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Bougouin W, Dumas F, Lamhaut L, Marijon E, Carli P, Combes A, Pirracchio R, Aissaoui N, Karam N, Deye N, Sideris G, Beganton F, Jost D, Cariou A, Jouven X, Adnet F, Agostinucci JM, Aissaoui-Balanant N, Algalarrondo V, Alla F, Alonso C, Amara W, Annane D, Antoine C, Aubry P, Azoulay E, Beganton F, Benhamou D, Billon C, Bougouin W, Boutet J, Bruel C, Bruneval P, Cariou A, Carli P, Casalino E, Cerf C, Chaib A, Cholley B, Cohen Y, Combes A, Crahes M, Da Silva D, Das V, Demoule A, Denjoy I, Deye N, Dhonneur G, Diehl JL, Dinanian S, Domanski L, Dreyfuss D, Duboc D, Dubois-Rande JL, Dumas F, Empana JP, Extramiana F, Fartoukh M, Fieux F, Gabbas M, Gandjbakhch E, Geri G, Guidet B, Halimi F, Henry P, Hidden Lucet F, Jabre P, Jacob L, Joseph L, Jost D, Jouven X, Karam N, Kassim H, Lacotte J, Lahlou-Laforet K, Lamhaut L, Lanceleur A, Langeron O, Lavergne T, Lecarpentier E, Leenhardt A, Lellouche N, Lemiale V, Lemoine F, Linval F, Loeb T, Ludes B, Luyt CE, Maltret A, Mansencal N, Mansouri N, Marijon E, Marty J, Maury E, Maxime V, Megarbane B, Mekontso-Dessap A, Mentec H, Mira JP, Monnet X, Narayanan K, Ngoyi N, Perier MC, Piot O, Pirracchio R, Plaisance P, Plu I, Raux M, Revaux F, Ricard JD, Richard C, Riou B, Roussin F, Santoli F, Schortgen F, Sharifzadehgan A, Sideris G, Spaulding C, Teboul JL, Timsit JF, Tourtier JP, Tuppin P, Ursat C, Varenne O, Vieillard-Baron A, Voicu S, Wahbi K, Waldmann V. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a registry study. Eur Heart J 2019; 41:1961-1971. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) despite conventional resuscitation is common and has poor outcomes. Adding extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (extracorporeal-CPR) is increasingly used in an attempt to improve outcomes.
Methods and results
We analysed a prospective registry of 13 191 OHCAs in the Paris region from May 2011 to January 2018. We compared survival at hospital discharge with and without extracorporeal-CPR and identified factors associated with survival in patients given extracorporeal-CPR. Survival was 8% in 525 patients given extracorporeal-CPR and 9% in 12 666 patients given conventional-CPR (P = 0.91). By adjusted multivariate analysis, extracorporeal-CPR was not associated with hospital survival [odds ratio (OR), 1.3; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.8–2.1; P = 0.24]. By conditional logistic regression with matching on a propensity score (including age, sex, occurrence at home, bystander CPR, initial rhythm, collapse-to-CPR time, duration of resuscitation, and ROSC), similar results were found (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.5–1.3; P = 0.41). In the extracorporeal-CPR group, factors associated with hospital survival were initial shockable rhythm (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.5–10.3; P = 0.005), transient ROSC before ECMO (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1–4.7; P = 0.03), and prehospital ECMO implantation (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5–5.9; P = 0.002).
Conclusions
In a population-based registry, 4% of OHCAs were treated with extracorporeal-CPR, which was not associated with increased hospital survival. Early ECMO implantation may improve outcomes. The initial rhythm and ROSC may help select patients for extracorporeal-CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulfran Bougouin
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, 6 Avenue du Noyer Lambert, 91300 Massy, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- AfterROSC network, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Florence Dumas
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Emergency Department, Cochin-Hotel-Dieu Hospital, APHP, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Lamhaut
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- AfterROSC network, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Intensive Care Unit - SAMU 75, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Eloi Marijon
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Carli
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Intensive Care Unit - SAMU 75, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alain Combes
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, iCAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, APHP, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Romain Pirracchio
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Surgical ICU, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Aissaoui
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- AfterROSC network, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Medical ICU, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicole Karam
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Deye
- AfterROSC network, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Medical ICU, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Georgios Sideris
- Cardiology Department, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Frankie Beganton
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Jost
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Brigade de Sapeurs Pompiers de Paris (BSPP), 1 Place Jules Renard, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Alain Cariou
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- AfterROSC network, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin Hospital, APHP, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jouven
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM Unit 970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Paris Sudden Death Expertise Center, 56 rue Leblanc, 75787 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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Micaëlo M, Brossier F, Bréchot N, Luyt CE, Lu Q, Monsel A, Jarlier V, Aubry A. Interpreting carbapenem susceptibility testing results for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Med Mal Infect 2018; 48:365-371. [PMID: 29628176 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carbapenems are among the most powerful antipseudomonal agents. Limited data is available on drug susceptibility testing by routine methods (disc diffusion and Etest) for meropenem and doripenem. We aimed to compare the in vitro activity of imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS A total of 311 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from respiratory specimens in 170 patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia in two intensive care units were collected over a period of 31 months. The susceptibility of these isolates to imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem were determined by Etest and disc diffusion method. RESULTS Considering either all isolates or only the first isolates recovered per patient (311 and 170 respectively), the susceptibility rate for doripenem was higher than that for meropenem and imipenem. When MICs determined by Etest were converted into interpretative categories (S, I, R) using French (CA-SFM) guidelines, a poor correlation was observed for meropenem and doripenem. The percentages of correlation with the disc diffusion method were 90.6% and 89.7% for imipenem, 80.5% and 82.6% for meropenem, and 80.5% and 73.3% for doripenem, for the first isolates and all isolates, respectively. The rate of minor errors was as high as 17.7% and 16.1% for meropenem and 17.7% and 25.7% for doripenem for the first isolates and all isolates, respectively. CONCLUSION The accuracy of disc diffusion using CA-SFM guidelines appears unsatisfactory for all three carbapenems justifying guideline update for P. aeruginosa and carbapenems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Micaëlo
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - F Brossier
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Service de réanimation médicale, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Service de réanimation polyvalente, département d'anesthésie-réanimation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, CIMI, équipe E13 (Bactériologie), 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm U1135, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, CIMI, team E13 (Bactériologie), 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - N Bréchot
- Service de réanimation médicale, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C E Luyt
- Service de réanimation médicale, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Q Lu
- Service de réanimation polyvalente, département d'anesthésie-réanimation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Monsel
- Service de réanimation polyvalente, département d'anesthésie-réanimation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - V Jarlier
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Service de réanimation médicale, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Service de réanimation polyvalente, département d'anesthésie-réanimation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, CIMI, équipe E13 (Bactériologie), 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm U1135, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, CIMI, team E13 (Bactériologie), 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Aubry
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Service de réanimation médicale, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Service de réanimation polyvalente, département d'anesthésie-réanimation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, CIMI, équipe E13 (Bactériologie), 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm U1135, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, CIMI, team E13 (Bactériologie), 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Rello J, Rouby JJ, Sole-Lleonart C, Chastre J, Blot S, Luyt CE, Riera J, Vos MC, Monsel A, Dhanani J, Roberts JA. Key considerations on nebulization of antimicrobial agents to mechanically ventilated patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:640-646. [PMID: 28347790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nebulized antibiotics have an established role in patients with cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis. Their potential benefit to treat respiratory infections in mechanically ventilated patients is receiving increasing interest. In this consensus statement of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, the body of evidence of the therapeutic utility of aerosolized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients was reviewed and resulted in the following recommendations: Vibrating-mesh nebulizers should be preferred to jet or ultrasonic nebulizers. To decrease turbulence and limit circuit and tracheobronchial deposition, we recommend: (a) the use of specifically designed respiratory circuits avoiding sharp angles and characterized by smooth inner surfaces, (b) the use of specific ventilator settings during nebulization including use of a volume controlled mode using constant inspiratory flow, tidal volume 8 mL/kg, respiratory frequency 12 to 15 bpm, inspiratory:expiratory ratio 50%, inspiratory pause 20% and positive end-expiratory pressure 5 to 10 cm H2O and (c) the administration of a short-acting sedative agent if coordination between the patient and the ventilator is not obtained, to avoid patient's flow triggering and episodes of peak decelerating inspiratory flow. A filter should be inserted on the expiratory limb to protect the ventilator flow device and changed between each nebulization to avoid expiratory flow obstruction. A heat and moisture exchanger and/or conventional heated humidifier should be stopped during the nebulization period to avoid a massive loss of aerosolized particles through trapping and condensation. If these technical requirements are not followed, there is a high risk of treatment failure and adverse events in mechanically ventilated patients receiving nebulized antibiotics for pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rello
- European Study Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patients (ESGCIP), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J J Rouby
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) of Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | - J Chastre
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) of Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - S Blot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Science, Ghent University, European Study Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patients (ESGCIP), Ghent, Belgium
| | - C E Luyt
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) of Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - J Riera
- Critical Care Department, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M C Vos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, European Study Group of Nosocomial Infections (ESGNI), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Monsel
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) of Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - J Dhanani
- Burns Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre and Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J A Roberts
- Burns Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre and Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Solé-Lleonart C, Rouby JJ, Chastre J, Poulakou G, Palmer LB, Blot S, Felton T, Bassetti M, Luyt CE, Pereira JM, Riera J, Welte T, Roberts JA, Rello J. Intratracheal Administration of Antimicrobial Agents in Mechanically Ventilated Adults: An International Survey on Delivery Practices and Safety. Respir Care 2016; 61:1008-14. [PMID: 26957647 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intratracheal antibiotic administration is increasingly used for treating respiratory infections. Limited information is available on delivery devices, techniques, and safety. METHODS An online survey on intratracheal administration of anti-infective agents in mechanically ventilated adults was answered by health-care workers from 192 ICUs to assess the most commonly used devices, current delivery practices, and safety issues. We investigated whether ICU usage experience (≥3 y) impacted its performance. RESULTS Intratracheal antibiotic administration was a current practice in 87 ICUs (45.3%), with 40 (46%) having experience with the technique (≥3 y). Sixty-six (78.6%) of 84 health-care workers reported avoiding intratracheal antibiotic administration due to an absence of evidence-based guidelines (78.6%). Jet nebulizers were the most commonly used devices for delivery, in 24 less experienced ICUs (27.6%) and in 18 (20.7%) experienced ICUs. Direct tracheal instillation (6; 6.9%) was still considered for drug prescription in 12 ICUs (6.9%). More experience resulted in neither greater adherence to measures improving the drug's delivery efficiency (93 measures in the experienced group; 27.9%) nor a greater adoption of measures to increase safety. Indeed, the expiratory filter was changed after each nebulization in only 2 experienced ICUs (6.9%), whereas 15 (51.7%) changed it daily instead. CONCLUSIONS Intratracheal antibiotic administration is a common therapeutic modality in ICUs, but inadequate practices were widely encountered, independent of the level of experience with the technique. This suggests a need to develop standardization to reduce variability and improve safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Solé-Lleonart
- University of Toronto, UHN & Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Jacques Rouby
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) of Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Jean Chastre
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Garyfallia Poulakou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Athens University School of Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Lucy B Palmer
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Stijn Blot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Felton
- Acute Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Charles-Eduard Luyt
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Joao Manuel Pereira
- Emergency and Intensive Care Department, Centro Hospitalar S João EPE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Riera
- Critical Care Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Burns Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Butterfield Street, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jordi Rello
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, CIBERES, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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