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Smits B, Goldacker S, Seneviratne S, Malphettes M, Longhurst H, Mohamed OE, Witt-Rautenberg C, Leeman L, Schwaneck E, Raymond I, Meghit K, Uhlmann A, Winterhalter C, van Montfrans J, Klima M, Workman S, Fieschi C, Lorenzo L, Boyle S, Onyango-Odera S, Price S, Schmalzing M, Aurillac V, Prasse A, Hartmann I, Meerburg JJ, Kemner-van de Corput M, Tiddens H, Grimbacher B, Kelleher P, Patel SY, Korganow AS, Viallard JF, Tony HP, Bethune C, Schulze-Koops H, Witte T, Huissoon A, Baxendale H, Grigoriadou S, Oksenhendler E, Burns SO, Warnatz K. The efficacy and safety of systemic corticosteroids as first line treatment for granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:528-537. [PMID: 36587851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (gl-ILD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Corticosteroids are recommended as first-line treatment for gl-ILD, but evidence for their efficacy is lacking. OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the effect of high-dose corticosteroids (≥0.3 mg/kg prednisone equivalent) on gl-ILD, measured by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans, and pulmonary function test (PFT) results. METHODS Patients who had received high-dose corticosteroids but no other immunosuppressive therapy at the time (n = 56) and who underwent repeated HRCT scanning or PFT (n = 39) during the retrospective and/or prospective phase of the Study of Interstitial Lung Disease in Primary Antibody Deficiency (STILPAD) were included in the analysis. Patients without any immunosuppressive treatment were selected as controls (n = 23). HRCT scans were blinded, randomized, and scored using the Hartman score. Differences between the baseline and follow-up HRCT scans and PFT were analyzed. RESULTS Treatment with high-dose corticosteroids significantly improved HRCT scores and forced vital capacity. Carbon monoxide diffusion capacity significantly improved in both groups. Of 18 patients, for whom extended follow-up data was available, 13 achieved a long-term, maintenance therapy independent remission. All patients with relapse were retreated with corticosteroids, but only one-fifth of them responded. Two opportunistic infections were found in the corticosteroid treatment group, while overall infection rate was similar between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Induction therapy with high-dose corticosteroids improved HRCT scans and PFT results of patients with gl-ILD and achieved long-term remission in 42% of patients. It was not associated with major side effects. Low-dose maintenance therapy provided no benefit and efficacy was poor in relapsing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Smits
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sigune Goldacker
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hilary Longhurst
- Department of Immunology and Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar E Mohamed
- West Midlands Primary Immunodeficiency Centre, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Witt-Rautenberg
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucy Leeman
- Peninsula Immunology and Allergy Service, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Schwaneck
- Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Raymond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kilifa Meghit
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Annette Uhlmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Winterhalter
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joris van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Klima
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarita Workman
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Fieschi
- Département d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Lorena Lorenzo
- Department of Immunology and Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Boyle
- Clinical Immunology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shamin Onyango-Odera
- West Midlands Primary Immunodeficiency Centre, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Price
- Peninsula Immunology and Allergy Service, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Schmalzing
- Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Aurillac
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Antje Prasse
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ieneke Hartmann
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer J Meerburg
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariette Kemner-van de Corput
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harm Tiddens
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Resolving Infection Susceptibility, Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Smita Y Patel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Francois Viallard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hans-Peter Tony
- Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claire Bethune
- Peninsula Immunology and Allergy Service, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Torsten Witte
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aarnoud Huissoon
- West Midlands Primary Immunodeficiency Centre, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Clinical Immunology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Grigoriadou
- Department of Immunology and Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Département d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Department of Clinical Immunology and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Makkar S, Béguin M, Dissertori G, Flock J, Fuentes C, Gajewski J, Hrbacek J, McNamara K, Ritzer C, Rucinski A, Weber D, Lomax A, Winterhalter C. PO-1602 Image reconstruction using the PETITION PET scanner aimed at biologically guided proton therapy. Radiother Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(22)03566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Winterhalter C, Togno M, Nesteruk KP, Emert F, Psoroulas S, Vidal M, Meer D, Weber DC, Lomax A, Safai S. Faraday cup for commissioning and quality assurance for proton pencil beam scanning beams at conventional and ultra-high dose rates. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 33906166 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abfbf2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, proton therapy treatments delivered with ultra-high dose rates have been of high scientific interest, and the Faraday cup (FC) is a promising dosimetry tool for such experiments. Different institutes use different FC designs, and either a high voltage guard ring, or the combination of an electric and a magnetic field is employed to minimize the effect of secondary electrons. The authors first investigate these different approaches for beam energies of 70, 150, 230 and 250 MeV, magnetic fields between 0 and 24 mT and voltages between -1000 and 1000 V. When applying a magnetic field, the measured signal is independent of the guard ring voltage, indicating that this setting minimizes the effect of secondary electrons on the reading of the FC. Without magnetic field, applying the negative voltage however decreases the signal by an energy dependent factor up to 1.3% for the lowest energy tested and 0.4% for the highest energy, showing an energy dependent response. Next, the study demonstrates the application of the FC up to ultra-high dose rates. FC measurements with cyclotron currents up to 800 nA (dose rates of up to approximately 1000 Gy s-1) show that the FC is indeed dose rate independent. Then, the FC is applied to commission the primary gantry monitor for high dose rates. Finally, short-term reproducibility of the monitor calibration is quantified within single days, showing a standard deviation of 0.1% (one sigma). In conclusion, the FC is a promising, dose rate independent tool for dosimetry up to ultra-high dose rates. Caution is however necessary when using a FC without magnetic field, as a guard ring with high voltage alone can introduce an energy dependent signal offset.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Winterhalter
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland.,Physics Department, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Togno
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland
| | - K P Nesteruk
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland
| | - F Emert
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland
| | - S Psoroulas
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland
| | - M Vidal
- Institut Mediterraneen de Protontherapie, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - D Meer
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland
| | - D C Weber
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland.,Radiation Oncology Department of the University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland.,Radiation Oncology Department of the University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Lomax
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland.,Physics Department, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Safai
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland
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Würfel FM, Wirtz RM, Winterhalter C, De laco P, Rosati M, Veltrup E, Martoni AA, Würfel W, Zamagni C. HLA-J as a new predictive marker in breast cancer for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - RM Wirtz
- Stratifyer Molecular Pathology GmbH
| | | | - P De laco
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital
| | - M Rosati
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital
| | | | - AA Martoni
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital
| | | | - C Zamagni
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital
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5
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Würfel FM, Wirtz R, Winterhalter C, De laco P, Rosati M, Veltrup E, Martoni AA, Würfel W, Zamagni C. Dynamic changes of HLA-J expression during neoadjuvant treatment in ovarian cancer. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P De laco
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital
| | - M Rosati
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital
| | | | - AA Martoni
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital
| | | | - C Zamagni
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital
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6
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Grevillot L, Boersma DJ, Fuchs H, Aitkenhead A, Elia A, Bolsa M, Winterhalter C, Vidal M, Jan S, Pietrzyk U, Maigne L, Sarrut D. Technical Note: GATE‐RTion: a GATE/Geant4 release for clinical applications in scanned ion beam therapy. Med Phys 2020; 47:3675-3681. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Grevillot
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center Marie Curie‐Straße 5A‐2700Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - D. J. Boersma
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center Marie Curie‐Straße 5A‐2700Wiener Neustadt Austria
- ACMIT Gmbh Viktor‐Kaplan‐Straße 2/1A‐2700Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - H Fuchs
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center Marie Curie‐Straße 5A‐2700Wiener Neustadt Austria
- Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Radiation Therapy Medical University of Vienna/AKH Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - A. Aitkenhead
- Division of Cancer Sciences University of ManchesterManchester Cancer Research CentreThe Christie NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK
| | - A. Elia
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center Marie Curie‐Straße 5A‐2700Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - M. Bolsa
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center Marie Curie‐Straße 5A‐2700Wiener Neustadt Austria
| | - C. Winterhalter
- Division of Cancer Sciences University of ManchesterThe Christie NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK
| | - M. Vidal
- Centre Antoine LACASSAGNE Université Côte d’Azur – Fédération Claude Lalanne Nice France
| | - S. Jan
- UMR BioMaps CEACNRSInsermUniversité Paris‐Saclay 4 place du Général Leclerc91401Orsay France
| | | | - L. Maigne
- Université Clermont AuvergneCNRS/IN2P3Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, UMR6533 4 avenue Blaise Pascal TSA 60026 CS60026 63178Aubière cedex France
| | - D. Sarrut
- Université de LyonCREATISCNRS UMR5220Inserm U1044INSA‐LyonUniversité Lyon 1 Lyon France
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Winterhalter C, Meier G, Oxley D, Weber D, Lomax A, Safai S. PO-0931 Application of a thin, energy-layer specific multi-leaf collimator for proton pencil beam scanning. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Winterhalter C, Fura E, Tian Y, Aitkenhead A, Bolsi A, Dieterle M, Fredh A, Meier G, Oxley D, Siewert D, Weber DC, Lomax A, Safai S. Validating a Monte Carlo approach to absolute dose quality assurance for proton pencil beam scanning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:175001. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aad3ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fredh A, Winterhalter C, Fura E, Bolsi A, Safai S, Weber D, Lomax A. EP-1815: Comparison of independent Monte Carlo calculations with measurements of spot scanned proton fields. Radiother Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(18)32124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Winterhalter C, Lomax A, Oxley D, Weber DC, Safai S. A study of lateral fall-off (penumbra) optimisation for pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:025022. [PMID: 29324441 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaa2ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The lateral fall-off is crucial for sparing organs at risk in proton therapy. It is therefore of high importance to minimize the penumbra for pencil beam scanning (PBS). Three optimisation approaches are investigated: edge-collimated uniformly weighted spots (collimation), pencil beam optimisation of uncollimated pencil beams (edge-enhancement) and the optimisation of edge collimated pencil beams (collimated edge-enhancement). To deliver energies below 70 MeV, these strategies are evaluated in combination with the following pre-absorber methods: field specific fixed thickness pre-absorption (fixed), range specific, fixed thickness pre-absorption (automatic) and range specific, variable thickness pre-absorption (variable). All techniques are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulated square fields in a water tank. For a typical air gap of 10 cm, without pre-absorber collimation reduces the penumbra only for water equivalent ranges between 4-11 cm by up to 2.2 mm. The sharpest lateral fall-off is achieved through collimated edge-enhancement, which lowers the penumbra down to 2.8 mm. When using a pre-absorber, the sharpest fall-offs are obtained when combining collimated edge-enhancement with a variable pre-absorber. For edge-enhancement and large air gaps, it is crucial to minimize the amount of material in the beam. For small air gaps however, the superior phase space of higher energetic beams can be employed when more material is used. In conclusion, collimated edge-enhancement combined with the variable pre-absorber is the recommended setting to minimize the lateral penumbra for PBS. Without collimator, it would be favourable to use a variable pre-absorber for large air gaps and an automatic pre-absorber for small air gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Winterhalter
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Speckmann C, Doerken S, Aiuti A, Albert MH, Al-Herz W, Allende LM, Scarselli A, Avcin T, Perez-Becker R, Cancrini C, Cant A, Di Cesare S, Finocchi A, Fischer A, Gaspar HB, Ghosh S, Gennery A, Gilmour K, González-Granado LI, Martinez-Gallo M, Hambleton S, Hauck F, Hoenig M, Moshous D, Neven B, Niehues T, Notarangelo L, Picard C, Rieber N, Schulz A, Schwarz K, Seidel MG, Soler-Palacin P, Stepensky P, Strahm B, Vraetz T, Warnatz K, Winterhalter C, Worth A, Fuchs S, Uhlmann A, Ehl S. A prospective study on the natural history of patients with profound combined immunodeficiency: An interim analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1302-1310.e4. [PMID: 27658761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Absent T-cell immunity resulting in life-threatening infections provides a clear rationale for hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs) and "atypical" SCID show reduced, not absent T-cell immunity. If associated with infections or autoimmunity, they represent profound combined immunodeficiency (P-CID), for which outcome data are insufficient for unambiguous early transplant decisions. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare natural histories of severity-matched patients with/without subsequent transplantation and to determine whether immunologic and/or clinical parameters may be predictive for outcome. METHODS In this prospective and retrospective observational study, we recruited nontransplanted patients with P-CID aged 1 to 16 years to compare natural histories of severity-matched patients with/without subsequent transplantation and to determine whether immunologic and/or clinical parameters may be predictive for outcome. RESULTS A total of 51 patients were recruited (median age, 9.6 years). Thirteen of 51 had a genetic diagnosis of "atypical" SCID and 14 of 51 of CID. About half of the patients had less than 10% naive T cells, reduced/absent T-cell proliferation, and at least 1 significant clinical event/year, demonstrating their profound immunodeficiency. Nineteen patients (37%) underwent transplantation within 1 year of enrolment, and 5 of 51 patients died. Analysis of the HSCT decisions revealed the anticipated heterogeneity, favoring an ongoing prospective matched-pair analysis of patients with similar disease severity with or without transplantation. Importantly, so far neither the genetic diagnosis nor basic measurements of T-cell immunity were good predictors of disease evolution. CONCLUSIONS The P-CID study for the first time characterizes a group of patients with nontypical SCID T-cell deficiencies from a therapeutic perspective. Because genetic and basic T-cell parameters provide limited guidance, prospective data from this study will be a helpful resource for guiding the difficult HSCT decisions in patients with P-CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Speckmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sam Doerken
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Center for Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Michael H Albert
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Luis M Allende
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessia Scarselli
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Tadej Avcin
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ruy Perez-Becker
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Helios Hospital Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew Cant
- Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Fischer
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatriques, Paris, France
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sujal Ghosh
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrew Gennery
- Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis I González-Granado
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hematology & Oncology Unit, Pediatrics, Hospital 12 Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Martinez-Gallo
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Immunodeficiency Unit and Immunological Diagnostics Laboratory, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Hoenig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Despina Moshous
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatriques, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Neven
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatriques, Paris, France
| | - Tim Niehues
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Helios Hospital Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Luigi Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Capucine Picard
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatriques, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nikolaus Rieber
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, StKM GmbH and Technical University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, and the Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus G Seidel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Pere Soler-Palacin
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Brigitte Strahm
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vraetz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Winterhalter
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Austen Worth
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Uhlmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Winterhalter C, Nicolle R, Louis A, To C, Radvanyi F, Elati M. Pepper: cytoscape app for protein complex expansion using protein-protein interaction networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:3419-20. [PMID: 25138169 PMCID: PMC4816032 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We introduce Pepper (Protein complex Expansion using Protein–Protein intERactions), a Cytoscape app designed to identify protein complexes as densely connected subnetworks from seed lists of proteins derived from proteomic studies. Pepper identifies connected subgraph by using multi-objective optimization involving two functions: (i) the coverage, a solution must contain as many proteins from the seed as possible, (ii) the density, the proteins of a solution must be as connected as possible, using only interactions from a proteome-wide interaction network. Comparisons based on gold standard yeast and human datasets showed Pepper’s integrative approach as superior to standard protein complex discovery methods. The visualization and interpretation of the results are facilitated by an automated post-processing pipeline based on topological analysis and data integration about the predicted complex proteins. Pepper is a user-friendly tool that can be used to analyse any list of proteins. Availability: Pepper is available from the Cytoscape plug-in manager or online (http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/pepper) and released under GNU General Public License version 3. Contact: mohamed.elati@issb.genopole.fr Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Winterhalter
- iSSB, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, 5 rue H. Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK and UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75248 cedex 05, France iSSB, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, 5 rue H. Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK and UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75248 cedex 05, France
| | - R Nicolle
- iSSB, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, 5 rue H. Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK and UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75248 cedex 05, France iSSB, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, 5 rue H. Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK and UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75248 cedex 05, France
| | - A Louis
- iSSB, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, 5 rue H. Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK and UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75248 cedex 05, France
| | - C To
- iSSB, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, 5 rue H. Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK and UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75248 cedex 05, France
| | - F Radvanyi
- iSSB, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, 5 rue H. Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK and UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75248 cedex 05, France
| | - M Elati
- iSSB, CNRS, University of Evry, Genopole, 5 rue H. Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK and UMR 144 CNRS/Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75248 cedex 05, France
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Wong GK, Goldacker S, Winterhalter C, Grimbacher B, Chapel H, Lucas M, Alecsandru D, McEwen D, Quinti I, Martini H, Milito C, Schmidt RE, Ernst D, Espanol T, Vidaller A, Carbone J, Fernandez-Cruz E, Lougaris V, Plebani A, Kutukculer N, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Contreras R, Kiani-Alikhan S, Ibrahim MAA, Litzman J, Jones A, Gaspar HB, Hammarstrom L, Baumann U, Warnatz K, Huissoon AP. Outcomes of splenectomy in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): a survey of 45 patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:63-72. [PMID: 23480186 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Splenectomy has been used in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID), mainly in the context of refractory autoimmune cytopenia and suspected lymphoma, but there are understandable concerns about the potential of compounding an existing immunodeficiency. With increasing use of rituximab as an alternative treatment for refractory autoimmune cytopenia, the role of splenectomy in CVID needs to be re-examined. This retrospective study provides the largest cohesive data set to date describing the outcome of splenectomy in 45 CVID patients in the past 40 years. Splenectomy proved to be an effective long-term treatment in 75% of CVID patients with autoimmune cytopenia, even in some cases when rituximab had failed. Splenectomy does not worsen mortality in CVID and adequate immunoglobulin replacement therapy appears to play a protective role in overwhelming post-splenectomy infections. Future trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of rituximab and splenectomy are needed to provide clearer guidance on the second-line management of autoimmune cytopenia in CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Wong
- West Midlands Primary Immunodeficiency centre, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, UK
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Winterhalter C, Liebl W. Two Extremely Thermostable Xylanases of the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga maritima MSB8. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:1810-5. [PMID: 16535021 PMCID: PMC1388439 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.5.1810-1815.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During growth with xylose or xylan as the source of carbon, xylanase production by Thermotoga maritima MSB8 was enhanced about 10-fold compared with growth with glucose or starch. Two extremely thermostable endoxylanases (1,4-(beta)-d-xylan-xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8), designated XynA and XynB, were identified and purified from cells of this organism. XynA and XynB occurred as proteins with apparent molecular masses of about 120 and 40 kDa, respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Maximum activity at the optimal pH (pH 6.2 and pH 5.4 for XynA and XynB, respectively) was measured at about 92(deg)C for XynA (10-min assay) and at about 105(deg)C for XynB (5-min assay). XynB activity was stimulated twofold by the addition of 500 mM NaCl, while XynA displayed maximum activity without the addition of salt. Both xylanases were tolerant of relatively high salt concentrations. At 2 M (about 12% wt/vol) NaCl, XynA and XynB retained 49 and 65%, respectively, of their maximum activities. In contrast to XynB, XynA was able to adsorb to microcrystalline cellulose. Antibodies raised against a recombinant truncated XynA protein cross-reacted with XynB, indicating that the enzymes may have sequence or structural similarities. Part of the xylanase activity appeared to be associated with the outer membrane of T. maritima cells, since more than 40% of the total xylanase activity present in the crude cellular extract was found in the membrane fraction after high-speed centrifugation. Most of the membrane-bound activity appeared to be due to the 120-kDa xylanase XynA.
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Dassler T, Maier T, Winterhalter C, Böck A. Identification of a major facilitator protein from Escherichia coli involved in efflux of metabolites of the cysteine pathway. Mol Microbiol 2000; 36:1101-12. [PMID: 10844694 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A chromosomal fragment has been identified in a gene bank from Escherichia coli, which augmented the yield of cysteine in an industrial production strain. Subcloning and genetic analysis showed that an open reading frame coding for a product of 299 amino acids (Orf299) was responsible. Orf299 was synthesized in the T7 polymerase/promoter system and exhibited the properties of an integral membrane protein. Mutational interruption of orf299 did not cause a distinct phenotype; however, transformants overexpressing orf299 had lost the ability to grow in minimal medium unless it was supplemented with a source of reduced sulphur compounds, and they excreted considerable amounts of cysteine and O-acetyl-L-serine, especially in the presence of thiosulphate. Most of the cysteine was found to be masked in 2-methyl-2,4-thiazolidinedicarboxylic acid. N-acetyl-L-serine was also present in the medium, but it is open to question whether it represents a primary excretion product. Measurement of the induction status of the cysteine regulon by means of a cysK'-'lacZ gene fusion demonstrated that the regulon is not induced upon growth in the presence of a poor sulphur source and that the introduction of a constitutive cysB allele alleviates this deficiency. The results indicate that orf299 codes for an export pump for different metabolites of the cysteine pathway. Its relation to other efflux systems and the physiological role are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dassler
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie der Universität München, Maria-Ward-Strasse 1a, D-80638 München, Germany
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Ruile P, Winterhalter C, Liebl W. Isolation and analysis of a gene encoding alpha-glucuronidase, an enzyme with a novel primary structure involved in the breakdown of xylan. Mol Microbiol 1997; 23:267-79. [PMID: 9044261 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.2011568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report describing the analysis of a gene encoding an alpha-glucuronidase, an enzyme essential for the complete breakdown of substituted xylans. A DNA fragment that carries the gene for alpha-glucuronidase was isolated from chromosomal DNA of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima MSB8. The alpha-glucuronidase gene (aguA) was identified and characterized with the aid of nucleotide sequence analysis, deletion experiments and expression studies in Escherichia coli, and the start of the coding region was defined by amino-terminal sequencing of the purified recombinant enzyme. The aguA gene encodes a 674-amino-acid, largely hydrophilic polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 78593 Da. The alpha-glucuronidase of T. maritima has a novel primary structure with no significant similarity to any other known amino acid sequence. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity as judged by SDS-PAGE. Gel filtration analysis at low salt concentrations revealed a high apparent molecular mass (> 630 kDa) for the recombinant enzyme, but the oligomeric structure changed upon variation of the ionic strength or the pH, yielding hexameric and/or dimeric forms which were also enzymatically active. The enzyme hydrolysed 2-O-(4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-xylobiose (MeGlcAX2) to xylobiose and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid. The K(m) for MeGlcAX2 was 0.95 mM. The pH optimum was 6.3. Maximum activity was measured at 85 degrees C, about 25 degrees C or more above the values reported for all other alpha-glucuronidases known to date. When incubated at 55-75 degrees C, the enzyme suffered partial inactivation, but thereafter the residual activity remained nearly constant for several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ruile
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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Winterhalter C, Heinrich P, Candussio A, Wich G, Liebl W. Identification of a novel cellulose-binding domain within the multidomain 120 kDa xylanase XynA of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15:431-44. [PMID: 7783614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A segment of Thermotoga maritima strain MSB8 chromosomal DNA was isolated which encodes an endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanase, and the nucleotide sequence of the xylanase gene, designated xynA, was determined. With a half-life of about 40 min at 90 degrees C at the optimal pH of 6.2, purified recombinant XynA is one of the most thermostable xylanases known. XynA is a 1059-amino-acid (approximately 120 kDa) modular enzyme composed of an N-terminal signal peptide and five domains, in the order A1-A2-B-C1-C2. By comparison with other xylanases of family 10 of glycosyl hydrolases, the central approximately 340-amino-acid part (domain B) of XynA represents the catalytic domain. The N-terminal approximately 150-amino-acid repeated domains (A1-A2) have no significant similarity to the C-terminal approximately 170-amino-acid repeated domains (C1-C2). Cellulose-binding studies with truncated XynA derivatives and hybrid proteins indicated that the C-terminal repeated domains mediate the binding of XynA to microcrystalline cellulose and that C2 alone can also promote cellulose binding. C1 and C2 did not share amino acid sequence similarity with any other known cellulose-binding domain (CBD) and thus are CBDs of a novel type. Structurally related protein segments which are probably also CBDs were found in other multidomain xylanolytic enzymes. Deletion of the N-terminal repeated domains or of all the non-catalytic domains resulted in substantially reduced thermostability while a truncated xylanase derivative lacking the C-terminal tandem repeat was as thermostable as the full-length enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Winterhalter
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität, München, Germany
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