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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Prior
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, United Kingdom.
| | - Clive Metcalfe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Hufton
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Meenu Wadhwa
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Christian K Schneider
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, United Kingdom.,Twincore Centre, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chris Burns
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, United Kingdom
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O’Connor DJ, Buckland J, Almond N, Boyle J, Coxon C, Gaki E, Martin J, Mattiuzzo G, Metcalfe C, Page M, Rose N, Valdazo-Gonzalez B, Zhao Y, Schneider CK. Commonly setting biological standards in rare diseases. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1652598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Buckland
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Neil Almond
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Jennifer Boyle
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Carmen Coxon
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Eleni Gaki
- Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), London, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Clive Metcalfe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Mark Page
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Nicola Rose
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Begona Valdazo-Gonzalez
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Yuan Zhao
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Christian K. Schneider
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
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Zhao Y, Stepto H, Schneider CK. Development of the First World Health Organization Lentiviral Vector Standard: Toward the Production Control and Standardization of Lentivirus-Based Gene Therapy Products. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2018; 28:205-214. [PMID: 28747142 PMCID: PMC5628571 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2017.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a rapidly evolving field. So far, there have been >2,400 gene therapy products in clinical trials and four products on the market. A prerequisite for producing gene therapy products is ensuring their quality and safety. This requires appropriately controlled and standardized production and testing procedures that result in consistent safety and efficacy. Assuring the quality and safety of lentivirus-based gene therapy products in particular presents a great challenge because they are cell-based multigene products that include viral and therapeutic proteins as well as modified cells. In addition to the continuous refinement of a product, changes in production sites and manufacturing processes have become more and more common, posing challenges to developers regarding reproducibility and comparability of results. This paper discusses the concept of developing a first World Health Organization International Standard, suitable for the standardization of assays and enabling comparison of cross-trial and cross-manufacturing results for this important vector platform. The standard will be expected to optimize the development of gene therapy medicinal products, which is especially important, given the usually orphan nature of the diseases to be treated, naturally hampering reproducibility and comparability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- 1 Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) , Medicines and Health Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Stepto
- 1 Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) , Medicines and Health Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Christian K Schneider
- 1 Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) , Medicines and Health Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), South Mimms, United Kingdom .,2 Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Biosimilars are currently a hot topic and there are many unsolved questions, misunderstandings and sometimes considerable uncertainty, especially among clinicians and patients. Regulatory agencies, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issue guidelines for the development and approval of biosimilars, which are based on scientific principles. OBJECTIVE This article addresses some of the frequently noted misunderstandings and misperceptions. For example, why biosimilars are (or can only be) "similar" but not "identical" compared to the original pharmaceutical product, and aspects, such as the pharmaceutical quality of biosimilars, immunogenicity and the approval process for biosimilars are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Schneider
- Abteilung Arzneimittelzulassung und -Zugänglichkeit, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Axel Heides Gade 1, 2300, Kopenhagen, Dänemark. .,Biosimilar Medicinal Products Working Party (BMWP), Europäische Arzneimittelagentur, London, UK. .,TwincoreZentrum für Experimentelle und Klinische Infektionsforschung, Hannover, Deutschland.
| | - M Weise
- Biosimilar Medicinal Products Working Party (BMWP), Europäische Arzneimittelagentur, London, UK.,Fachgebiets Diabetes mellitus/Kardiovaskuläres System, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Deutschland
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Luciani F, Galluzzo S, Gaggioli A, Kruse NA, Venneugues P, Schneider CK, Pini C, Melchiorri D. Implementing quality by design for biotech products: Are regulators on track? MAbs 2016; 7:451-5. [PMID: 25853461 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1023058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality by design (QbD) is an innovative approach to drug development that has started to be implemented into the regulatory framework, but currently mainly for chemical drugs. The recent marketing authorization of the first monoclonal antibody developed using extensive QbD concepts in the European Union paves the way for future further regulatory approvals of complex products employing this cutting-edge technological concept. In this paper, we report and comment on insights and lessons learnt from the non-public discussions in the European Medicines Agency's Biologicals Working Party and Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use on the key issues during evaluation related to the implementation of an extensive QbD approach for biotechnology-derived medicinal products. Sharing these insights could prove useful for future developments in QbD for biotech products in general and monoclonal antibodies in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luciani
- a National Center for Immunobiologicals Control and Evaluation (CRIVIB); Istituto Superiore di Sanità ; Rome , Italy
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van Aerts LAGJM, De Smet K, Reichmann G, van der Laan JW, Schneider CK. Biosimilars entering the clinic without animal studies. A paradigm shift in the European Union. MAbs 2015; 6:1155-62. [PMID: 25517301 PMCID: PMC4622966 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of biosimilars has spread from Europe to other regions throughout the world, and many regions have drafted regulatory guidelines for their development. Recently, a paradigm shift in regulatory thinking on the non-clinical development of biosimilars has emerged in Europe: In vivo testing should follow a step-wise approach rather than being performed by default. To not require animal testing at all in some instances can well be seen as a revolutionary, but science-based, step. Here, we describe the internal discussions that led to this paradigm shift. The mainstay for the establishment of biosimilarity is the pharmaceutical comparability based on extensive physicochemical and biological characterization. Pharmacodynamic comparability can be evaluated in in vitro assays, whereas pharmacokinetic comparability is best evaluated in clinical studies. It is considered highly unlikely that new safety issues would arise when comparability has been demonstrated based on physicochemical and in vitro comparative studies.
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Salmikangas P, Menezes-Ferreira M, Reischl I, Tsiftsoglou A, Kyselovic J, Borg JJ, Ruiz S, Flory E, Trouvin JH, Celis P, Ancans J, Timon M, Pante G, Sladowski D, Lipnik-Stangelj M, Schneider CK. Manufacturing, characterization and control of cell-based medicinal products: challenging paradigms toward commercial use. Regen Med 2015; 10:65-78. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, a large number of cell-based medicinal products have been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases and tissue defects. However, licensed products and those approaching marketing authorization are still few. One major area of challenge is the manufacturing and quality development of these complex products, for which significant manipulation of cells might be required. While the paradigms of quality, safety and efficacy must apply also to these innovative products, their demonstration may be demanding. Demonstration of comparability between production processes and batches may be difficult for cell-based medicinal products. Thus, the development should be built around a well-controlled manufacturing process and a qualified product to guarantee reproducible data from nonclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jan Kyselovic
- • Comenius University, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovakia
| | | | - Sol Ruiz
- • Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Division of Biologicals & Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Egbert Flory
- • Medical Biotechnology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | - Janis Ancans
- • University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marcos Timon
- • Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Division of Biologicals & Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dariusz Sladowski
- • Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Transplantology & Central Tissue Bank, Warsaw, Poland
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Narayanan G, Cossu G, Galli MC, Flory E, Ovelgonne H, Salmikangas P, Schneider CK, Trouvin JH. Clinical development of gene therapy needs a tailored approach: a regulatory perspective from the European Union. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 25:1-6. [PMID: 24649836 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a rapidly evolving field that needs an integrated approach, as acknowledged in the concept article on the revision of the guideline on gene transfer medicinal products. The first gene therapy application for marketing authorization was approved in the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) region in 2012, the product being Alipogene tiparvovec. The regulatory process for this product has been commented on extensively, highlighting the challenges posed by such a novel technology. Here, as current or previous members of the Committee for Advanced Therapies, we share our perspectives and views on gene therapy as a treatment modality based on current common understanding and regulatory experience of gene therapy products in the European Union to date. It is our view that a tailored approach is needed for a given gene therapy product in order to achieve successful marketing authorization.
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Abou-El-Enein M, Bauer G, Reinke P, Renner M, Schneider CK. A roadmap toward clinical translation of genetically-modified stem cells for treatment of HIV. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:632-42. [PMID: 25262540 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, successful gene therapies for immunodeficiencies were finally brought to the clinic. This was accomplished through new gene therapy vectors and improved procedures for genetic modification of autologous hematopoietic stem cells. For HIV, autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy with 'anti-HIV genes' promises a functional cure for the disease. However, to develop such a therapy and translate it into a clinical application is rather challenging. The risks and benefits of such a therapy have to be understood, and regulatory hurdles need to be overcome. In this joint paper by academic researchers and regulators, we are, therefore, outlining a high level roadmap for the early stage development of HSC gene therapy as a potential functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-El-Enein
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- University of California Davis, Institute For Regenerative Cures (IRC) Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Renner
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christian K Schneider
- Formerly Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, UK; Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Axel Heides Gade 1, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 730625 Hannover, Germany
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Shankar G, Arkin S, Cocea L, Devanarayan V, Kirshner S, Kromminga A, Quarmby V, Richards S, Schneider CK, Subramanyam M, Swanson S, Verthelyi D, Yim S. Assessment and reporting of the clinical immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins and peptides-harmonized terminology and tactical recommendations. AAPS J 2014; 16:658-73. [PMID: 24764037 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity is a significant concern for biologic drugs as it can affect both safety and efficacy. To date, the descriptions of product immunogenicity have varied not only due to different degrees of understanding of product immunogenicity at the time of licensing but also due to an evolving lexicon that has generated some confusion in the field. In recent years, there has been growing consensus regarding the data needed to assess product immunogenicity. Harmonization of the strategy for the elucidation of product immunogenicity by drug developers, as well as the use of defined common terminology, can benefit medical practitioners, health regulatory agencies, and ultimately the patients. Clearly, understanding the incidence, kinetics and magnitude of anti-drug antibody (ADA), its neutralizing ability, cross-reactivity with endogenous molecules or other marketed biologic drugs, and related clinical impact may enhance clinical management of patients treated with biologic drugs. To that end, the authors present terms and definitions for describing and analyzing clinical immunogenicity data and suggest approaches to data presentation, emphasizing associations of ADA development with pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety that are necessary to assess the clinical relevance of immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shankar
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC (Johnson & Johnson), 1400 McKean Road, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA,
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Narayanan G, Salmikangas P, Schneider CK, Galli MC, Trouvin JH, Flory E, Cossu G, Ovelgonne H. Clinical development of Gene therapy needs a tailored approach: A regulatory perspective from the EU. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Schneider
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
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Borg JJ, Serracino-Inglott A, Azzopardi LM, Schneider CK. Comment On: “EU’s New Pharmacovigilance Legislation: Considerations for Biosimilars”. Drug Saf 2013; 37:123-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-013-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vestergaard HT, Apote LD, Schneider CK, Herberts C. The evolution of nonclinical regulatory science: advanced therapy medicinal products as a paradigm. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1644-8. [PMID: 24137820 PMCID: PMC3953991 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Tang Vestergaard
- Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT), European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Christian K Schneider
- Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT), European Medicines Agency, London, UK
- European Medicines Agency, London, UK
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carla Herberts
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cell-based Medicinal Products Working Party (CPWP) of the Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT), European Medicines Agency, London, UK
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Aiuti A, Cossu G, de Felipe P, Galli MC, Narayanan G, Renner M, Stahlbom A, Schneider CK, Voltz-Girolt C. The Committee for Advanced Therapies' of the European Medicines Agency Reflection Paper on Management of Clinical Risks Deriving from Insertional Mutagenesis. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2013; 24:47-54. [DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Aiuti
- Gene Therapy Working Party of the Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
- San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
- University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Pablo de Felipe
- Gene Therapy Working Party of the Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Galli
- Gene Therapy Working Party of the Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gopalan Narayanan
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 151 Buckingham Palace Road, Victoria, London, SW1W 9SZ United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Renner
- Gene Therapy Working Party of the Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Axel Stahlbom
- Gene Therapy Working Party of the Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
- Läkemedelsverket (Medical Products Agency), Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian K. Schneider
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
- Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Axel Heides Gade 1, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 730625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline Voltz-Girolt
- Gene Therapy Working Party of the Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, 7, Westferry Circus E14 4HB, London, United Kingdom
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Ehmann F, Papaluca Amati M, Salmonson T, Posch M, Vamvakas S, Hemmings R, Eichler HG, Schneider CK. Gatekeepers and Enablers: How Drug Regulators Respond to a Challenging and Changing Environment by Moving Toward a Proactive Attitude. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 93:425-32. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Schneider CK, Vleminckx C, Gravanis I, Ehmann F, Trouvin JH, Weise M, Thirstrup S. Setting the stage for biosimilar monoclonal antibodies. Nat Biotechnol 2012; 30:1179-85. [PMID: 23222783 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maciulaitis R, D'Apote L, Buchanan A, Pioppo L, Schneider CK. Clinical development of advanced therapy medicinal products in Europe: evidence that regulators must be proactive. Mol Ther 2012; 20:479-82. [PMID: 22378030 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Bache C, Spreitzer I, Becker B, Loeschner B, Rosskopf U, Hanschmann KM, Schwanig M, Schneider CK, Lieb B, Montag T. Bordetella Pertussis Toxin does not induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human whole blood. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:327-35. [PMID: 22527330 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis Toxin (PTx) is one of the most important virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough. Therefore, the inactivated toxin is an obligatory constituent of acellular pertussis vaccines. It is described in the literature that both native PTx and recombinant Pertussis Toxin (PTg) activate human monocytes whereas others report an inhibition of mammalian monocytes during pertussis infection. B. pertussis, as a Gram-negative bacterium, harbours naturally lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also known as endotoxin), one of the strongest stimulators of monocytes. The latter is triggered via the interaction of endotoxin with inter alia the surface receptor CD14. Consequently, it is necessary to consider a potential contamination of Pertussis Toxin preparations with LPS. First, we determined the LPS content in different preparations of PTx and PTg. All preparations examined were contaminated with LPS; therefore, possible PTx- and PTg-driven monocyte activation independently of LPS was investigated. To meet these aims, we examined monocyte response to PTx and PTg while blocking the LPS receptor CD14 with a specific monoclonal antibody (anti-CD14 mAb). In addition, all toxin preparations examined underwent an LPS depletion. Our results show that it is contaminating LPS, not Pertussis Toxin, which activates human monocytes. Blocking the CD14 receptor prevents Pertussis Toxin-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes. The depletion of LPS from Pertussis Toxin leads to the same effect. Additionally, the PTx toxicity after LPS depletion procedure was confirmed by animal tests. In contrast, the original Pertussis Toxin preparations not treated as mentioned above generate strong monocyte activation. The results in this publication allow the conclusion that purified Pertussis Toxin preparations do not induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bache
- Division EU Co-operation/Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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Weise M, Bielsky MC, De Smet K, Ehmann F, Ekman N, Narayanan G, Heim HK, Heinonen E, Ho K, Thorpe R, Vleminckx C, Wadhwa M, Schneider CK. Biosimilars-why terminology matters. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:690-3. [PMID: 21822237 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Störmer M, Arroyo A, Brachert J, Carrero H, Devine D, Epstein JS, Gabriel C, Gelber C, Goodrich R, Hanschmann KM, Heath DG, Jacobs MR, Keil S, de Korte D, Lambrecht B, Lee CK, Marcelis J, Marschner S, McDonald C, McGuane S, McKee M, Müller TH, Muthivhi T, Pettersson A, Radziwon P, Ramirez-Arcos S, Reesink HW, Rojo J, Rood I, Schmidt M, Schneider CK, Seifried E, Sicker U, Wendel S, Wood EM, Yomtovian RA, Montag T. Establishment of the first international repository for transfusion-relevant bacteria reference strains: ISBT working party transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases (WP-TTID), subgroup on bacteria. Vox Sang 2011; 102:22-31. [PMID: 21732948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (PCs) still remains a significant problem in transfusion with potential important clinical consequences, including death. The International Society of Blood Transfusion Working Party on Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Subgroup on Bacteria, organised an international study on Transfusion-Relevant Bacteria References to be used as a tool for development, validation and comparison of both bacterial screening and pathogen reduction methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four Bacteria References (Staphylococcus epidermidis PEI-B-06, Streptococcus pyogenes PEI-B-20, Klebsiella pneumoniae PEI-B-08 and Escherichia coli PEI-B-19) were selected regarding their ability to proliferate to high counts in PCs and distributed anonymised to 14 laboratories in 10 countries for identification, enumeration and bacterial proliferation in PCs after low spiking (0·3 and 0·03 CFU/ml), to simulate contamination occurring during blood donation. RESULTS Bacteria References were correctly identified in 98% of all 52 identifications. S. pyogenes and E. coli grew in PCs in 11 out of 12 laboratories, and K. pneumoniae and S. epidermidis replicated in all participating laboratories. The results of bacterial counts were very consistent between laboratories: the 95% confidence intervals were for S. epidermidis: 1·19-1·32 × 10(7) CFU/ml, S. pyogenes: 0·58-0·69 × 10(7) CFU/ml, K. pneumoniae: 18·71-20·26 × 10(7) CFU/ml and E. coli: 1·78-2·10 × 10(7) CFU/ml. CONCLUSION The study was undertaken as a proof of principle with the aim to demonstrate (i) the quality, stability and suitability of the bacterial strains for low-titre spiking of blood components, (ii) the property of donor-independent proliferation in PCs, and (iii) their suitability for worldwide shipping of deep frozen, blinded pathogenic bacteria. These aims were successfully fulfilled. The WHO Expert Committee Biological Standardisation has approved the adoption of these four bacteria strains as the first Repository for Transfusion-Relevant Bacteria Reference Strains and, additionally, endorsed as a project the addition of six further bacteria strain preparations suitable for control of platelet contamination as the next step of enlargement of the repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Störmer
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany.
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Seitz R, Schneider CK, Hengel H. [Advanced therapy medicinal products : Scientific, medical, economic, and ethical aspects]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2011; 54:789-90. [PMID: 21698529 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-011-1311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Montag-Lessing T, Störmer M, Schurig U, Brachert J, Bubenzer M, Sicker U, Beshir R, Spreitzer I, Löschner B, Bache C, Becker B, Schneider CK. [Problems in microbial safety of advanced therapy medicinal products. Squaring the circle]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2010; 53:45-51. [PMID: 20012926 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-009-0993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Today, sterility of parenteral drugs is practically guaranteed. Well-defined procedures in the pharmaceutical industry enable effective protection against contamination by bacteria and fungi. In contrast, problems regarding microbial safety of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), especially of cell therapeutics, are at best only partially solved. The latter should be understood as a challenge for manufacturers, regulators, and physicians. Many of the manufacturing principles mentioned above are not applicable in production of cell therapeutics. Sterility of source materials cannot be guaranteed and the hitherto known procedures for sterilization are, as a rule, not feasible. Thus, the sterility of the final product cannot be guaranteed. Considering the extremely short shelf life of many cell therapeutics, sometimes only a few hours, the results from established methods for sterility testing are often available too late. Furthermore, the sterility of a test sample does not indicate sterility of the whole product. In most cases, conventional methods for pyrogen testing are not applicable for ATMPs. This paper demonstrates relevant limitations regarding microbial safety and pyrogenicity. Possibilities to overcome these problems are discussed and some novel solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Montag-Lessing
- Fachgebiet Mikrobielle Sicherheit, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225, Langen.
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Schneider CK, Salmikangas P, Jilma B, Flamion B, Todorova LR, Paphitou A, Haunerova I, Maimets T, Trouvin JH, Flory E, Tsiftsoglou A, Sarkadi B, Gudmundsson K, O'Donovan M, Migliaccio G, Ancāns J, Maciulaitis R, Robert JL, Samuel A, Ovelgönne JH, Hystad M, Fal AM, Lima BS, Moraru AS, Turcáni P, Zorec R, Ruiz S, Akerblom L, Narayanan G, Kent A, Bignami F, Dickson JG, Niederwieser D, Figuerola-Santos MA, Reischl IG, Beuneu C, Georgiev R, Vassiliou M, Pychova A, Clausen M, Methuen T, Lucas S, Schüssler-Lenz M, Kokkas V, Buzás Z, MacAleenan N, Galli MC, Linē A, Gulbinovic J, Berchem G, Fraczek M, Menezes-Ferreira M, Vilceanu N, Hrubisko M, Marinko P, Timón M, Cheng W, Crosbie GA, Meade N, di Paola ML, VandenDriessche T, Ljungman P, D'Apote L, Oliver-Diaz O, Büttel I, Celis P. Challenges with advanced therapy medicinal products and how to meet them. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:195-201. [PMID: 20190786 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), which include gene therapy medicinal products, somatic cell therapy medicinal products and tissue-engineered products, are at the cutting edge of innovation and offer a major hope for various diseases for which there are limited or no therapeutic options. They have therefore been subject to considerable interest and debate. Following the European regulation on ATMPs, a consolidated regulatory framework for these innovative medicines has recently been established. Central to this framework is the Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT) at the European Medicines Agency (EMA), comprising a multidisciplinary scientific expert committee, representing all EU member states and European Free Trade Association countries, as well as patient and medical associations. In this article, the CAT discusses some of the typical issues raised by developers of ATMPs, and highlights the opportunities for such companies and research groups to approach the EMA and the CAT as a regulatory advisor during development.
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Abstract
The development of new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a still evolving field in finding new therapeutics. Structurally, mAbs have evolved over the past years by change from fully murine molecules to chimaeric antibodies or even humanized or fully human molecules. Although being "monoclonal" in terms of specificity, mAbs can be heterogeneous with respect to molecular features like microheterogeneity and glycosylation due to their complex manufacturing processes. Small changes in these processes can have considerable consequences on the product and also clinical safety and/or efficacy. Thus, quality, non-clinical and clinical data should not be seen as separate fields, but can impact on each other. For clinical trials of mAbs, non-clinical data from relevant species are required to evaluate the potential toxicity. Demonstration of relevance can be a challenging task, and should not be restricted to comparison of amino acid sequence of the target. Non-clinical development should also be seen as a tool for proactive risk identification. For first-in-human clinical trials, recent incidences have had considerable impact on regulatory handling, and have meanwhile led to a European guideline on risk identification and mitigation. For pivotal clinical trials, the requirements for mAbs are in principle the same as for other, non-biotechnological products. However, based on their long half-life and particular mechanism of action, enhanced safety measures can become necessary for mAbs to adequately detect and characterize also unexpected adverse reactions.
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Schneider CK. Introduction to CHMP structures and procedures. Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesinstitut Impfstoffe Biomed Arzneim Langen Hess 2009; 96:172-177. [PMID: 20799458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Montag T, Nicol SB, Schurig U, Heiden M, Huber H, Sanzenbacher R, Flory E, Schwanig M, Schneider CK. Microbial safety of cell based medicinal products--what can we learn from cellular blood components? Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:963-5. [PMID: 18624618 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Today, sterility of established parenteral drugs including biologicals, such as plasma derived products, is practically guaranteed. Bacterially contaminated products are extremely rare exceptions owing to the efficiency of the manufacturing processes in the pharmaceutical industry. In contrast, the manufacturing processes of cell based medicinal products or tissue preparations show much less defined conditions. The sterility of source materials cannot be guaranteed in many cases. As a rule, these source materials cannot be sterilised, as it holds true for the final products. Furthermore, the established methods for sterility testing are not applicable for cell preparations. Sterility of a restricted sample does not guarantee sterility of the whole preparation. Thus, small amounts of residual bacteria in the product can be overlooked and can grow up to enormous numbers during storage and shipping of cell based medicinal products. Considering these problems, there are some parallels in the warranty of microbial safety of cellular blood components. Therefore, the experiences collected in transfusion medicine in the past decade can be successfully used in the production of cell based medicinal products. Comparable to the situation regarding cellular blood components, there is a need for new principles in rapid bacteria detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Montag
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines, Langen, Germany.
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Waibler Z, Sender LY, Kamp C, Müller-Berghaus J, Liedert B, Schneider CK, Löwer J, Kalinke U. Toward experimental assessment of receptor occupancy: TGN1412 revisited. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:890-2. [PMID: 18805577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In March 2006, 6 healthy volunteers experienced serious adverse reactions during a first-in-human clinical trial of the superagonistic anti-CD28 mAb TGN1412. A first investigation excluded contaminations of the drug product or protocol irregularities as the root cause. Later, an expert scientific group convened in the United Kingdom to develop recommendations pertinent to minimizing risks of first-in-human clinical trials. The expert scientific group concluded from in silico calculations that at the initial dose of 0.1 mg/kg, which was adjusted on the basis of the no observed adverse effect level, approximately 86.2% to 90.9% CD28 receptor occupancy was obtained. Here we developed a flow cytometric method that revealed receptor occupancy of approximately 45% to 80% under the above conditions. Thus we present a method to experimentally determine receptor occupancy that can be taken as one parameter to define the minimal anticipated biological effect level as the basis for calculating safer starting doses for first-in-human clinical trials for products in which a potential risk has been identified. Additional measures are being discussed that will help to significantly improve safety of first-in-human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Waibler
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Karo O, Wahl A, Nicol SB, Brachert J, Lambrecht B, Spengler HP, Nauwelaers F, Schmidt M, Schneider CK, Müller TH, Montag T. Bacteria detection by flow cytometry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:947-53. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Montag T, Spreitzer I, Löschner B, Unkelbach U, Flory E, Sanzenbacher R, Schwanig M, Schneider CK. Safety testing of cell-based medicinal products: opportunities for the monocyte activation test for pyrogens. ALTEX 2007; 24:81-9. [PMID: 17728974 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2007.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) pointed out the need to involve authorities throughout the process of validation and legal acceptance of alternatives to animal experiments. The Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines, is the national competent authority in Germany which is responsible for the quality and safety of biologicals including blood and cell-based products. This paper is intended to contribute to the discussion concerning the use of alternative methods in safety testing of medicinal products and considers the scientific work of the PEI in this field. From a regulator's perspective, adequate demonstration of safety and quality of medicinal products are of major interest. Additionally, the availability of the products to the patient has to be taken into consideration. It has to be carefully explored whether the respective in vitro method for demonstration of non-clinical safety as part of the non-clinical development programme is able to guarantee safety level comparable to the corresponding experiment in animals. The topics cited above shall be discussed in this paper using the example of the Alternative Pyrogen Test or also called Monocyte Activation Test. The Alternative Pyrogen Test could serve as paradigm to exemplify how an alternative test can provide at least a comparable level of safety estimation in comparison with a conventional animal test. Furthermore, this alternative test creates additional information which cannot be obtained from the animal experiment, and might also open further scientific insight into the mechanisms of pyrogenicity and acute pro-inflammatory reactions in patients. This test method allows the definition of pyrogen limits for medicinal products. Due to its use of relevant cell systems this in vitro test might contribute significantly to safety assessments of advanced medicinal products during the pre-clinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Montag
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines, Langen, Germany.
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Liedert B, Bassus S, Schneider CK, Kalinke U, Löwer J. Safety of Phase I clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies in Germany – the regulatory requirements viewed in the aftermath of the TGN1412 disaster. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 45:1-9. [PMID: 17256444 DOI: 10.5414/cpp45001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes scientific, ethical and regulatory aspects of Phase I clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies. The current standard requirements for pre-clinical testing and for clinical study design are presented. The scientific considerations discussed herein are generally applicable, the view on legal requirements for clinical trials refer to the German jurisdiction only. The adverse effects associated with the TGN1412 Phase I trial indicate that the predictive value of pre-clinical animal models requires reevaluation and that, in certain cases, some issues of clinical trial protocols such as dose fixing may need refinement or redesign. Concrete safety measures, which have been proposed as a consequence of the TGN1412 event include introduction of criteria for high-risk antibodies, sequential inclusion of trial participants and implementation of pre-Phase I studies where dose calculation is based on the pre-clinical No Effect Level instead of the No Observed Adverse Effect Level. The recently established European clinical trials database (EUDRACT Database) is a further safety tool to expedite the sharing of relevant information between scientific authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liedert
- Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines, Langen, Germany.
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Seitz S, Schneider CK, Malotka J, Nong X, Engel AG, Wekerle H, Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K. Reconstitution of paired T cell receptor alpha- and beta-chains from microdissected single cells of human inflammatory tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12057-62. [PMID: 16882720 PMCID: PMC1567696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604247103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a strategy to "revive" putatively pathogenic T cells from frozen specimens of human inflammatory target organs. To distinguish pathogenic from irrelevant bystander T cells, we focused on cells that were (i) clonally expanded and (ii) in direct morphological contact with a target cell. Using CDR3 spectratyping, we identified clonally expanded T cell receptor (TCR) beta-chains in muscle sections of patients with inflammatory muscle diseases. By immunohistochemistry, we identified those Vbeta-positive T cells that fulfilled the morphological criteria of myocytotoxicity and isolated them by laser microdissection. Next, we identified coexpressed pairs of TCR alpha- and beta-chains by a multiplex PCR protocol, which allows the concomitant amplification of both chains from single cells. This concomitant amplification had not been achieved previously in histological sections, mainly because of the paucity of available anti-alpha-chain antibodies and the great heterogeneity of the alpha-chain genes. From muscle tissue of a patient with polymyositis, we isolated 64 T cells that expressed an expanded Vbeta1 chain. In 23 of these cells, we identified the corresponding alpha-chain. Twenty of these 23 alpha-chains were identical, suggesting antigen-driven selection. After functional reconstitution of the alphabeta-pairs, their antigen-recognition properties could be studied. Our results open avenues for combined analysis of the full TCR alpha- and beta-chain repertoire in human inflammatory tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Seitz
- Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Christian K. Schneider
- Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Joachim Malotka
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Xiao Nong
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Andrew G. Engel
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; and
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; and
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Dornmair K, Schneider CK, Malotka J, Dechant G, Wiendl H, Hohlfeld R. Antigen recognition properties of a Vgamma1.3Vdelta2-T-cell receptor from a rare variant of polymyositis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 152:168-75. [PMID: 15223249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously we partially characterized an autoreactive human Vgamma1.3Vdelta2-T-cell receptor (TCR) that had originally been identified in muscle of a patient with an unusual form of polymyositis. This TCR recognizes a muscle-associated auto-antigen in a CDR3-dependent, MHC non-restricted way. Here we show that this TCR also recognizes an antigen from Escherichia coli. Like the muscle-associated mammalian antigen, the bacterial antigen is recognized in a CDR3-dependent, but MHC-non-restricted way. Both antigens have strikingly similar molecular characteristics suggesting that their epitopes are at least very similar. The dissociation kinetics of the bacterial antigen-TCR complexes was investigated by surface plasmon resonance using soluble single-chain TCR molecules produced in COS-7 cells. The measured dissociation rate constant (k(off)=5.7 x 10(-3) s(-1)) shows that the complexes dissociate more slowly than most previously described antigen/alphabeta-TCR complexes, but much faster than antibody/antigen pairs. These results (a) provide further insight into the molecular properties of this unusual TCR, and (b) should help in future attempts to identify the elusive target antigen(s).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Humans
- Polymyositis/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Dornmair
- Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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