Transient interactions drive the lateral clustering of cadherin-23 on membrane

Cis and trans-interactions among cadherins secure multicellularity. While the molecular structure of trans-interactions of cadherins is well understood, work to identify the molecular cues that spread the cis-interactions two-dimensionally is still ongoing. Here, we report that transient, weak, yet multivalent, and spatially distributed hydrophobic interactions that are involved in liquid-liquid phase separations of biomolecules in solution, alone can drive the lateral-clustering of cadherin-23 on a membrane. No specific cis-dimer interactions are required for the lateral clustering. In cells, the cis-clustering accelerates cell-cell adhesion and, thus, contributes to cell-adhesion kinetics along with strengthening the junction. Although the physiological connection of cis-clustering with rapid adhesion is yet to be explored, we speculate that the over-expression of cadherin-23 in M2-macrophages may facilitate faster attachments to circulatory tumor cells during metastasis.

The strong propensity of Cadherin-23 for aggregation inhibits cell migration

Cadherin‐23 (Cdh23), a long‐chain non‐classical cadherin, exhibits strong homophilic and heterophilic binding. The physiological relevance of strong heterophilic binding with protocadherin‐15 at neuroepithelial tip links is well‐studied. However, the role of Cdh23 homodimers in physiology is less understood, despite its widespread expression at the cell boundaries of various human and mouse tissues, including kidney, muscle, testes, and heart. Here, we performed immunofluorescence studies that revealed that Cdh23 is present as distinct puncta at the cell–cell boundaries of cancer cells. Analysis of patient data and quantitative estimation of Cdh23 in human tissues (normal and tumor) also indicated that Cdh23 is down‐regulated via promoter methylation in lung adenocarcinoma (AD) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells; we also observed a clear inverse correlation between Cdh23 expression and cancer metastasis. Using HEK293T cells and four types of cancer cells differentially expressing Cdh23, we observed that cell migration was faster in cells with reduced levels of Cdh23 expression. The cell migration rate in cancer cells is further accelerated by the presence of excretory isoforms of Cdh23, which loosen its cell‐adhesion ability by competitive binding. Overall, our data indicate the role of Cdh23 as a suppressor of cell migration.

Solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery of isoniazid: evaluation, proof of concept and in vivo safety & kinetics

AIM

Evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for ocular delivery of isoniazid (INH).

MATERIALS & METHODS

INH-SLNs were characterized for morphological, thermal, crystalline and nuclear magnetic resonance properties. In vitro release and ex vivo corneal permeability of INH-SLNs was also evaluated. Proof-of-concept uptake studies were performed in corneal and conjunctival cell lines and in vivo in rat eye using fluorescein-labeled SLNs. Antimycobacterial activity of INH-SLNs was confirmed. In vivo aqueous humor pharmacokinetics, toxicity and tolerance was performed in rabbit/rat eye.

RESULTS

INH-SLNs showed extended release (48 h), enhanced corneal permeability (1.6-times), five-times lower MIC, significant in vitro and in vivo uptake of fluorescein-labeled SLNs, 4.2-times ocular bioavailability (area under the curve) and in vivo acute and repeat dose safety.

CONCLUSION

INH-SLNs are an effective ocular delivery system.