hoogdalem M, Carpineti C, Hageraats S, van Munnen D, Elings A, de Jong R, Wang S, Meinen E, Stanghellini C, Hemming S, Marcelis LF. Protein plant factories: production and resource use efficiency of soybean proteins in vertical farming. J Sci Food Agric 2024. [PMID: 38470072 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlled environment agriculture, particularly vertical farms (VF), also called plant factories, is often claimed as a solution for global food security due to its ability to produce crops unaffected by weather or pests. In principle, essential macronutrients of the human diet, like protein, could technically be produced in VF. This aspect becomes relevant in the era of protein transition, marked by an increasing consumer interest in plant-based protein and environmental challenges faced by conventional farming. However, the real question is: what does the cultivation of protein crops in VF imply in terms of resource use? To address this, a study was conducted using a VF experiment focusing on two soybean cultivars. RESULTS With a variable plant density to optimize area use, and because of the ability to have more crop cycles per year, protein yield per square metre of crop was about eight times higher than in the open field. Assuming soy as the only protein source in the diet, the resources needed to get total yearly protein requirement of a reference adult would be 20 m2 of crop area, 2.4 m3 of water and 16 MWh of electricity, versus 164 m2, 111 m3 and 0.009 MWh in the field. CONCLUSIONS The study's results inform the debate on protein production and the efficiency of VF compared to conventional methods. With current electricity prices, it is unlikely to justify production of simple protein crops in VF or promote it as a solution to meet global protein needs. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Righini
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Graamans
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Hoogdalem
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Carpineti
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Selwin Hageraats
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel van Munnen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Elings
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick de Jong
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuna Wang
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Meinen
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Stanghellini
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Hemming
- Wageningen Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Fm Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hageraats S, Graamans L, Righini I, Carpineti C, van Munnen D, Wang S, Elings A, Stanghellini C. Fully non-invasive measurement of protein content in soybean based on spectral characteristics of the pod. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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van Delden SH, SharathKumar M, Butturini M, Graamans LJA, Heuvelink E, Kacira M, Kaiser E, Klamer RS, Klerkx L, Kootstra G, Loeber A, Schouten RE, Stanghellini C, van Ieperen W, Verdonk JC, Vialet-Chabrand S, Woltering EJ, van de Zedde R, Zhang Y, Marcelis LFM. Current status and future challenges in implementing and upscaling vertical farming systems. Nat Food 2021; 2:944-956. [PMID: 37118238 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Vertical farming can produce food in a climate-resilient manner, potentially emitting zero pesticides and fertilizers, and with lower land and water use than conventional agriculture. Vertical farming systems (VFS) can meet daily consumer demands for nutritious fresh products, forming a part of resilient food systems-particularly in and around densely populated areas. VFS currently produce a limited range of crops including fruits, vegetables and herbs, but successful implementation of vertical farming as part of mainstream agriculture will require improvements in profitability, energy efficiency, public policy and consumer acceptance. Here we discuss VFS as multi-layer indoor crop cultivation systems, exploring state-of-the-art vertical farming and future challenges in the fields of plant growth, product quality, automation, robotics, system control and environmental sustainability and how research and development, socio-economic and policy-related institutions must work together to ensure successful upscaling of VFS to future food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H van Delden
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - M SharathKumar
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Butturini
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L J A Graamans
- Greenhouse Horticulture and Flower Bulbs, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Kacira
- Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R S Klamer
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L Klerkx
- Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Kootstra
- Farm Technology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Loeber
- Faculty of Science, Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R E Schouten
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Stanghellini
- Greenhouse Horticulture and Flower Bulbs, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J C Verdonk
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Vialet-Chabrand
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E J Woltering
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R van de Zedde
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Y Zhang
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Carotti L, Graamans L, Puksic F, Butturini M, Meinen E, Heuvelink E, Stanghellini C. Plant Factories Are Heating Up: Hunting for the Best Combination of Light Intensity, Air Temperature and Root-Zone Temperature in Lettuce Production. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:592171. [PMID: 33584743 PMCID: PMC7876451 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed interactions among photon flux density (PPFD), air temperature, root-zone temperature for growth of lettuce with non-limiting water, nutrient, and CO2 concentration. We measured growth parameters in 48 combinations of a PPFD of 200, 400, and 750 μmol m-2 s-1 (16 h daylength), with air and root-zone temperatures of 20, 24, 28, and 32°C. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Batavia Othilie) was grown for four cycles (29 days after transplanting). Eight combinations with low root-zone (20 and 24°C), high air temperature (28 and 32°C) and high PPFD (400 and 750 μmol m-2 s-1) resulted in an excessive incidence of tip-burn and were not included in further analysis. Dry mass increased with increasing photon flux to a PPFD of 750 μmol m-2 s-1. The photon conversion efficiency (both dry and fresh weight) decreased with increasing photon flux: 29, 27, and 21 g FW shoot and 1.01, 0.87, and 0.76 g DW shoot per mol incident light at 200, 400, and 750 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively, averaged over all temperature combinations, following a concurrent decrease in specific leaf area (SLA). The highest efficiency was achieved at 200 μmol m-2 s-1, 24°C air temperature and 28°C root-zone temperature: 44 g FW and 1.23 g DW per mol incident light. The effect of air temperature on fresh yield was linked to all leaf expansion processes. SLA, shoot mass allocation and water content of leaves showed the same trend for air temperature with a maximum around 24°C. The effect of root temperature was less prominent with an optimum around 28°C in nearly all conditions. With this combination of temperatures, market size (fresh weight shoot = 250 g) was achieved in 26, 20, and 18 days, at 200, 400, and 750 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively, with a corresponding shoot dry matter content of 2.6, 3.8, and 4.2%. In conclusion, three factors determine the "optimal" PPFD: capital and operational costs of light intensity vs the value of reducing cropping time, and the market value of higher dry matter contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carotti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luuk Graamans
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Luuk Graamans,
| | - Federico Puksic
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michele Butturini
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Esther Meinen
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Stanghellini
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Zeidler C, Zabel P, Vrakking V, Dorn M, Bamsey M, Schubert D, Ceriello A, Fortezza R, De Simone D, Stanghellini C, Kempkes F, Meinen E, Mencarelli A, Swinkels GJ, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. The Plant Health Monitoring System of the EDEN ISS Space Greenhouse in Antarctica During the 2018 Experiment Phase. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1457. [PMID: 31824526 PMCID: PMC6883354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The EDEN ISS project has the objective to test key technologies and processes for higher plant cultivation with a focus on their application to long duration spaceflight. A mobile plant production facility was designed and constructed by an international consortium and deployed to the German Antarctic Neumayer Station III. Future astronaut crews, even if well-trained and provided with detailed procedures, cannot be expected to have the competencies needed to deal with all situations that will arise during a mission. Future space crews, as they are today, will be supported by expert backrooms on the ground. For future space-based greenhouses, monitoring the crops and the plant growth system increases system reliability and decreases the crew time required to maintain them. The EDEN ISS greenhouse incorporates a Plant Health Monitoring System to provide remote support for plant status assessment and early detection of plant stress or disease. The EDEN ISS greenhouse has the capability to automatically capture and distribute images from its suite of 32 high-definition color cameras. Collected images are transferred over a satellite link to the EDEN ISS Mission Control Center in Bremen and to project participants worldwide. Upon reception, automatic processing software analyzes the images for anomalies, evaluates crop performance, and predicts the days remaining until harvest of each crop tray. If anomalies or sub-optimal performance is detected, the image analysis system generates automatic warnings to the agronomist team who then discuss, communicate, or implement countermeasure options. A select number of Dual Wavelength Spectral Imagers have also been integrated into the facility for plant health monitoring to detect potential plant stress before it can be seen on the images taken by the high-definition color cameras. These imagers and processing approaches are derived from traditional space-based imaging techniques but permit new discoveries to be made in a facility like the EDEN ISS greenhouse in which, essentially, every photon of input and output can be controlled and studied. This paper presents a description of the EDEN ISS Plant Health Monitoring System, basic image analyses, and a summary of the results from the initial year of Antarctic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Zeidler
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul Zabel
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany
| | - Vincent Vrakking
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Dorn
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthew Bamsey
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schubert
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany
| | - Antonio Ceriello
- Navigation and Science Organisation Unit, Telespazio S.p.A, Naples, Italy
| | - Raimondo Fortezza
- Navigation and Science Organisation Unit, Telespazio S.p.A, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico De Simone
- Navigation and Science Organisation Unit, Telespazio S.p.A, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Stanghellini
- Greenhouse Horticulture Unit, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Frank Kempkes
- Greenhouse Horticulture Unit, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Esther Meinen
- Greenhouse Horticulture Unit, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Angelo Mencarelli
- Greenhouse Horticulture Unit, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Swinkels
- Greenhouse Horticulture Unit, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anna-Lisa Paul
- UFSpaceplants Lab, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert J. Ferl
- UFSpaceplants Lab, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Pennisi G, Orsini F, Blasioli S, Cellini A, Crepaldi A, Braschi I, Spinelli F, Nicola S, Fernandez JA, Stanghellini C, Gianquinto G, Marcelis LFM. Resource use efficiency of indoor lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation as affected by red:blue ratio provided by LED lighting. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14127. [PMID: 31576006 PMCID: PMC6773742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
LED lighting in indoor farming systems allows to modulate the spectrum to fit plant needs. Red (R) and blue (B) lights are often used, being highly active for photosynthesis. The effect of R and B spectral components on lettuce plant physiology and biochemistry and resource use efficiency were studied. Five red:blue (RB) ratios (0.5-1-2-3-4) supplied by LED and a fluorescent control (RB = 1) were tested in six experiments in controlled conditions (PPFD = 215 μmol m-2 s-1, daylength 16 h). LED lighting increased yield (1.6 folds) and energy use efficiency (2.8 folds) as compared with fluorescent lamps. Adoption of RB = 3 maximised yield (by 2 folds as compared with RB = 0.5), also increasing leaf chlorophyll and flavonoids concentrations and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. As the red portion of the spectrum increased, photosystem II quantum efficiency decreased but transpiration decreased more rapidly, resulting in increased water use efficiency up to RB = 3 (75 g FW L-1 H2O). The transpiration decrease was accompanied by lower stomatal conductance, which was associated to lower stomatal density, despite an increased stomatal size. Both energy and land surface use efficiency were highest at RB ≥ 3. We hereby suggest a RB ratio of 3 for sustainable indoor lettuce cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Pennisi
- DISTAL - Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
- DISAFA-VEGMAP, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Francesco Orsini
- DISTAL - Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sonia Blasioli
- DISTAL - Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- DISTAL - Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Braschi
- DISTAL - Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- DISTAL - Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Nicola
- DISAFA-VEGMAP, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Juan A Fernandez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Giorgio Gianquinto
- DISTAL - Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture & Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pennisi G, Blasioli S, Cellini A, Maia L, Crepaldi A, Braschi I, Spinelli F, Nicola S, Fernandez JA, Stanghellini C, Marcelis LFM, Orsini F, Gianquinto G. Unraveling the Role of Red:Blue LED Lights on Resource Use Efficiency and Nutritional Properties of Indoor Grown Sweet Basil. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:305. [PMID: 30918510 PMCID: PMC6424884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Indoor plant cultivation can result in significantly improved resource use efficiency (surface, water, and nutrients) as compared to traditional growing systems, but illumination costs are still high. LEDs (light emitting diodes) are gaining attention for indoor cultivation because of their ability to provide light of different spectra. In the light spectrum, red and blue regions are often considered the major plants' energy sources for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. This study aims at identifying the role played by red:blue (R:B) ratio on the resource use efficiency of indoor basil cultivation, linking the physiological response to light to changes in yield and nutritional properties. Basil plants were cultivated in growth chambers under five LED light regimens characterized by different R:B ratios ranging from 0.5 to 4 (respectively, RB0.5, RB1, RB2, RB3, and RB4), using fluorescent lamps as control (CK1). A photosynthetic photon flux density of 215 μmol m-2 s-1 was provided for 16 h per day. The greatest biomass production was associated with LED lighting as compared with fluorescent lamp. Despite a reduction in both stomatal conductance and PSII quantum efficiency, adoption of RB3 resulted in higher yield and chlorophyll content, leading to improved use efficiency for water and energy. Antioxidant activity followed a spectral-response function, with optimum associated with RB3. A low RB ratio (0.5) reduced the relative content of several volatiles, as compared to CK1 and RB ≥ 2. Moreover, mineral leaf concentration (g g-1 DW) and total content in plant (g plant-1) were influences by light quality, resulting in greater N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe accumulation in plants cultivated with RB3. Contrarily, nutrient use efficiency was increased in RB ≤ 1. From this study it can be concluded that a RB ratio of 3 provides optimal growing conditions for indoor cultivation of basil, fostering improved performances in terms of growth, physiological and metabolic functions, and resources use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Pennisi
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- DISAFA-VEGMAP, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Sonia Blasioli
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maia
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Braschi
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Nicola
- DISAFA-VEGMAP, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Juan A. Fernandez
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Orsini
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Gianquinto
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Meinen E, Dueck T, Kempkes F, Stanghellini C. Growing fresh food on future space missions: Environmental conditions and crop management. Sci Hortic 2018; 235:270-278. [PMID: 29780200 PMCID: PMC5894456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with vegetable cultivation that could be faced in a space mission. This paper focusses on optimization, light, temperature and the harvesting process, while other factors concerning cultivation in space missions, i.e. gravity, radiation, were not addressed. It describes the work done in preparation of the deployment of a mobile test facility for vegetable production of fresh food at the Neumayer III Antarctic research station. A selection of vegetable crops was grown under varying light and temperature conditions to quantify crop yield response to climate factors that determine resource requirement of the production system. Crops were grown at 21 °C or 25 °C under light treatments varying from 200 to 600 μmol m-2 s-1 and simulated the dusk and dawn light spectrum. Fresh food biomass was harvested as spread harvesting (lettuce), before and after regrowth (herbs) and at the end of cultivation. Lettuce and red mustard responded well to increasing light intensities, by 35-90% with increasing light from 200 to 600 μmol m-2 s-1, while the other crops responded more variably. However, the quality of the leafy greens often deteriorated at higher light intensities. The fruit biomass of both determinate tomato and cucumber increased by 8-15% from 300 to 600 μmol m-2 s-1. With the increase in biomass, the number of tomato fruits also increased, while the number of cucumber fruits decreased, resulting in heavier individual fruits. Increasing the temperature had varied effects on production. While in some cases the production increased, regrowth of herbs often lagged behind in the 25 °C treatment. In terms of fresh food production, the most can be expected from lettuce, cucumber, radish, then tomato, although the 2 fruit vegetables require a considerable amount of crop management. Spread harvesting had a large influence on the amount of harvested biomass per unit area. In particular, yield of the 3 lettuce cultivars and spinach was ca. 400% than single harvesting. Increasing plant density and applying spread harvesting increased fresh food production. This information will be the basis for determining crop growth recipes and management to maximize the amount of fresh food available, in view of the constraints of space and energy requirement of such a production system.
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Stanghellini C, Dieleman J, Driever S, Marcelis L. MODELING THE EFFECT OF THE POSITION OF COOLING ELEMENTS ON THE VERTICAL PROFILE OF TRANSPIRATION IN A GREENHOUSE TOMATO CROP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2012.952.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Antón A, Torrellas M, Montero J, Ruijs M, Vermeulen P, Stanghellini C. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DUTCH TOMATO CROP PRODUCTION IN A VENLO GLASSHOUSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2012.927.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Montero J, Stanghellini C, Castilla N. GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION IN MILD WINTER CLIMATE AREAS: TRENDS AND NEEDS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2009.807.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Kempkes F, Stanghellini C, Hemming S, Dai J. COVER MATERIALS EXCLUDING NEAR INFRARED RADIATION: EFFECT ON GREENHOUSE CLIMATE AND PLANT PROCESSES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2008.797.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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van Kooten O, Heuvelink E, Stanghellini C. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY CAN MITIGATE THE WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEM OF THE 21ST CENTURY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2008.767.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Stanghellini C, Kempkes F, Pardossi A, Incrocci L. CLOSED WATER LOOP IN GREENHOUSES: EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY AND VALUE OF PRODUCE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2005.691.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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16
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Abdel-Mawgoud A, El-Abd S, Stanghellini C, Böhme M, Abou-Hadid A. SWEET PEPPER CROP RESPONSES TO GREENHOUSE CLIMATE MANIPULATION UNDER SALINE CONDITIONS. Acta Hortic 2004:431-438. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2004.659.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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17
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Kempkes F, Stanghellini C. MODELLING SALT ACCUMULATION IN A CLOSED SYSTEM: A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT WITH IRRIGATION WATER OF POOR QUALITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2003.614.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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De Lorenzi F, Stanghellini C, Pitacco A. WATER SHORTAGE SENSING THROUGH INFRARED CANOPY TEMPERATURE: TIMELY DETECTION IS IMPERATIVE1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.1993.335.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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Doni MG, Stanghellini C, Bettini V. The contractile activity of the thrombocytes and of the vascular smooth muscle: inhibiting effect of metergoline. Thromb Res 1980; 17:779-87. [PMID: 7404486 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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