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Wong CKH, Mak LY, Au ICH, Cheng WY, So CH, Lau KTK, Lau EHY, Cowling BJ, Leung GM, Yuen MF. Risk of acute liver injury following the nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use. Liver Int 2023; 43:2657-2667. [PMID: 37448114 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevations in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were reported as adverse events of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir users in the EPIC-HR trial. AIM To quantify the risk and severity of acute liver injury (ALI) associated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use. METHODS This self-controlled case-series study was conducted using electronic medical records of patients with confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection between 26th February 2022 and 12th February 2023 in Hong Kong. RESULTS Among 2 409 848 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the study period, 153 853 were prescribed with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, of whom 834 (.5%) had incident ALI (moderate: 30.5%; moderate to severe: 18.9%; severe or fatal: 5.8%). Compared with the non-exposure period, risk of ALI increased significantly during the pre-exposure period (IRR = 38.13, 95% CI = 29.29-49.62) and remained elevated during the five-day nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment (IRR = 20.75, 95% CI = 17.06-25.25) and during wash-out period (IRR = 16.27, 95% CI = 13.23-20.01). Compared to the pre-exposure period, risk of ALI was not increased during the five-day nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment period (IRR = .54, 95% CI = .43-.70). Compared to 5469 non-nirmatrelvir/ritonavir users with incident ALI, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir users had less severe ALI by the severity index (p < .001) and peak INR (1.7 vs. 2.3; p < .001). ALI cases with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use had lower risk of all-cause death (29.1% vs. 39.1%; OR = .64; p < .001) and no increase in risk of liver decompensation (1.0% vs. 1.3%; OR = .62; p = .230) compared to non-users. CONCLUSION The risk of ALI associated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment for COVID-19 was elevated in the pre-exposure period, but not following nirmatrelvir/ritonavir initiation. ALI following nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment were mostly mild and less severe than ALI events in non-nirmatrelvir/ritonavir users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos King Ho Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lung Yi Mak
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivan Chi Ho Au
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing Yiu Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ching Hei So
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kristy Tsz Kwan Lau
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Eric Ho Yin Lau
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Lo TK, So CH, Mok SL. Transvesical injection to treat Cesarean scar pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020; 56:630-631. [PMID: 31909522 DOI: 10.1002/uog.21966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T K Lo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - C H So
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - S L Mok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
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Kwan WY, So CH, Chan WP, Leung WC, Chow KM. Re-emergence of late presentations of fetal haemoglobin Bart's disease in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2011; 17:434-440. [PMID: 22147311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare early and late presentations of fetal haemoglobin Bart's disease in the Kowloon West Cluster in Hong Kong, and to find reasons for the re-emergence of late presentations. DESIGN Case series with internal comparisons. SETTING Two tertiary obstetric units in Hong Kong. PATIENTS All cases with confirmed diagnosis of fetal haemoglobin Bart's disease from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009. PRIMARY OUTCOME antenatal care in the current pregnancy. SECONDARY OUTCOMES clinical presentations, ultrasound features, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS A total of 59 cases (46 early presentations and 13 late presentations) of fetal haemoglobin Bart's disease were identified during the study period. All the late presentations were identified from year 2003 onwards. Late presentations were significantly associated with non-eligible obstetric patients (69% vs 11%; P<0.001), non-booked status at our antenatal service (62% vs 0%; P<0.001), and unavailability of partner's mean corpuscular volume status (23% vs 0%; P=0.009). Mothers presenting late were more likely to have symptoms or signs (85% vs 0%; P<0.001) and to suffer from gestational hypertensive disorder (54% vs 0%; P<0.001). Ultrasound features of these pregnancies included cardiomegaly (94%), placentomegaly (98%), and hydrops fetalis (77%). All pregnancies presenting early were either legally terminated or miscarried. The perinatal mortality in late presentations was 85%. CONCLUSION The re-emergence of late presentations of fetal haemoglobin Bart's disease after 2003 was related to influx of non-eligible obstetric patients without proper antenatal screening and diagnosis of thalassaemia. Maternal low mean corpuscular volume and characteristic prenatal ultrasound features such as cardiomegaly, placentomegaly, and hydrops fetalis are useful for detecting affected pregnancies in this group of patients. Better education of both patients and doctors is necessary to explain the importance of early diagnosis of the disease and the seriousness of complications due to late presentations, so as to reduce undesirable maternal and perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Kwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Laichikok, Hong Kong.
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Ng J, Rashid AJ, So CH, O'Dowd BF, George SR. Activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha in the striatum by the heteromeric D1-D2 dopamine receptor complex. Neuroscience 2010; 165:535-41. [PMID: 19837142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity in the striatum is a key mechanism that underlies processes such as reward related incentive learning and behavioral habit formation resulting from drugs of abuse. Key aspects of these functions are dependent on dopamine transmission as well as activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaMKIIalpha). In this study, we examined the ability of a recently identified heteromeric complex composed of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors coupled to Gq/11 to activate striatal CaMKIIalpha. Using the dopaminergic agonist SKF83959, which selectively activates the D1-D2 complex, we demonstrated phosphorylation of CaMKIIalpha at threonine 286, both in heterologous cells and in the murine striatum in vivo. Phosphorylation of CaMKIIalpha by activation of the receptor complex required concurrent agonism of both D1 and D2 receptors and was independent of receptor pathways that modulated adenylyl cyclase. The identification of this novel mechanism by which dopamine may modulate synaptic plasticity has implications for our understanding of striatal-mediated reward and motor function, as well as neuronal disorders in which striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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So CH, Kang HG, Kim SH. Application of progesterone measurement for age and body weight at puberty, and postpartum anestrus in Korean native cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:1287-91. [PMID: 11789605 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were conducted in Korean native cattle to determine the age and body weight at puberty, and to determine the postpartum anestrus intervals based on plasma progesterone profiles, rectal palpation, ultrasonography and estrus observation. Korean native cattle reached puberty at 344 days of age and at 188 kg body weight as determined by plasma progesterone profiles, but estrous behavior was not detected until 3 months later, at a body weight of 215 kg. Prolonged postpartum anestrus occurred in 40% of smallholders cows, where animals were tethered and fed hay and rice straw, whereas its incidence was only 6.8% in a well managed herd that was grazed and housed. Plasma progesterone profiles were used to monitor ovarian activity postpartum in standard fed cows (n=44) and restricted fed cows (n=20). In standard fed cows 81.8% showed luteal activity by 50 days postpartum, compared to 55% in restricted fed cows. Approximately 40% of cows in both groups had shown observable estrous behavior by this time. This study indicates that one or more ovulations had occurred before pubertal heifers and postpartum cows showed overt estrous behavior. It was concluded that improved management and feeding practices should result in improved reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H So
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Ankle sprain is a common sports injury and is often regarded as trivial by athletes and coaches. This epidemiological study was conducted among three categories of Hong Kong Chinese athletes: national teams, competitive athletes and recreational athletes. This study shows that as much as 73% of all athletes had recurrent ankle sprain and 59% of these athletes had significant disability and residual symptoms which led to impairment of their athletic performance. This study indicates that a proper approach towards injury prevention and a comprehensive rehabilitation programme are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Yeung
- Sports Medicine Department, Hong Kong Sports Institute, New Territories
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So CH, Siu TO, Chan KM, Chin MK, Li CT. Isokinetic profile of dorsiflexors and plantar flexors of the ankle--a comparative study of élite versus untrained subjects. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28:25-30. [PMID: 8044488 PMCID: PMC1332153 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.28.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study was made of the isokinetic characteristics of the ankle (plantar-flexion and dorsiflexion) in young men. Six cyclists, seven gymnasts, 10 soccer players and 25 non-athletic young men were tested on the Cybex II+ dynamometer. Peak torque, torque acceleration energy (TAE), total work and average power were measured. Cyclists had slightly higher (5%) mean plantar flexion than the others, but this was not significant. The situation was reversed for dorsiflexion. Moreover, the average dorsiflexion per unit of plantar flexion was significantly higher in the gymnasts than it was in the cyclists for both torque and work. This suggests that at a specific level of plantar flexion, the gymnasts had stronger dorsiflexion compared with the cyclists and that in sports involving jumping and running, increased attention should be given to strengthening the antagonist muscle groups (dorsiflexors) in order to achieve greater agonist-to-antagonist muscle balance thus preventing injury. The non-athletic subjects had substantially lower endurance capability in both flexors as measured by the endurance ratio. This implies that identifiable specialization in particular muscles results from training or participating in specialized sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H So
- Sports Science Department, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Shatin, New Territories
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Abstract
Most physiological profiles of élite soccer players originate from Western Europe and North America. Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of descriptive data on the physical characteristics of Asian soccer players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological profiles of élite soccer players in Hong Kong. It was conducted in conjunction with the selection of the Hong Kong team before the 1990 Beijing Asian Games. In all, 24 professional soccer players were selected from a pool of 180 players as subjects for the study. The following means(s.d.) were observed: height 173.4(4.6) cm; weight 67.7(5.0) kg; body fat 7.3(3.0)%; forced vital capacity (FVC) 5.1(0.6) l; maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) 59.1(4.9) ml kg-1 min-1; anaerobic threshold (AT 80.0(7.2)% of VO2max; alactic power index 13.5(2.4) W kg-1; lactic work index 298(27) J kg-1; peak isokinetic dominant knee extensor and flexor strengths 2.72(0.36) Nm kg-1 and 1.65(0.20) Nm kg-1. On average the physique of Hong Kong soccer players appeared to be smaller and lighter than those found in Europe, which may be one of the key factors that contribute to the lack of success of Hong Kong soccer teams in international competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chin
- Sports Science Department, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Shatin, NT
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