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Hak CH, Leong KH, Chin YH, Saravanan P, Tan ST, Chong WC, Sim LC. Water hyacinth derived carbon quantum dots and g-C3N4 composites for sunlight driven photodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. SN Appl Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Hong Hak C, Ching Sim L, Leong KH, Chin YH, Saravanan P. Sunlight Photodeposition of Gold nanoparticles onto Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) and Application Towards the Degradation of Bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/409/1/012008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hak CH, Sim LC, Leong KH, Lim PF, Chin YH, Saravanan P. M/g-C 3N 4 (M=Ag, Au, and Pd) composite: synthesis via sunlight photodeposition and application towards the degradation of bisphenol A. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:25401-25412. [PMID: 29951757 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, natural sunlight successfully induced the deposition of gold (Au), silver (Ag), and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) with 17.10, 9.07, and 12.70 wt% onto the surface of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The photocatalytic evaluation was carried out by adopting Bisphenol A (BPA) as a pollutant under natural sunlight irradiation. The presence of noble metals was confirmed by EDX, HRTEM, and XPS analysis. The deposition of Ag NPs (7.9 nm) resulted in the degradation rate which was 2.15-fold higher than pure g-C3N4 due to its relatively small particle size, contributing to superior charge separation efficiency. Au/g-C3N4 unveiled inferior photoactivity because the LSPR phenomenon provided two pathways for electron transfer between Au NPs and g-C3N4 further diminished the performance. The improved degradation lies crucially on the particle size and Schottky barrier formation at the interface of M/g-C3N4 (M=Au, Ag, and Pd) but not the visible light harvesting properties. The mechanism insight revealed the holes (h+) and superoxide radical (•O2-) radical actively involved in photocatalytic reaction for all composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hong Hak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Lan Ching Sim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long 9, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kah Hon Leong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ping Feng Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yik Heng Chin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Pichiah Saravanan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology(ISM), Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
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Sim LC, Wong JL, Hak CH, Tai JY, Leong KH, Saravanan P. Sugarcane juice derived carbon dot-graphitic carbon nitride composites for bisphenol A degradation under sunlight irradiation. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:353-363. [PMID: 29515949 PMCID: PMC5815291 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) composites (CD/g-C3N4) were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method using urea and sugarcane juice as starting materials. The chemical composition, morphological structure and optical properties of the composites and CDs were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques as well as transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed new signals for carbonyl and carboxyl groups originating from the CDs in CD/g-C3N4 composites while X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed distortion of the host matrix after incorporating CDs into g-C3N4. Both analyses signified the interaction between g-C3N4 and CDs. The photoluminescence (PL) analysis indicated that the presence of too many CDs will create trap states at the CD/g-C3N4 interface, decelerating the electron (e-) transport. However, the CD/g-C3N4(0.5) composite with the highest coverage of CDs still achieved the best bisphenol A (BPA) degradation rate at 3.87 times higher than that of g-C3N4. Hence, the charge separation efficiency should not be one of the main factors responsible for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of CD/g-C3N4. Instead, the light absorption capability was the dominant factor since the photoreactivity correlated well with the ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS) results. Although the CDs did not display upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) properties, the π-conjugated CDs served as a photosensitizer (like organic dyes) to sensitize g-C3N4 and injected electrons to the conduction band (CB) of g-C3N4, resulting in the extended absorption spectrum from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) region. This extended spectral absorption allows for the generation of more electrons for the enhancement of BPA degradation. It was determined that the reactive radical species responsible for the photocatalytic activity were the superoxide anion radical (O2•-) and holes (h+) after performing multiple scavenging tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ching Sim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jing Lin Wong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chen Hong Hak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jun Yan Tai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Kah Hon Leong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Pichiah Saravanan
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
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