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Aliu C, Ajayi OO, Olawuyi TS, Gbadamosi OK, Barbosa F, Adedire CO, Adeyemi JA. Tissue Accumulation, Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Immunotoxicity in African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Hexavalent Chromium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2294-2307. [PMID: 37608130 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is one of the stable oxidation states of chromium that has been reported to elicit various toxic effects in aquatic organisms. However, the mechanisms of Cr6+ toxicity are still poorly understood. Thus, the present study investigated the tissue accumulation, cytotoxic, oxidative stress, and immunotoxic effects of Cr6+ in juvenile Clarias gariepinus. The fish were exposed to waterborne Cr6+ concentrations (0, 0.42, 0.84, and 1.68 mg/L) for 28 days, after which they were sacrificed and various organs were harvested for the determination of Cr6+ levels. Other parameters that were indicators of oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and immunotoxicity were measured. Cr6+ accumulated more in the kidney and liver of the exposed fish, especially at the highest concentration. The levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation increased significantly in the exposed fish. The activities of superoxide dismutase and lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly in exposed fish compared to the control. The total white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils counts were significantly higher in the exposed fish compared to the control fish. The respiratory burst activity decreased significantly in the exposed fish while the myeloperoxidase content did not differ significantly. There were upregulations of TNF-α and HSP 70 while CYP II and MHC 2 were downregulated in the exposed fish. Also, exposure to Cr6+ resulted in various histopathological alterations in the architecture of the head kidney. The results indicate concentration-dependent toxic effects of Cr6+ in C. gariepinus. The study reveals the potentials of Cr6+ to accumulate in the different tissues of fish and caused cytotoxic, oxidative stress, and immunotoxic effects in the exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aliu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Ogooluwa O Ajayi
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Toluwase S Olawuyi
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluyemi K Gbadamosi
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Cafe´ s/no, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris O Adedire
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Cafe´ s/no, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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