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Suchý T, Kaczmarek I, Maricic T, Zieschang C, Schöneberg T, Thor D, Liebscher I. Evaluating the feasibility of Cas9 overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells for generation of genetic knock-out adipocyte cell lines. Adipocyte 2021; 10:631-645. [PMID: 34915813 PMCID: PMC8735834 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1990480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lines recapitulating physiological processes can represent alternatives to animal or human studies. The 3T3-L1 cell line is used to mimic adipocyte function and differentiation. Since transfection of 3T3-L1 cells is difficult, we used a modified 3T3-L1 cell line overexpressing Cas9 for a straightforward generation of gene knock-outs. As an example, we intended to generate 3T3-L1 cell lines deficient for adhesion G protein-coupled receptors Gpr64/Adgr2 and Gpr126/Adgr6 using the CRISPR/Cas approach. Surprisingly, all the generated knock-out as well as scramble control cell lines were unresponsive to isoprenaline in respect to adiponectin secretion and lipolysis in contrast to the wild type 3T3-L1 cells. We, therefore, analysed the properties of these stable Cas9-overexpressing 3T3-L1 cells. We demonstrate that this commercially available cell line exhibits dysfunction in cAMP signalling pathways as well as reduced insulin sensitivity independent of gRNA transfection. We tried transient transfection of plasmids harbouring Cas9 as well as direct introduction of the Cas9 protein as alternate approaches to the stable expression of this enzyme. We find that transfection of the Cas9 protein is not only feasible but also does not impair adipogenesis and, therefore, represents a preferable alternative to achieve genetic knock-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Suchý
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Kaczmarek
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomislav Maricic
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Zieschang
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Suchý T, Zieschang C, Popkova Y, Kaczmarek I, Weiner J, Liebing AD, Çakir MV, Landgraf K, Gericke M, Pospisilik JA, Körner A, Heiker JT, Dannenberger D, Schiller J, Schöneberg T, Liebscher I, Thor D. The repertoire of Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in adipocytes and their functional relevance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:2124-2136. [PMID: 32203115 PMCID: PMC7508673 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are well-characterized regulators of a plethora of physiological functions among them the modulation of adipogenesis and adipocyte function. The class of Adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) and their role in adipose tissue, however, is poorly studied. With respect to the demand for novel targets in obesity treatment, we present a comprehensive study on the expression and function of this enigmatic GPCR class during adipogenesis and in mature adipocytes. METHODS The expression of all aGPCR representatives was determined by reanalyzing RNA-Seq data and by performing qPCR in different mouse and human adipose tissues under low- and high-fat conditions. The impact of aGPCR expression on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation was studied by siRNA-mediated knockdown of all expressed members of this receptor class. The biological characteristics and function of mature adipocytes lacking selected aGPCR were analyzed by mass spectrometry and biochemical methods (lipolysis, glucose uptake, adiponectin secretion). RESULTS More than ten aGPCR are significantly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and several aGPCR are differentially regulated under high-caloric conditions in human and mouse. Receptor knockdown of six receptors resulted in an impaired adipogenesis indicating their expression is essential for proper adipogenesis. The altered lipid composition was studied in more detail for two representatives, ADGRG2/GPR64 and ADGRG6/GPR126. While GPR126 is mainly involved in adipocyte differentiation, GPR64 has an additional role in mature adipocytes by regulating metabolic processes. CONCLUSIONS Adhesion GPCR are significantly involved in qualitative and quantitative adipocyte lipid accumulation and can control lipolysis. Factors driving adipocyte formation and function are governed by signaling pathways induced by aGPCR yielding these receptors potential targets for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Suchý
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Zieschang
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yulia Popkova
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Weiner
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aenne-Dorothea Liebing
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mehmet Volkan Çakir
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell biology, Medical Faculty, Halle University, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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