Treatment of women with vaginal laxity: systematic review with meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Despite several treatments that have been used for women reporting vaginal laxity (VL), to our knowledge no systematic review is available on the topic so far.

AIM

In this study, we sought to summarize the best available evidence about the efficacy and safety of interventions for treating VL, whether conservative or surgical.

METHODS

A comprehensive search strategy was performed in Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for reports of clinical trials published from database inception to September 2022. Studies selected for inclusion were in the English language and were performed to investigate any type of treatment for VL, with or without a comparator, whether nonrandomized studies or randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Case reports and studies without a clear definition of VL were excluded.

OUTCOMES

The outcomes were interventions (laser, radiofrequency, surgery, and topical treatment), adverse effects, sexual function, pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength, and improvement of VL by the VL questionnaire (VLQ).

RESULTS

From 816 records, 38 studies remained in the final analysis. Laser and radiofrequency (RF) were the energy-based treatment devices most frequently studied. Pooled data from eight observational studies have shown improved sexual function assessed by a Female Sexual Function Index score mean difference (MD) of 6.51 (95% CI, 5.61-7.42; i2 = 85%, P < .01) before and after intervention, whether by RF (MD, 6.00; 95% CI, 4.26-7.73; i2 = 80%; P < .001) or laser (MD, 6.83; 95% CI, 5.01-8.65; i2 = 92%; P < .01). However, this finding was not shown when only 3 RCTs were included, even when separated by type of intervention (RF or laser). When RF treatment was compared to sham controls, VLQ scores did not improve (MD, 1.01; 95% CI, -0.38 to 2.40; i2 = 94%; P < .001). Patient PFM strength improved after interventions were performed (MD, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.02-7.42; i2 = 77%; P < .001). The ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions) tool classified all non-RCTs at serious risk of bias, except for 1 study, and the risk of bias-1 analysis found a low and unclear risk of bias for all RCTs. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) certainty of the evidence was moderate for sexual function and the VLQ questionnaire and low for PFM strength.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Sexual function in women with VL who underwent RF and laser treatment improved in observational studies but not in RCTs. Improvement in PFM strength was observed in women with VL after the intervention.

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

Crucial issues were raised for the understanding of VL, such as lack of standardization of the definition and for the development of future prospective studies. A limitation of the study was that the heterogeneity of the interventions and different follow-up periods did not make it possible to pool all available data.

CONCLUSIONS

Vaginal tightening did not improve sensation in women with VL after intervention, whereas RF and laser improved sexual function in women with VL according to data from observational studies, but not from RCTs. PFM strength was improved after intervention in women with VL.

Sexual Dysfunction and Dyspareunia in the Setting of the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause

Sexual dysfunction is a common consequence of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). In this book chapter, we discuss the pathophysiology, prevalence, evaluation, and evidence-based management of sexual dysfunction in patients affected by GSM. Additionally, we present an algorithm to guide clinicians in the management and treatment of sexual dysfunction in this setting based on available evidence and best practices.

Comparing Impact of Overactive Bladder Therapies on Nocturia

IMPORTANCE

Nocturia is a significant symptom in overactive bladder with little data regarding the impact of overactive bladder treatments on nocturia.

OBJECTIVES

Compare the effect of anticholinergic (AC) medication, onabotulinum toxin A (BTX), and sacral neuromodulation (SNM) on nocturia.

STUDY DESIGN

Secondary analysis of the ABC and ROSETTA trials using data from the National Institutes of Health Data and Specimen Hub database. Patients reporting mean ≥2 voids/night on 3-day diary were included and divided into cohorts by treatment: the ABC trial: (1) AC and (2) BTX 100 units, and the ROSETTA trial: (3) BTX 200 units and (4) SNM. Primary outcome was change in mean voids/night on 3-day diary from baseline to 6 months assessed by mixed-effects models for repeated-measures data with interaction between treatment cohort and time included in model.

RESULTS

A total of 197 patients were included: 43 (22%) AC, 37 (19%) BTX 100 U, 63 (32%) BTX 200 U, and 54 (27%) SNM. There were no significant differences in baseline voids/night, demographics, or urodynamic values except for younger age in AC and BTX 100 U cohorts (P = 0.04). At 6 months, all cohorts demonstrated a mean 41% decrease in mean voids/night (2.7 ± 0.4 at baseline to 1.6 ± 0.5 at 6 months; P < 0.001), with no significant difference in change in mean voids/night between treatment cohorts (decrease of 44% in AC, 46% in 100 U BTX, 32% 200 in U BTX, and 33% in SNM; P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

For women with nocturia ≥2/night, treatment with AC, BTX 100 or 200 units, or SNM led to a significant decrease in voids/night at 6 months.

A Retrospective Cohort Study of At-Home Catheter Removal After Urogynecologic Surgery

IMPORTANCE

In-office postoperative voiding trials (VTs) increase health care burden for patients and physicians. Adoption of an at-home VT option may decrease burden without increasing adverse events postoperatively.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to compare 30-day postoperative outcomes between participants who performed an at-home autofill VT after catheter self-discontinuation during the Assessing Healthcare Utilization and Feasibility of Transurethral Catheter Self-discontinuation (FLOTUS) study and a "historic" control cohort of patients who presented to the office for backfill-assisted VT on postoperative day (POD) 1.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study of women with postoperative urinary retention after urogynecologic surgery between June 2020 and March 2022. Outcomes from the FLOTUS study were compared with a "historic" control cohort of patients that were identified on chart review from the year before FLOTUS initiation. Demographic, medical history, and procedure-related data were collected. Thirty-day outcome data included office calls/messages, office visits, emergency department visits, complications, and catheterization outcomes.

RESULTS

Forty-six participants were included in the FLOTUS cohort and 65 participants in the historic cohort. There was no difference in the POD1 VT pass rate, number of office calls/messages, emergency department visits, or postoperative complications between the 2 cohorts. The FLOTUS patients attended 1 less office visit (1 vs 2 office visits, P<0.001), and this difference persisted on regression analysis (-0.87 office visits; 95% CI, -1.18 to -0.56, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Patients who had backfill-assisted VTs on POD1 attended 1 additional office visit compared with those who removed their catheters at home.

Safely Introducing New Surgical Devices in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery: An Argument for Use of the IDEAL Framework

OBJECTIVE

To review the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) premarket regulatory and postmarket surveillance processes for 2 minimally invasive gynecologic surgery case studies-the laparoscopic power morcellator and the Essure permanent birth control device-and to introduce the IDEAL (Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term) framework for safely introducing and monitoring minimally invasive gynecologic surgery devices.

DATA SOURCES

News media publications, agency websites, legal articles, and scientific papers.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION

Articles and papers were selected that described events leading to FDA approval of these devices and subsequent complications.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS

Based on current FDA premarket regulatory processes, 67% of devices do not currently require premarket review and only 1% are subject to clinical trial requirements. The IDEAL framework delineates 5 phases for safe introduction of medical devices: idea, development, exploration, assessment, and long-term study.

CONCLUSION

The laparoscopic power morcellator and Essure cases illustrate possible shortcomings in our device approval system that could be improved upon using the IDEAL framework, which limits device use until safety and efficacy data have been established and recommends postmarket surveillance.

The effect of 12-month postoperative weight change on outcomes following midurethral sling for stress urinary incontinence: a secondary analysis of the ESTEEM and TOMUS randomized trials

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS

Prior studies demonstrate mixed results on the impact of obesity on the success of midurethral slings (MUS), with little known about how postoperative weight change affects outcomes. We aimed to examine the effect of postoperative weight change on outcomes 12 months after MUS for stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

METHODS

This secondary analysis utilized data from two multicenter randomized trials of women undergoing MUS placement. Subjects were categorized into cohorts based on change in body weight at 12 months postoperatively: weight gain (≥5% increase); weight loss (≥5% decrease), and weight stable (<5% change). The primary outcome was SUI cure (no SUI episodes in a 3-day bladder diary). Patients with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) were analyzed for changes in daily average urge incontinence (UUI) episodes in a 3-day diary. Penalized logistic regression assessed the impact of demographic and perioperative variables on the primary outcome.

RESULTS

Of the 918 women included, 635 (70%) were weight stable, 144 (15%) had weight gain, and 139 (15%) had weight loss. Patients in the weight loss cohort had a higher smoking rate and a higher baseline body mass index (SD 0.29, 2.7 respectively). All cohorts experienced high SUI cure rates ranging from 77 to 81%, with no significant difference in SUI cure between cohorts (p = 0.607). Of 372 subjects with MUI, the weight loss cohort had significantly greater improvement in UUI episodes.

CONCLUSIONS

Weight change at 12 months postoperatively did not significantly alter efficacy of MUS for treatment of SUI. Patients with MUI who lost ≥5% body weight had significantly greater improvement in UUI episodes.

A prospective pilot study to assess for histologic changes on vulvar biopsies in postmenopausal women with lichen sclerosus treated with fractionated CO2 laser therapy

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the histologic characteristics of vulvar tissues before and after completion of fractionated carbon dioxide (CO₂ ) laser therapy (FxCO2) for vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS). The secondary objective was to assess subjective improvement in symptoms via the Skindex-16 questionnaire.

METHODS

This prospective single-arm study was conducted from April 2021 to August 2022 at one academic medical center. Ten postmenopausal women with biopsy-proven LS planning FxCO2 laser treatment were enrolled. Exclusion criteria included prior transvaginal mesh for prolapse, topical corticosteroid use within 8 weeks, prior pelvic radiation, malignancy, active genital infection, or pregnancy. The vulvovaginal SmartXide2-V2-LR laser system fractionated CO₂ laser (DEKA) was utilized to treat visually affected areas of vulvar and perianal LS with a single pass. Subjects underwent three treatments 4-6 weeks apart. Subjects completed the Skindex-16 questionnaire and had vulvar biopsy at baseline and at 4 weeks after completion of fractionated CO₂ laser therapy. Blinded histologic slides were scored by one dermatopathologist (Michael A. Cardis) rating from 1 to 5 the degree of dermal sclerosis, inflammation, and epidermal atrophy. Change scores were calculated as the difference between pre- and post-treatment scores for each subject.

RESULTS

The 10 subjects enrolled had a mean age of 61 and most were white, privately insured, and had a college/graduate-level education. Post-fractionated CO₂ laser treatment vulvar biopsies showed significant improvement in sclerosis and epidermal atrophy compared with pretreatment baseline biopsy specimens (p < 0.05) with no statistically significant change found in inflammation score. Skindex-16 and FSFI scores showed a trend towards improvement (p > 0.05 for both). A statistically significant correlation was found between change in sclerosis and Skindex-16 symptoms scores with an average change of 21.4 units in Skindex-16 symptoms score for every one-point change in histologic sclerosis score (p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

In postmenopausal women with vulvar LS undergoing fractionated CO₂ laser, symptomatic improvements correlated with histologic change in degree of sclerosis on vulvar biopsy. These results demonstrate FxCO2 laser therapy as a promising option for the treatment of LS and suggest that further studies should assess degree of sclerosis on histopathology.

Assessing Health Care Utilization and Feasibility of Transurethral Catheter Self-Discontinuation

OBJECTIVE

To compare the rates of health care utilization (office messages or calls, office visits, and emergency department [ED] visits) and postoperative complications within 30 days after surgery between patients with successful voiding trials on postoperative day 0 and those with unsuccessful voiding trials on postoperative day 0 and between patients with successful and unsuccessful voiding trials on postoperative day 1. Secondary objectives were to identify risk factors for unsuccessful voiding trials on postoperative days 0 and 1 and to explore the feasibility of catheter self-discontinuation by assessing for any complications associated with at-home catheter self-discontinuation on postoperative day 1.

METHODS

This study was a prospective observational cohort study of women undergoing outpatient urogynecologic or minimally invasive gynecologic surgery for benign indications at one academic practice from August 2021 to January 2022. Enrolled patients with unsuccessful immediate postoperative voiding trials on postoperative day 0 performed catheter self-discontinuation by cutting their catheter tubing per instructions at 6 am on postoperative day 1 and recording their voided volumes over the subsequent 6 hours. Patients who voided less than 150 mL underwent a repeat voiding trial in the office. Demographics, medical history, perioperative outcomes, and number of postoperative office calls or visits and ED visits within 30 days were collected.

RESULTS

Of the 140 patients who met inclusion criteria, 50 patients (35.7%) had unsuccessful voiding trials on postoperative day 0, and 48 of these 50 (96%) performed catheter self-discontinuation on postoperative day 1. Two patients did not perform catheter self-discontinuation on postoperative day 1: One had her catheter removed in the ED on postoperative day 0 during an ED visit for pain control, and the other performed catheter self-discontinuation off protocol at home on postoperative day 0. There were no adverse events associated with at-home postoperative day 1 catheter self-discontinuation. Of the 48 patients who performed catheter self-discontinuation on postoperative day 1, 81.3% (95% CI 68.1-89.8%) had successful postoperative day 1 at-home voiding trials, and 94.5% (95% CI 83.1-98.6%) of those with successful voiding trials did not require additional catheterization. Patients with unsuccessful postoperative day 0 voiding trials had more office calls and messages (3 vs 2, P <.001) and those with unsuccessful postoperative day 1 voiding trials attended more office visits (2 vs 1, P <.001) compared with those with successful postoperative day 0 or 1 voiding trials, respectively. There was no difference in ED visits or postoperative complications between patients with successful voiding trials on postoperative day 0 or 1 and those with unsuccessful voiding trials on postoperative day 0 or 1. Patients with unsuccessful postoperative day 0 voiding trials were older and more likely to have undergone vaginal hysterectomy or prolapse repair than those with successful postoperative day 0 voiding trials. Patients with unsuccessful postoperative day 1 voiding trials were older than those with successful postoperative day 1 voiding trials.

CONCLUSION

Catheter self-discontinuation is a feasible alternative to in-office voiding trials on postoperative day 1 after advanced benign gynecologic and urogynecologic surgery, with low rates of subsequent retention and no adverse events seen in our pilot study.

Artificially sweetened beverages and urinary incontinence-a secondary analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine if higher artificially sweetened beverage intake is associated with higher prevalence of urinary incontinence symptoms.

METHODS

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Our analytic cohort included 80,388 women. Participants who answered questions about beverage consumption and urinary incontinence symptoms at a 3-year follow-up visit were included. Demographic characteristics were compared between three groups of beverage consumers: never to less than one serving per week, one to six servings per week, and greater than or equal to one serving per day. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to estimate odds and type of urinary incontinence and adjust for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Most participants (64%) were rare consumers of artificially sweetened beverages, with 13% ( n = 10,494) consuming greater than or equal to 1 serving per day. The unadjusted odds of reporting urinary incontinence were 10% to 12% higher in women consuming one to six servings per week (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14) or greater than or equal to one serving per day (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.18) versus never to less than one serving per week. In multivariable analyses, women consuming greater than or equal to one serving per day (ref: never to <1 serving/wk) had 10% higher odds of reporting mixed urinary incontinence (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.19). There were no significant differences for stress or urgency urinary incontinence symptoms between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

When compared to never to less than one serving per week, women consuming greater than or equal to one serving per day of artificially sweetened beverages had 10% greater odds of reporting mixed urinary incontinence after adjustments. Amount of artificially sweetened beverage consumption was not associated with stress or urgency urinary incontinence symptoms.

Vaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery Revolution: The Next Frontier in Gynecologic Minimally Invasive Surgery

Despite guidelines that assert that the vaginal route for benign hysterectomy is preferred as the most minimally invasive approach, rates of vaginal hysterectomy remain very low in the United States. Vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) might reverse the trend. Potential advantages of vNOTES compared to traditional laparoscopic and robotic approaches include the potential for less pain, decreased operative time, improved cosmesis, and decreased risks. Importantly, vNOTES might allow for the conversion of laparoscopic and robotic routes back to vaginal due to surgeon factors.

Association of Artificially Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Urinary Tract Cancers in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study

Background

Insufficient data exist to conclude whether consumption of artificially sweetened beverages is associated with a higher risk of urinary tract cancers.

Objective

We sought to investigate whether urinary tract cancer incidence differed among women who consumed various amounts of artificially sweetened beverages.

Design setting and participants

This was a secondary analysis of data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, a multicenter longitudinal prospective study of the health of 93 676 postmenopausal women with a mean follow-up time of 13.5 yr. Women were identified at 40 clinical centers across the USA and enrolled from 1993 to 1998. Women between the ages of 50 and 79 yr were enrolled. We included women who answered questions about artificially sweetened beverage consumption and reported no prior urinary tract cancer diagnoses. The frequency of artificially sweetened beverage consumption was categorized as follows: rare artificially sweetened beverage consumption (never to fewer than one serving per week), frequent consumption (one to six servings per week), and daily consumption (more than one servings per day).

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The incidence of urinary tract cancer reported during subsequent visits until February 28, 2020 was recorded. Demographic characteristics were compared between those with varying levels of artificially sweetened beverage consumption. Descriptive statistics were used to report the rates of urinary tract cancer diagnosis, and Cox regression models were constructed to determine hazard ratios and adjust for potential confounders.

Results and limitations

We identified 80 388 participants who met the inclusion criteria. Most participants (64%) were infrequent consumers of artificially sweetened beverages, with 13% (n = 10 494) consuming more than one servings per day. The incidence of urinary tract cancers was low, with only 804 cases identified. Cox regression models showed that frequent artificially sweetened beverage consumption was associated with a higher risk of kidney cancer (adjusted hazard ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.75). There was no significant association between artificially sweetened beverage intake and bladder cancer.

Conclusions

Frequent consumption of artificially sweetened beverages may be associated with a higher risk of kidney cancer among postmenopausal women.

Patient summary

A secondary analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study showed that higher consumption of artificially sweetened beverages was associated with a higher risk of kidney cancer.

#Menopause: the menopause ontology project

OBJECTIVE

To create a hashtag ontology specific to menopause.

METHODS

This study analyzed tweets including the hashtag #menopause between November 2019 and November 2021. Tweets performed by international or national societies as well as expert social media influencers were included in the analysis. To analyze hashtag utilization amongst all Twitter users, hashtags from the "Top" tweets Twitter search function from October 2021 were also analyzed. Co-occurring hashtags were recorded as well as the type of user who performed the tweet during the "Top" tweets analysis. Social media influencers and experts reviewed and edited the hashtag list. The hashtags were then grouped by subject.

RESULTS

We analyzed 382 tweets with #menopause. Of the users included in the "Top" tweets, 40% were patient advocates or advocacy groups; 38% were medical professionals, academics, societies, or journals; and 22% were general users. In total, 123 unique hashtags were identified. After social media influencer and expert review, 32 hashtags were included in the final ontology. The ontology was then grouped into the following categories based on subject matter: general, premature menopause, hormones, sexual function, and genital disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

Social media is an important tool for medical professionals and patients. Our study is the first to develop a hashtag ontology specific to menopause. Adoption of a hashtag ontology with standardized terminology by medical professionals may facilitate easier communication with peers and patients.

Incidental Findings at the Time of Cystoscopy: Clinical Updates in Women's Health Care Primary and Preventive Care Review

ABSTRACT

Cystourethroscopy can be performed by obstetrician-gynecologists for diagnostic and occasional operative indications. Intraoperative use of cystourethroscopy to confirm urinary tract (urethral, bladder, and ureteral) integrity is one of the most important indications, because these findings can greatly affect patient care. This monograph provides an overview of appropriate instrumentation and technique for cystourethroscopy in women with normal anatomy. Also, it depicts benign and malignant lesions of the urethra and bladder and shows examples of intraoperative abnormalities, such as incidental bladder or urethral penetration, and nonpatent ureters, foreign body erosion, or fistula-related complications. Clinical vignettes outline differential diagnoses and management of common cystourethroscopic findings.

#MIGS: Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Tag Ontology Project

STUDY OBJECTIVE

The creation of an ontology may enable providers to more definitively engage the public in evidence-based and meaningful discussions about women's health. The goal of this study is to review and analyze the current social media status of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (MIGS) on Twitter and create a tag ontology.

DESIGN

Tag ontologies are lists of hashtags used to standardize searches within a social media platform. We examined trending terms and influencers on Twitter on the basis of the keyword "MIGS." We then compiled a list of top hashtags on the basis of the number of tweets from January 2018 to August 2020. Terms were identified with manual Twitter queries and Symplur Signals and selected for inclusion in the ontology on the basis of frequency of use and clinical relevance. The ontology was then categorized by pelvic disease and intervention and reviewed/supplemented by key social media influencers for inclusivity.

SETTING

N/A PATIENTS: N/A INTERVENTIONS: N/A MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We identified 4550 tweets and 1836 users while searching #MIGS in August 2020. Twenty-nine terms were included in our ontology, which were then subcategorized into 6 groups (uterine pathology, adnexal pathology, menstruation, pelvic pathology, pelvic pain, and other).

CONCLUSION

Our study has created an ontology specific to the MIGS on the basis of Twitter usage over the last 2 years that may facilitate more effective social media communication.

Defining Cervical Elongation: A Prospective Observational Study

OBJECTIVES

Our primary aim was to define cervical elongation (CE) using the following methods: (1) measurement of pathology specimen, (2) physician perception, (3) intraoperative estimate of anterior cervical length, and (4) office Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) points C and D. Our secondary aim was to determine whether these definitions correlate with perioperative outcomes.

METHODS

Women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy and prolapse repair were enrolled. Office POP-Q measurements were collected. Estimates of cervical length were made based on points C minus D of the POP-Q and by manual exam using the surgeon's index and middle fingers. Cervical dimensions were measured from the pathology specimen at the end of the case. CE was defined as one standard deviation (SD) above the mean for each definition. Additional intraoperative data was collected to determine the surgeon perception of cervical anatomy.

RESULTS

A total of 90 patients were enrolled during the study period. Our definitions for CE were as follows: (1) 5 cm (70 without and 20 with CE), (2) physician perception (67 without and 23 with CE), (3) 3.4 cm (79 without and 11 with CE), and (4) 8.3 cm (77 without and 13 with CE). After controlling for uterine weight and the presence of fibroids, the operative time was the only outcome measure that remained elevated for patients with CE using our first definition (42.4 ± 20.1 without vs. 53.8 ± 19.2 with CE, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

CE using our first definition was associated with a statistically significant increase in operative time in women undergoing hysterectomy at the time of prolapse repair.

Age-associated impairments in tissue strength and immune response in a rat vaginal injury model

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS

Surgical repair of pelvic organ prolapse often includes native tissue repair during which the patient's own vaginal connective tissue is used to achieve pelvic support. This method, based on plication and suspension often yields suboptimal anatomical outcomes, possibly due to inadequate healing of the vaginal connective tissue. We hypothesized that age might have a negative effect on the time course and tissue biomechanics of vaginal wound healing in a rat model.

METHODS

Fifty young (12 weeks) and old (12 months) female 344BN Fischer rats were subjected to a posterior midline vaginal incision. The time course of repair was determined by measuring the size of the wound on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-injury. These findings correlated with the immune response to injury using a marker of impaired wound healing, the inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the vaginal muscularis. Biomechanical properties of the healed vaginal tissue were tested 30 days post-injury.

RESULTS

Wound healing was assessed on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-injury. On day 3 post-injury, the wounds in the young animals had all closed whereas the wounds in the old animals remained open. Furthermore, on day 7, the wound gap was still filled with granulation tissue in the old rats, whereas for the young rats, the wound area was almost indistinguishable from the non-injured area. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor was highly expressed in the vaginal epithelium and in the vaginal muscularis after injury. When compared with young animals, macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels of old rats began to rise more than 2 days later and the increased tissue expression persisted for 7 days longer. The breakpoint force of the healed vagina of old rats was almost 4-fold weaker than in young rats. At 30 days post-injury, the healed vagina in old rats regained less of the original (healthy) force at breakpoint than the young rats.

CONCLUSIONS

In this rat model, age impaired vaginal wound healing, which was reflected in the altered inflammatory response to injury and reduced tissue strength.

Female Sexual Health: Barriers to Optimal Outcomes and a Roadmap for Improved Patient-Clinician Communications

BACKGROUND

Although sexual health can be considered a vital sign for overall health, several barriers prevent women from receiving proper medical counseling, support, and/or care for their sexual health needs and concerns.

METHODS

Experts in sexual health compiled research and experience on the impediments to women receiving adequate assessment and treatment for their sexual health. Specific solutions and a roadmap for overcoming such barriers and improving patient-clinician communication are presented.

RESULTS

Social stigma around female sexuality remains in Western culture and as a result, women often avoid and/or are embarrassed to discuss their sexual health with their health care professionals (HCPs). Moreover, midlife women are typically unaware or have misconceptions about conditions that may adversely impact their sexual life, such as genitourinary syndrome of menopause and hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Without understanding there may be underlying medical conditions, there is also a lack of awareness that safe and effective treatments are available. Lack of training, tools, time, and limited treatment options impede HCPs from providing women with necessary sexual health support. Educating women, training HCPs, and providing communication tools to HCPs can facilitate effective dialog between patients and HCPs. More specifically, HCPs can be trained to initiate and maintain a sexual health conversation in a manner that is comfortable for women to convey sexual health needs and concerns, and for HCPs to correctly identify, diagnose, and treat the sexual problems of their female patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Solutions exist to address the barriers currently impeding patient-clinician interactions around sexual health.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of one or more of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, the uterus (cervix), or the apex of the vagina (vaginal vault or cuff scar after hysterectomy). Prevalence increases with age. The cause of prolapse is multifactorial but is primarily associated with pregnancy and vaginal delivery, which lead to direct pelvic floor muscle and connective tissue injury. Hysterectomy, pelvic surgery, and conditions associated with sustained episodes of increased intra-abdominal pressure, including obesity, chronic cough, constipation, and repeated heavy lifting, also contribute to prolapse. Most patients with pelvic organ prolapse are asymptomatic. Symptoms become more bothersome as the bulge protrudes past the vaginal opening. Initial evaluation includes a history and systematic pelvic examination including assessment for urinary incontinence, bladder outlet obstruction, and fecal incontinence. Treatment options include observation, vaginal pessaries, and surgery. Most women can be successfully fit with a vaginal pessary. Available surgical options are reconstructive pelvic surgery with or without mesh augmentation and obliterative surgery.

Light and energy based therapeutics for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: Consensus and controversies

Gynecologist and plastic surgeons pioneered the application of lasers in medicine and surgery almost 5 decades ago, initially used to treat cervical and vaginal pathologies. Ever since, energy-based devices have been deployed to treat pelvic pathologies and improve fertility. Recent technological developments triggered an unprecedented wave of publications, assessing the efficacy of fractional laser, and radiofrequency on the vaginal wall in reversing natural aging processes. Studies have shown that a certain degree of thermal energy deposited on the vaginal wall stimulates proliferation of the glycogen-enriched epithelium, neovascularization, and collagen formation in the lamina propria, and improves natural lubrication and control of urination. This review aimed to review such data and to guide future research. A unique assembly of experts from around the globe, compiled and edited this manuscript based on a thorough literature review and personal experience. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:137-159, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Informed Consent for Vaginal Delivery: Is It Time to Revisit the Shared Decision-Making Process?

BACKGROUND

Vaginal delivery as we know it today has evolved, with increasing recognition of trauma to the pelvic floor and perineum. Evolutionary adaptation of the human female pelvis to vaginal deliveries brings with it many benefits, but risks still exist. These benefits and risks should be discussed with patients prior to delivery. Currently, no consensus exists on a standard informed consent process prior to normal vaginal delivery.

OBJECTIVES

To synopsize the current literature regarding the ethics of informed consent in the setting of obstetric and gynecological practice, and to make the case for informed consent for vaginal delivery prior to labor.

DISCUSSION

Vaginal birth is still viewed as the default method of delivery. The reason for this is not unrelated to the direct connection between the uterus that holds the fetus before labor, and the vagina, for which the term birth canal was given even before modern obstetrics. Although there are known benefits for advocating vaginal births, there are also attendant risks.

CONCLUSION

It is incumbent on obstetricians and midwives to discuss those risk and benefits with their patient prior to labor. Verbal discussion without documentation may no longer be appropriate due to medical advancements and the litigious health care climate. For this reason, we argue for and advocate that a consent process be included as an educational measure and as part of our ethical obligation to provide care.

Intraoperative Ureteral Kinking During Uterosacral Ligament Suspension: Effect of Training Level on Occurrence

OBJECTIVE

To determine the rate of ureteral kinking during uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS) procedures at a tertiary referral center and to describe the effect of surgical training level on this occurrence. The secondary aim is to determine the mean additional anesthesia time associated with management of this complication.

STUDY DESIGN

This retrospective cohort study included all USLS procedures at our tertiary referral center from June 2011 to December 2013. Cases of USLS with ureteral kinking were compared to uncomplicated cases to determine the impact of surgeon training level on this occurrence.

RESULTS

A total of 161 USLS procedures were performed during the study period; 10 had ureteral kinking (6.2%). Level of surgeon training significantly impacted ureteral kinking, with higher rates of kinking occurring among surgeons in earlier training. The occurrence of ureteral kinking during USLS significantly increased the procedure. time by a mean of 86 minutes when the surgery included vaginal hysterectomy and anterior/ posterior colporrhaphy (266.5±34.6 min vs. 180.1 ±43.0 min, respectively; p=0.0078).

CONCLUSION

Ureteral kinking occurred in 6.2% of USLS procedures at a tertiary referral center and is associated with a learning curve with statistically significant higher kinking rates among less experienced surgeons. Novel teaching methods should be considered to reduce the learning curve for this procedure.

The effect of hydroxyquinoline-based gel on pessary-associated bacterial vaginosis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

Pessaries are important options for women with pelvic floor disorders, but many pessary users experience bacterial vaginosis (BV). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TrimoSan gel (Milex Pessaries, Cooper Surgical, Trumbull, CT) on BV prevalence among pessary users.

STUDY DESIGN

Women presenting for a pessary fitting completed questionnaires on vaginal symptoms and hormone therapy use and underwent a BV BLUE test and slide collection for BV analysis by Nugent's criteria. Following pessary fitting, women were randomized to either standard pessary care with the use of TrimoSan placed vaginally twice weekly or to standard pessary care without TrimoSan gel. Women returned 2 weeks and 3 months later for a repeat slide collection for Gram stain, BV BLUE testing, and completion of questionnaires on vaginal symptoms and desire to continue the pessary.

RESULTS

There were 184 women randomized after successful fitting (92 to the TrimoSan group), and 147 (79%) presented for 3-month follow up. Mean age was 56 ± 16 years; patients were mostly white (57%) or Hispanic (23%), and 36% were using hormone therapy. The groups did not differ in the prevalence of BV by Nugent's criteria at 2 weeks (20% TrimoSan vs 26% no gel, P = .46) or 3 months (24% TrimoSan vs 23% no gel, P = .82), nor did they differ in BV by BV BLUE testing at 2 weeks (0% TrimoSan vs 4% no gel, P = .12) or 3 months (3% TrimoSan vs 0% no gel, P = .15). The prevalence of at least one vaginal symptom did not differ between groups at 2 weeks (44% TrimoSan vs 45% no gel, P = .98) or 3 months (42% TrimoSan vs 32% no gel, P = .30). The TrimoSan group was equally likely to want to continue their pessary use compared with the standard care group at 2 weeks (90% vs 86%, P = .64) and 3 months (63% vs 60%, P = .76).

CONCLUSION

TrimoSan gel in the first 3 months of pessary use does not decrease the prevalence of BV or vaginal symptoms and does not alter the likelihood of a woman desiring to continue pessary use.

Significance of cystoscopic bladder trabeculations in women undergoing midurethral sling

INTRODUCTION

To determine the significance of bladder trabeculations seen on preoperative cystoscopy prior to midurethral sling surgery with respect to lower urinary tract symptoms and sling outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study included women with preoperative cystoscopy who underwent midurethral slings for urinary incontinence from 2006-2009. Cystoscopic findings of bladder trabeculations, as well as pre and postoperative urinary symptoms were recorded. Patients with and without bladder trabeculations were compared with respect to baseline characteristics, lower urinary tract symptoms, and sling outcomes.

RESULTS

Of the 241 women included in the study, 14.9% had trabeculations on preoperative cystoscopy. At baseline, women with trabeculations were more likely to be older (64.8 years versus 57.8 years, p < 0.01), and have lower mean maximum cystometric capacity (341 mL +/- 136 versus 436 mL +/- 148, p < 0.01), compared to those without trabeculations. More women with trabeculations had mixed incontinence (p < 0.01) and less pure stress incontinence (p < 0.01) preoperatively. There was no difference between women with and without trabeculations with respect to pre and postoperative symptoms of urgency, frequency, and nocturia. Women with preoperative trabeculations were more likely to have preoperative treatment with anticholinergics (p = 0.02) and had a three times higher risk of postoperative sling failure (HR 2.95 [CI 1.11-7.85], p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative cystoscopic bladder trabeculations are associated with significantly higher rate of midurethral sling failure. Trabeculations were not associated with pre or postoperative lower urinary tract symptoms.

Improving Patient Outcomes in Gynecology: The Role of Large Data Registries and Big Data Analytics

Value-based care is quality health care delivered effectively and efficiently. Data registries were created to collect accurate information on patients with enough clinical information to allow for adequate risk adjustment of postoperative outcomes. Because most gynecologic procedures are elective and preference-sensitive, offering nonsurgical alternatives is an important quality measure. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), in conjunction with mandates from the Affordable Care Act, passed by Congress in 2010, has developed several initiatives centered on the concept of paying for quality care, and 1 of the first CMS initiatives began with instituting payment penalties for hospital-acquired conditions, such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections, central line-associated bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections. Registries specific to gynecology include the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry established in 1996; the FIBROID registry established in 1999; the Pelvic Floor Disorders Registry established by the American Urogynecologic Society in conjunction with other societies (2014); and the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists Clinical Outcomes Registry. Data from these registries can be used to critically analyze practice patterns, find best practices, and enact meaningful changes in systems and workflow. The ultimate goal of data registries and clinical support tools derived from big data is to access accurate and meaningful data from electronic records without repetitive chart review or the need for direct data entry. The most efficient operating systems will include open-access computer codes that abstract data, in compliance with privacy regulations, in real-time to provide information about our patients, their outcomes, and the quality of care that we deliver.

Knowledge of erectile dysfunction and pelvic floor disorders among young adults: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders (PFD) in aging women is comparable to the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in aging men. The objective of this study was to assess young adults' familiarity with the definition, prevalence, etiology, and treatment of PFD and ED.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Women and men aged 18-40 years completed a validated survey (Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Quiz) to assess knowledge of urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Both groups completed a similar questionnaire created to assess knowledge of ED. Participants were asked to estimate the prevalence of these conditions and to identify their source(s) of knowledge.

RESULTS

Of 377 respondents, 65% were female and 35% were male. Respondents underestimated the prevalence of these disorders and were significantly worse at estimating the prevalence of PFD than ED. Men and women had significantly less knowledge of POP (67% +/- 32, compared to ED (83% +/- 20) and UI (82% +/- 22), p < 0.001). Men and women did not differ in their knowledge about UI and POP, but men had significantly more knowledge about ED than women (87% +/- 18 versus 81% +/- 21, p = 0.008). Higher education level and increased age were associated with better knowledge of PFD and ED.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite high education levels, young adults in our study had a worse understanding of POP compared to UI or ED. Women knew more about ED than about POP, a condition that may affect them during their lifetime.

Practice patterns of general gynecologic surgeons versus gynecologic subspecialists for concomitant apical suspension during vaginal hysterectomy for uterovaginal prolapse

OBJECTIVES

We hypothesized that subspecialists perform more concomitant apical suspensions during transvaginal hysterectomy for uterovaginal prolapse as compared with general gynecologists.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of the MedStar Health EXPLORYS database for women undergoing transvaginal hysterectomy for prolapse. Appropriate International Classification of Diseases-9 codes for uterine prolapse and incomplete and complete uterovaginal prolapse along with Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to determine frequency of transvaginal hysterectomy alone, transvaginal hysterectomy plus nonapical repair, and transvaginal hysterectomy plus concomitant apical suspension.

RESULTS

A total of 946 patients underwent vaginal hysterectomy for prolapse, with 5.5 years follow-up. Thirty-five percent (n = 334) underwent transvaginal hysterectomy alone, 20% (n = 184) underwent transvaginal hysterectomy plus nonapical repair, and 45% (n = 428) underwent transvaginal hysterectomy plus apical suspension. Seventy-two percent of patients operated on by general gynecologists compared with 4% of patients operated on by urogynecologists had a transvaginal hysterectomy alone. Only 10% of patients operated on by general gynecologic surgeons compared with 78% operated on by urogynecologists received a concomitant apical suspension for prolapse (P < 0.0001). Forty-four patients (4.7%) required repeat surgery for recurrent prolapse. Because of the small number of repeat surgeries, preoperative degree of prolapse and type of index procedure did not significantly affect the need for repeat surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of prolapse procedures involving hysterectomies performed by general gynecologists do not include apical suspension, whereas urogynecologic subspecialists consistently perform apical suspension.

Postural stress experienced by vaginal surgeons

Increasing attention has been drawn to the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among surgeons in various medical specialties; however, the risk of work-related MSDs among gynecologic surgeons has not received much attention. This study aimed to investigate the postural load among gynecologic surgeons for various surgical tasks during vaginal surgery. The frequency and percentage of duration of awkward upper body postures experienced by vaginal surgeons during eleven different vaginal surgical tasks observed during thirteen surgeries were collected using a new observational ergonomic job analysis tool, Ergonomic Posture Assessment in Real Time (ErgoPART). Results indicate that the postural loading is high for many surgical tasks but that the frequency and duration of awkward neck, shoulder, and trunk postures is variable across tasks. Surgeons’ postural load was significantly higher for the transvaginal hysterectomy compared to others. This task, in particular, is a candidate for ergonomics interventions designed to reduce postural stress.

Vulvar anatomy and labia minoraplasty

AIM OF VIDEO/INTRODUCTION

Female genital cosmetic surgery is performed for aesthetic reasons as well as for medical and functional indications, such as congenital labia minora hypertrophy. The purpose of this video is to teach vulvar anatomy and review labia minorplasty techniques.

METHODS

We demonstrate one technique in this video.

CONCLUSIONS

There are a variety of different techniques for labia minorplasty. When deciding the most appropriate technique to use, the patient's goals must be considered.

Evaluation and management of complications from synthetic mesh after pelvic reconstructive surgery: a multicenter study

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to describe the evaluation and management of synthetic mesh-related complications after surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and/or pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

STUDY DESIGN

We conducted a multicenter, retrospective analysis of women who attended 4 US tertiary referral centers for evaluation of mesh-related complications after surgery for SUI and/or POP from January 2006 to December 2010. Demographic, clinical, and surgical data were abstracted from the medical record, and complications were classified according to the Expanded Accordion Severity Classification.

RESULTS

Three hundred forty-seven patients sought management of synthetic mesh-related complications over the study period. Index surgeries were performed for the following indications: SUI (sling only), 49.9%; POP (transvaginal mesh [TVM] or sacrocolpopexy only), 25.6%; and SUI + POP (sling + TVM or sacrocolpopexy), 24.2%. Median time to evaluation was 5.8 months (range, 0-65.2). Thirty percent of the patients had dyspareunia; 42.7% of the patients had mesh erosion; and 34.6% of the patients had pelvic pain. Seventy-seven percent of the patients had a grade 3 or 4 (severe) complication. Patients with TVM or sacrocolpopexy were more likely to have mesh erosion and vaginal symptoms compared with sling only. The median number of treatments for mesh complications was 2 (range, 1-9); 60% of the women required ≥2 interventions. Initial treatment intervention was surgical for 49% of subjects. Of those treatments that initially were managed nonsurgically, 59.3% went on to surgical intervention.

CONCLUSION

Most of the women who seek management of synthetic mesh complication after POP or SUI surgery have severe complications that require surgical intervention; a significant proportion require >1 surgical procedure. The pattern of complaints differs by index procedure.

Outcomes following treatment for pelvic floor mesh complications

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS

Our aim was to determine symptoms and degree of improvement in a cohort of women who presented following treatment for vaginal mesh complications.

METHODS

This study was a follow-up to a multicenter, retrospective study of women who presented to four tertiary referral centers for management of vaginal-mesh-related complications. Study participants completed a one-time follow-up survey regarding any additional treatment, current symptoms, and degree of improvement from initial presentation.

RESULTS

Two hundred and sixty women received surveys; we had a response rate of 41.1 % (107/260). Complete data were available for 101 respondents. Survey respondents were more likely to be postmenopausal (p = 0.006), but otherwise did not differ from nonrespondents. Fifty-one percent (52/101) of women underwent surgery as the primary intervention for their mesh complication; 8 % (4/52) underwent a second surgery; 34 % (17/52) required a second nonsurgical intervention. Three patients required three or more surgeries. Of the 30 % (30/101) of respondents who reported pelvic pain prior to intervention, 63 % (19/30) reported improvement, 30 % (9/30) were worse, and 7 % (2/30) reported no change. Of the 33 % (33/101) who reported voiding dysfunction prior to intervention, 61 % (20/33) reported being at least somewhat bothered by these symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

About 50 % of women with mesh complications in this study underwent surgical management as treatment, and <10 % required a second surgery. Most patients with pain preintervention reported significant improvement after treatment; however, almost a third reported worsening pain or no change after surgical management. Less than half of patients with voiding dysfunction improved after intervention.

Female genital cosmetic surgery: a review of techniques and outcomes

The aesthetic and functional procedures that comprise female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) include traditional vaginal prolapse procedures as well as cosmetic vulvar and labial procedures. The line between cosmetic and medically indicated surgical procedures is blurred, and today many operations are performed for both purposes. The contributions of gynecologists and reconstructive pelvic surgeons are crucial in this debate. Aesthetic vaginal surgeons may unintentionally blur legitimate female pelvic floor disorders with other aesthetic conditions. In the absence of quality outcome data, the value of FGCS in improving sexual function remains uncertain. Women seeking FGCS need to be educated about the range and variation of labia widths and genital appearance, and should be evaluated for true pelvic support disorders such as pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Women seeking FGCS should also be screened for psychological conditions and should act autonomously without coercion from partners or surgeons with proprietary conflicts of interest.

Interest in cosmetic vulvar surgery and perception of vulvar appearance

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to determine whether reproductive-age women are more likely to perceive their vulva as abnormal compared with older-aged women.

STUDY DESIGN

Women aged 18-44 years (group 1) and 45-72 years (group 2) completed a survey on demographics, grooming patterns, vulvar perceptions, and source of information about the vulva.

RESULTS

There was no difference between group 1 and group 2 in how often women looked at their vulva or their perception of having a normal vulva (91% vs 93%, P = .76). Both groups were satisfied with the appearance of their vulva (81% vs 82%, P = .71). A higher percentage in group 2 would consider cosmetic surgery if cost were not an issue versus group 1 (15% vs 8%, P = .05).

CONCLUSION

A woman's age does not have an impact on her perception of a normal vulva. The majority of women perceived their vulva to be normal and were satisfied with its appearance. However, older women are more interested in cosmetic vulvar surgery.

One-year objective and functional outcomes of a randomized clinical trial of vaginal mesh for prolapse

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to show 12-month outcomes of a randomized trial that compared vaginal prolapse repair with and without mesh.

STUDY DESIGN

Women with stage ≥2 prolapse were assigned randomly to vaginal repair with or without mesh. The primary outcome was prolapse stage ≤1 at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included quality of life and complications.

RESULTS

All 65 evaluable participants were followed for 12 months after trial stoppage for mesh exposures. Thirty-two women had mesh repair; 33 women had traditional repair. At 12 months, both groups had improvement of pelvic organ prolapse-quantification test points to similar recurrence rates. The quality of life improved and did not differ between groups: 96.2% mesh vs 90.9% no-mesh subjects reported a cure of bulge symptoms; 15.6% had mesh exposures, and reoperation rates were higher with mesh.

CONCLUSION

Objective and subjective improvement is seen after vaginal prolapse repair with or without mesh. However, mesh resulted in a higher reoperation rate and did not improve 1-year cure.

Outcome assessment with blinded versus unblinded POP-Q exams

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether blinded and unblinded Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) examinations differ in a randomized trial.

STUDY DESIGN

Blinded POP-Q examinations performed at 3 months and 1 year were compared with unblinded examinations performed by the surgeon in a randomized trial of vaginal mesh for pelvic organ prolapse.

RESULTS

Sixty-five patients were included in the study. Correlations between the blinded and unblinded POP-Q points and stages varied from low to moderate (rho = 0.29-0.78). At 3 months, the blinded overall prolapse recurrence rate was 45.3% compared with 39.1% based on unblinded staging (P = .34). At 1 year, the blinded overall recurrence rate was significantly higher than the unblinded recurrence rate: 68.3% vs 53.3% (P = .004). The 1-year blinded anterior wall recurrence rate was also higher than the recurrence based on unblinded staging: 56.7% vs 43.3% (P = .021).

CONCLUSION

Use of unblinded POP-Q staging resulted in underestimation of 1-year overall recurrence after prolapse repair.

Current cystoscopy practice of recent graduates of obstetrics and gynecology residency: a survey study

OBJECTIVE

To provide data regarding the training, credentialing and use of cystoscopy among recent obstetrics and gynecology (Ob/Gyn) residents.

STUDY DESIGN

A total of 98 surveys were sent to recent graduates of Ob/Gyn residency programs in the District of Columbia (DC). Questions concerning cystoscopy in residency training, current cystoscopy privileges and utilization of this technique were asked.

RESULTS

Of the 98 surveys sent, 34 (35%) were completed. Of the survey respondents 88% reported rotating through a urogynecology or female urology service during residency, and the majority of residents spent at least 2 months on service. A total of 68% of survey respondents reported currently having cystoscopy privileges. Only 12% of those surveyed reported performing routine cystoscopy after hysterectomy. When asked why, most participants reported performing cystoscopy only if urinary tract injury is suspected.

CONCLUSION

The majority of recent graduates of Ob/Gyn residency training programs surveyed in DC are exposed to and receive privileges for cystoscopy. However, few choose to use it after routine hysterectomy. Given the fact that 75% of urinary tract injuries occur during gynecologic surgery and that these injuries are more likely to occur at the hands of newly minted surgeons, a change in this practice may be warranted.

Vaginal mesh colpopexy for the treatment of concomitant full thickness rectal and pelvic organ prolapse: a case series

OBJECTIVE

To present our case series of concomitant rectal and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) treated with vaginal colpopexy with synthetic mesh.

STUDY DESIGN

Charts of patients with full thickness rectal prolapse and POP were reviewed for presenting symptoms, physical examination with POP-Q including rectal prolapse evaluation, and perioperative complications and outcomes.

RESULTS

Four patients aged 63-78 were identified with full thickness rectal prolapse and POP. All of them had symptoms related to both conditions. Rectal prolapse protrusion ranged from 2 cm to 3 cm outside the anus. All patients had vaginal mesh colpopexy; two of them with anterior and posterior vaginal mesh and 2 with posterior mesh only. At a follow-up of 6-44 months, all patients had resolution of both POP and rectal prolapse signs and symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Vaginal colpopexy with mesh may be a unique treatment to address both POP and full thickness rectal prolapse in selected patients. Further research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of this method.