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Bittleston LS, Wolock CJ, Maeda J, Infante V, Ané JM, Pierce NE, Pringle A. Carnivorous Nepenthes Pitchers with Less Acidic Fluid House Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0081223. [PMID: 37338413 PMCID: PMC10370301 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00812-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous pitcher plants are uniquely adapted to nitrogen limitation, using pitfall traps to acquire nutrients from insect prey. Pitcher plants in the genus Sarracenia may also use nitrogen fixed by bacteria inhabiting the aquatic microcosms of their pitchers. Here, we investigated whether species of a convergently evolved pitcher plant genus, Nepenthes, might also use bacterial nitrogen fixation as an alternative strategy for nitrogen capture. First, we constructed predicted metagenomes of pitcher organisms from three species of Singaporean Nepenthes using 16S rRNA sequence data and correlated predicted nifH abundances with metadata. Second, we used gene-specific primers to amplify and quantify the presence or absence of nifH directly from 102 environmental samples and identified potential diazotrophs with significant differential abundance in samples that also had positive nifH PCR tests. Third, we analyzed nifH in eight shotgun metagenomes from four additional Bornean Nepenthes species. Finally, we conducted an acetylene reduction assay using greenhouse-grown Nepenthes pitcher fluids to confirm nitrogen fixation is indeed possible within the pitcher habitat. Results show active acetylene reduction can occur in Nepenthes pitcher fluid. Variation in nifH from wild samples correlates with Nepenthes host species identity and pitcher fluid acidity. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are associated with more neutral fluid pH, while endogenous Nepenthes digestive enzymes are most active at low fluid pH. We hypothesize Nepenthes species experience a trade-off in nitrogen acquisition; when fluids are acidic, nitrogen is primarily acquired via plant enzymatic degradation of insects, but when fluids are neutral, Nepenthes plants take up more nitrogen via bacterial nitrogen fixation. IMPORTANCE Plants use different strategies to obtain the nutrients that they need to grow. Some plants access their nitrogen directly from the soil, while others rely on microbes to access the nitrogen for them. Carnivorous pitcher plants generally trap and digest insect prey, using plant-derived enzymes to break down insect proteins and generate a large portion of the nitrogen that they subsequently absorb. In this study, we present results suggesting that bacteria living in the fluids formed by Nepenthes pitcher plants can fix nitrogen directly from the atmosphere, providing an alternative pathway for plants to access nitrogen. These nitrogen-fixing bacteria are only likely to be present when pitcher plant fluids are not strongly acidic. Interestingly, the plant's enzymes are known to be more active under strongly acidic conditions. We propose a potential trade-off where pitcher plants sometimes access nitrogen using their own enzymes to digest prey and at other times take advantage of bacterial nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonora S. Bittleston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles J. Wolock
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Valentina Infante
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Naomi E. Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Pringle
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Kohn MD, Wolock CJ, Poulson IJ, Fernando ND. A meta-analysis of postoperative outcomes of patients with and without chronic hepatitis C undergoing primary total hip or knee arthroplasty. EFORT Open Rev 2023; 8:180-188. [PMID: 37097051 PMCID: PMC10155122 DOI: 10.1530/eor-22-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This investigation provides a rigorous systematic review of the postoperative outcomes of patients with and without chronic hepatitis C who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods We queried PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science and the 'gray' literature, including supplemental materials, conference abstracts and proceedings as well as commentary published in various peer-reviewed journals from 1992 to present to evaluate studies that compared the postoperative outcomes of patients with and without chronic hepatitis C who underwent primary THA or TKA. This investigation was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews and follows the guidelines provided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. In our literature search, we identified 14 articles that met our inclusion criteria and were included in our fixed-effects meta-analysis. The postoperative outcomes analyzed included periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), aseptic revision, non-homebound discharge and inpatient mortality. Results Our statistical analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in postoperative complications of patients with chronic hepatitis C who underwent primary THA or TKA including PJI (odds ratio (OR): 1.98, 95% CI: 1.86 - 2.10), aseptic revision (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.50 - 1.67), non-homebound discharge (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.28- 1.34) and inpatient mortality (OR: 9.37, 95% CI: 8.17 - 10.75). Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in adverse postoperative complications in patients with chronic hepatitis C who underwent primary THA or TKA compared to patients without chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Kohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isaac J Poulson
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Navin D Fernando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Heil JA, Wolock CJ, Pierce NE, Pringle A, Bittleston LS. Sarracenia pitcher plant-associated microbial communities differ primarily by host species across a longitudinal gradient. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3500-3516. [PMID: 35384233 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbial communities can profoundly affect plant health and success, and research is still uncovering factors driving the assembly of these communities. Here, we examine how geography versus host species affect microbial community structure and differential abundances of individual taxa. We use metabarcoding to characterize the bacteria and eukaryotes associated with five, often co-occurring species of Sarracenia pitcher plants (Sarraceniaceae) and three natural hybrids along the longitudinal gradient of the U.S. Gulf Coast, as well as samples from S. purpurea in Massachusetts. To tease apart the effects of geography versus host species, we focus first on sites with co-occurring species and then on species located across different sites. Our analyses show that bacterial and eukaryotic community structures are clearly and consistently influenced by host species identity, with geographic factors also playing a role. Naturally-occurring hybrids appear to also host unique communities, that are in some ways intermediate between their parent species. We see significant effects of geography (site and longitude), but these generally explain less of the variation among pitcher communities. Overall, in Sarracenia pitchers, host plant phenotype significantly affects the pitcher microbiomes and other associated organisms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Heil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University
| | | | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University
| | - Anne Pringle
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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4
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Wasser SK, Wolock CJ, Kuhner MK, Brown JE, Morris C, Horwitz RJ, Wong A, Fernandez CJ, Otiende MY, Hoareau Y, Kaliszewska ZA, Jeon E, Han KL, Weir BS. Elephant genotypes reveal the size and connectivity of transnational ivory traffickers. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:371-382. [PMID: 35165434 PMCID: PMC10693927 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transnational ivory traffickers continue to smuggle large shipments of elephant ivory out of Africa, yet prosecutions and convictions remain few. We identify trafficking networks on the basis of genetic matching of tusks from the same individual or close relatives in separate shipments. Analyses are drawn from 4,320 savannah (Loxodonta africana) and forest (L. cyclotis) elephant tusks, sampled from 49 large ivory seizures totalling 111 t, shipped out of Africa between 2002 and 2019. Network analyses reveal a repeating pattern wherein tusks from the same individual or close relatives are found in separate seizures that were containerized in, and transited through, common African ports. Results suggest that individual traffickers are exporting dozens of shipments, with considerable connectivity between traffickers operating in different ports. These tools provide a framework to combine evidence from multiple investigations, strengthen prosecutions and support indictment and prosecution of transnational ivory traffickers for the totality of their crimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Wasser
- Center for Environmental Forensic Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary K Kuhner
- Center for Environmental Forensic Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Brown
- US Department of Homeland Security, Homeland Security Investigations, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Horwitz
- Geospatial Data Sciences, University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Wong
- Center for Wildlife Forensics, National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Moses Y Otiende
- Forensic and Genetics Laboratory, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yves Hoareau
- Center for Environmental Forensic Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zofia A Kaliszewska
- Center for Environmental Forensic Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eunjin Jeon
- Center for Environmental Forensic Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kin-Lan Han
- Center for Environmental Forensic Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce S Weir
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Bansal A, Heagerty PJ, Inoue LYT, Veenstra DL, Wolock CJ, Basu A. A Value-of-Information Framework for Personalizing the Timing of Surveillance Testing. Med Decis Making 2021; 42:474-486. [PMID: 34747265 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x211049213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient surveillance using repeated biomarker measurements presents an opportunity to detect and treat disease progression early. Frequent surveillance testing using biomarkers is recommended and routinely conducted in several diseases, including cancer and diabetes. However, frequent testing involves tradeoffs. Although surveillance tests provide information about current disease status, the complications and costs of frequent tests may not be justified for patients who are at low risk of progression. Predictions based on patients' earlier biomarker values may be used to inform decision making; however, predictions are uncertain, leading to decision uncertainty. METHODS We propose the Personalized Risk-Adaptive Surveillance (PRAISE) framework, a novel method for embedding predictions into a value-of-information (VOI) framework to account for the cost of uncertainty over time and determine the time point at which collection of biomarker data would be most valuable. The proposed sequential decision-making framework is innovative in that it leverages the patient's longitudinal history, considers individual benefits and harms, and allows for dynamic tailoring of surveillance intervals by considering the uncertainty in current information and estimating the probability that new information may change treatment decisions, as well as the impact of this change on patient outcomes. RESULTS When applied to data from cystic fibrosis patients, PRAISE lowers costs by allowing some patients to skip a visit, compared to an "always test" strategy. It does so without compromising expected survival, by recommending less frequent testing among those who are unlikely to be treated at the skipped time point. CONCLUSIONS A VOI-based approach to patient monitoring is feasible and could be applied to several diseases to develop more cost-effective and personalized strategies for ongoing patient care. HIGHLIGHTS In many patient-monitoring settings, the complications and costs of frequent tests are not justified for patients who are at low risk of disease progression. Predictions based on patient history may be used to individualize the timing of patient visits based on evolving risk.We propose Personalized Risk-Adaptive Surveillance (PRAISE), a novel method for personalizing the timing of surveillance testing, where prediction modeling projects the disease trajectory and a value-of-information (VOI)-based pragmatic decision-theoretic framework quantifies patient- and time-specific benefit-harm tradeoffs.A VOI-based approach to patient monitoring could be applied to several diseases to develop more personalized and cost-effective strategies for ongoing patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasthaa Bansal
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | | | - Lurdes Y T Inoue
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - David L Veenstra
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Anirban Basu
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
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6
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Eade K, Gantner ML, Hostyk JA, Nagasaki T, Giles S, Fallon R, Harkins-Perry S, Baldini M, Lim EW, Scheppke L, Dorrell MI, Cai C, Baugh EH, Wolock CJ, Wallace M, Berlow RB, Goldstein DB, Metallo CM, Friedlander M, Allikmets R. Serine biosynthesis defect due to haploinsufficiency of PHGDH causes retinal disease. Nat Metab 2021; 3:366-377. [PMID: 33758422 PMCID: PMC8084205 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is a progressive, late-onset retinal degenerative disease linked to decreased serum levels of serine that elevate circulating levels of a toxic ceramide species, deoxysphingolipids (deoxySLs); however, causal genetic variants that reduce serine levels in patients have not been identified. Here we identify rare, functional variants in the gene encoding the rate-limiting serine biosynthetic enzyme, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), as the single locus accounting for a significant fraction of MacTel. Under a dominant collapsing analysis model of a genome-wide enrichment analysis of rare variants predicted to impact protein function in 793 MacTel cases and 17,610 matched controls, the PHGDH gene achieves genome-wide significance (P = 1.2 × 10-13) with variants explaining ~3.2% of affected individuals. We further show that the resulting functional defects in PHGDH cause decreased serine biosynthesis and accumulation of deoxySLs in retinal pigmented epithelial cells. PHGDH is a significant locus for MacTel that explains the typical disease phenotype and suggests a number of potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Eade
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Hostyk
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sarah Giles
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Regis Fallon
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Harkins-Perry
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Baldini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Esther W Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lea Scheppke
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evan H Baugh
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Martin Friedlander
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Cameron-Christie S, Wolock CJ, Groopman E, Petrovski S, Kamalakaran S, Povysil G, Vitsios D, Zhang M, Fleckner J, March RE, Gelfman S, Marasa M, Li Y, Sanna-Cherchi S, Kiryluk K, Allen AS, Fellström BC, Haefliger C, Platt A, Goldstein DB, Gharavi AG. Exome-Based Rare-Variant Analyses in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1109-1122. [PMID: 31085678 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have identified many common genetic associations that influence renal function and all-cause CKD, but these explain only a small fraction of variance in these traits. The contribution of rare variants has not been systematically examined. METHODS We performed exome sequencing of 3150 individuals, who collectively encompassed diverse CKD subtypes, and 9563 controls. To detect causal genes and evaluate the contribution of rare variants we used collapsing analysis, in which we compared the proportion of cases and controls carrying rare variants per gene. RESULTS The analyses captured five established monogenic causes of CKD: variants in PKD1, PKD2, and COL4A5 achieved study-wide significance, and we observed suggestive case enrichment for COL4A4 and COL4A3. Beyond known disease-associated genes, collapsing analyses incorporating regional variant intolerance identified suggestive dominant signals in CPT2 and several other candidate genes. Biallelic mutations in CPT2 cause carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, sometimes associated with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal injury. Genetic modifier analysis among cases with APOL1 risk genotypes identified a suggestive signal in AHDC1, implicated in Xia-Gibbs syndrome, which involves intellectual disability and other features. On the basis of the observed distribution of rare variants, we estimate that a two- to three-fold larger cohort would provide 80% power to implicate new genes for all-cause CKD. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that rare-variant collapsing analyses can validate known genes and identify candidate genes and modifiers for kidney disease. In so doing, these findings provide a motivation for larger-scale investigation of rare-variant risk contributions across major clinical CKD categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Cameron-Christie
- AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Emily Groopman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Slavé Petrovski
- AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Gundula Povysil
- AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Dimitrios Vitsios
- AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Jan Fleckner
- AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth E March
- Precision Medicine, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Maddalena Marasa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yifu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Andrew S Allen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Bengt C Fellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Carolina Haefliger
- AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Platt
- AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK;
| | - David B Goldstein
- AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; .,Department of Genetics and Development and.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; .,Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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8
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Gelfman S, Dugger S, de Araujo Martins Moreno C, Ren Z, Wolock CJ, Shneider NA, Phatnani H, Cirulli ET, Lasseigne BN, Harris T, Maniatis T, Rouleau GA, Brown RH, Gitler AD, Myers RM, Petrovski S, Allen A, Goldstein DB, Harms MB. A new approach for rare variation collapsing on functional protein domains implicates specific genic regions in ALS. Genome Res 2019; 29:809-818. [PMID: 30940688 PMCID: PMC6499321 DOI: 10.1101/gr.243592.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing efforts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have implicated novel genes using gene-based collapsing methods. However, pathogenic mutations may be concentrated in specific genic regions. To address this, we developed two collapsing strategies: One focuses rare variation collapsing on homology-based protein domains as the unit for collapsing, and the other is a gene-level approach that, unlike standard methods, leverages existing evidence of purifying selection against missense variation on said domains. The application of these two collapsing methods to 3093 ALS cases and 8186 controls of European ancestry, and also 3239 cases and 11,808 controls of diversified populations, pinpoints risk regions of ALS genes, including SOD1, NEK1, TARDBP, and FUS. While not clearly implicating novel ALS genes, the new analyses not only pinpoint risk regions in known genes but also highlight candidate genes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gelfman
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Dugger
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | | | - Zhong Ren
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Neil A Shneider
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA
| | | | | | - Tim Harris
- SV Health Investors, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Slavé Petrovski
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health and Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew Allen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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9
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Hayeck TJ, Stong N, Wolock CJ, Copeland B, Kamalakaran S, Goldstein DB, Allen AS. Improved Pathogenic Variant Localization via a Hierarchical Model of Sub-regional Intolerance. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:299-309. [PMID: 30686509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Different parts of a gene can be of differential importance to development and health. This regional heterogeneity is also apparent in the distribution of disease-associated mutations, which often cluster in particular regions of disease-associated genes. The ability to precisely estimate functionally important sub-regions of genes will be key in correctly deciphering relationships between genetic variation and disease. Previous methods have had some success using standing human variation to characterize this variability in importance by measuring sub-regional intolerance, i.e., the depletion in functional variation from expectation within a given region of a gene. However, the ability to precisely estimate local intolerance was restricted by the fact that only information within a given sub-region is used, leading to instability in local estimates, especially for small regions. We show that borrowing information across regions using a Bayesian hierarchical model stabilizes estimates, leading to lower variability and improved predictive utility. Specifically, our approach more effectively identifies regions enriched for ClinVar pathogenic variants. We also identify significant correlations between sub-region intolerance and the distribution of pathogenic variation in disease-associated genes, with AUCs for classifying de novo missense variants in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) genes of up to 0.86 using exonic sub-regions and 0.91 using sub-regions defined by protein domains. This result immediately suggests that considering the intolerance of regions in which variants are found may improve diagnostic interpretation. We also illustrate the utility of integrating regional intolerance into gene-level disease association tests with a study of known disease-associated genes for epileptic encephalopathy.
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Bittleston LS, Wolock CJ, Yahya BE, Chan XY, Chan KG, Pierce NE, Pringle A. Convergence between the microcosms of Southeast Asian and North American pitcher plants. eLife 2018; 7:36741. [PMID: 30152327 PMCID: PMC6130972 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ‘pitchers’ of carnivorous pitcher plants are exquisite examples of convergent evolution. An open question is whether the living communities housed in pitchers also converge in structure or function. Using samples from more than 330 field-collected pitchers of eight species of Southeast Asian Nepenthes and six species of North American Sarracenia, we demonstrate that the pitcher microcosms, or miniature ecosystems with complex communities, are strikingly similar. Compared to communities from surrounding habitats, pitcher communities house fewer species. While communities associated with the two genera contain different microbial organisms and arthropods, the species are predominantly from the same phylogenetic clades. Microbiomes from both genera are enriched in degradation pathways and have high abundances of key degradation enzymes. Moreover, in a manipulative field experiment, Nepenthes pitchers placed in a North American bog assembled Sarracenia-like communities. An understanding of the convergent interactions in pitcher microcosms facilitates identification of selective pressures shaping the communities. The ecosystems found across the Earth, including in forests, lakes and prairies, consist of communities of plants, animals and microbes. How these organisms interact with each other determines which ones grow and thrive. We still do not understand how communities form: why different species exist where they do, and what enables them to survive in different locations. This knowledge is particularly limited with regard to communities of microbes because they are hard to see and count. Pitcher plants are an ideal system for studying how communities and ecosystems assemble. The pitcher-shaped leaves of these plants each contain small aquatic communities of microbes and arthropods (including insects and mites) that can be relatively easily studied. Because unrelated groups of plants have evolved pitchers at different times and on different continents, these communities can also be used to explore how evolutionary history and the current environment determine which species thrive in a particular location. Bittleston et al. sampled the DNA of the communities living within 330 pitchers from various North American and Southeast Asian pitcher plant species. This revealed that very distantly related plants on opposite sides of the planet have pitchers that host similar communities, with the organisms found in one pitcher plant often closely related to the organisms found in others. The genes within the community’s DNA also shared many functions, with the majority of shared genes devoted to digesting captured insect prey. Bittleston et al. also relocated pitcher plants from Southeast Asia to grow alongside North American species and found the same microbes and arthropods colonizing both groups, indicating that the different types of pitchers present a similar habitat. Overall, the results of the experiments performed by Bittleston et al. suggest that certain kinds of interactions between species (such as between the pitcher plants and their microbes) can evolve independently in different parts of the world. Researchers can use these interactions to learn more about how communities and ecosystems form. With a greater understanding of the Earth’s ecosystems, it will be easier to protect them and predict how they will fare as global conditions change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonora S Bittleston
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Bakhtiar E Yahya
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Xin Yue Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anne Pringle
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Raghavan NS, Brickman AM, Andrews H, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Lantigua R, Wolock CJ, Kamalakaran S, Petrovski S, Tosto G, Vardarajan BN, Goldstein DB, Mayeux R. Whole-exome sequencing in 20,197 persons for rare variants in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:832-842. [PMID: 30009200 PMCID: PMC6043775 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The genetic bases of Alzheimer's disease remain uncertain. An international effort to fully articulate genetic risks and protective factors is underway with the hope of identifying potential therapeutic targets and preventive strategies. The goal here was to identify and characterize the frequency and impact of rare and ultra-rare variants in Alzheimer's disease, using whole-exome sequencing in 20,197 individuals. Methods We used a gene-based collapsing analysis of loss-of-function ultra-rare variants in a case-control study design with data from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project, the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project and unrelated individuals from the Institute of Genomic Medicine at Columbia University. Results We identified 19 cases carrying extremely rare SORL1 loss-of-function variants among a collection of 6,965 cases and a single loss-of-function variant among 13,252 controls (P = 2.17 × 10-8; OR: 36.2 [95% CI: 5.8-1493.0]). Age-at-onset was 7 years earlier for patients with SORL1 qualifying variant compared with noncarriers. No other gene attained a study-wide level of statistical significance, but multiple top-ranked genes, including GRID2IP,WDR76 and GRN, were among candidates for follow-up studies. Interpretation This study implicates ultra-rare, loss-of-function variants in SORL1 as a significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and provides a comprehensive dataset comparing the burden of rare variation in nearly all human genes in Alzheimer's disease cases and controls. This is the first investigation to establish a genome-wide statistically significant association between multiple extremely rare loss-of-function variants in SORL1 and Alzheimer's disease in a large whole-exome study of unrelated cases and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha S Raghavan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Adam M Brickman
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Howard Andrews
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Nicole Schupf
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Medicine College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Institute of Genomic Medicine Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Sitharthan Kamalakaran
- Institute of Genomic Medicine Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Slave Petrovski
- Institute of Genomic Medicine Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,AstraZeneca Centre for Genomics Research Precision Medicine and Genomics IMED Biotech Unit AstraZeneca Cambridge CB2 0AA United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Systems Biology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - David B Goldstein
- Department of Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Medicine College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Institute of Genomic Medicine Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Neurology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York
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Sperling EA, Wolock CJ, Morgan AS, Gill BC, Kunzmann M, Halverson GP, Macdonald FA, Knoll AH, Johnston DT. Statistical analysis of iron geochemical data suggests limited late Proterozoic oxygenation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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