1
|
Hengge E, Ihrenberger J, Steyskal EM, Buzolin R, Luckabauer M, Sommitsch C, Würschum R. Porosity evolution and oxide formation in bulk nanoporous copper dealloyed from a copper-manganese alloy studied by in situ resistometry. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:393-404. [PMID: 36756274 PMCID: PMC9846480 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00618a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of bulk nanoporous copper (npCu) from a copper-manganese alloy by electrochemical dealloying and free corrosion as well as the electrochemical behaviour of the dealloyed structures is investigated by in situ resistometry. In comparison to the well-established nanoporous gold (npAu) system, npCu shows strongly suppressed reordering processes in the porous structure (behind the etch front), which can be attributed to pronounced manganese oxide formation. Characteristic variations with the electrolyte concentration and potential applied for dealloying could be observed. Cyclic voltammetry was used to clarify the electrochemical behaviour of npCu. Oxide formation is further investigated by SEM and EDX revealing a hybrid composite of copper and manganese oxide on the surface of a metallic copper skeleton. Platelet-like structures embedded in the porous structure are identified which are rich in manganese oxide after prolonged dealloying. As an outlook, this unique heterogeneous structure with a large surface area and the inherent properties of manganese and copper oxides may offer application potential for the development of electrodes for energy storage and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hengge
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 A-8010 Graz Austria +43 316 873-8481
| | - Jakob Ihrenberger
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 A-8010 Graz Austria +43 316 873-8481
| | - Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 A-8010 Graz Austria +43 316 873-8481
| | - Ricardo Buzolin
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology Kopernikusgasse 24 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Design of High-Performance Alloys by Thermomechanical Processing Kopernikusgasse 24 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Luckabauer
- Department of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 7522NB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Christof Sommitsch
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology Kopernikusgasse 24 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 16 A-8010 Graz Austria +43 316 873-8481
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meixner F, Ahmadi MR, Sommitsch C. Cavity Nucleation and Growth in Nickel-Based Alloys during Creep. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15041495. [PMID: 35208034 PMCID: PMC8878646 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of fossil fueled power plants in electricity generation is still rising, making improvements to their efficiency essential. The development of new materials to withstand the higher service temperatures and pressures of newer, more efficient power plants is greatly aided by physics-based models, which can simulate the microstructural processes leading to their eventual failure. In this work, such a model is developed from classical nucleation theory and diffusion driven growth from vacancy condensation. This model predicts the shape and distribution of cavities which nucleate almost exclusively at grain boundaries during high temperature creep. Cavity radii, number density and phase fraction are validated quantitively against specimens of nickel-based alloys (617 and 625) tested at 700 °C and stresses between 160 and 185 MPa. The model’s results agree well with the experimental results. However, they fail to represent the complex interlinking of cavities which occurs in tertiary creep.
Collapse
|
3
|
Skalon M, Meier B, Gruberbauer A, Amancio-Filho SDT, Sommitsch C. Stability of a Melt Pool during 3D-Printing of an Unsupported Steel Component and Its Influence on Roughness. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13030808. [PMID: 32050719 PMCID: PMC7041494 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The following work presents the results of an investigation of the cause–effect relationship between the stability of a melt pool and the roughness of an inclined, unsupported steel surface that was 3D-printed using the laser powder bed fusion (PBF-L/M) process. In order to observe the balling effect and decrease in surface quality, the samples were printed with no supporting structures placed on the downskin. The stability of the melt pool was investigated as a function of both the inclination angle and along the length of the melt pool. Single-track cross-sections were described by shape parameters and were compared and used to calculate the forces acting on the melt pool as the downskin was printed. The single-melt track tests were printed to produce a series of samples with increasing inclination angles with respect to the baseplate. The increasing angles enabled us to physically simulate specific solidification conditions during the sample printing process. As the inclination angle of the unsupported surface increased, the melt-pool altered in terms of its size, geometry, contact angles, and maximum length of stability. The balling phenomenon was observed, quantified, and compared using roughness tests; it was influenced by the melt track stability according to its geometry. The research results show that a higher linear energy input may decrease the roughness of unsupported surfaces with low inclination angles, while a lower linear energy input may be more effective with higher inclination angles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Skalon
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria (S.d.T.A.-F.)
| | - Benjamin Meier
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria (S.d.T.A.-F.)
- Joanneum Research, Materials, Institute for Laser and Plasma Technology, Leobner Straße 94, 8712 Niklasdorf, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreas Gruberbauer
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria (S.d.T.A.-F.)
| | - Sergio de Traglia Amancio-Filho
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria (S.d.T.A.-F.)
| | - Christof Sommitsch
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria (S.d.T.A.-F.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Skałoń M, Hebda M, Schrode B, Resel R, Kazior J, Sommitsch C. In Situ Formation of TiB 2 in Fe-B System with Titanium Addition and Its Influence on Phase Composition, Sintering Process and Mechanical Properties. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12244188. [PMID: 31847110 PMCID: PMC6947460 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of iron and boron at elevated temperatures results in the formation of an E (Fe + Fe2B) eutectic phase that plays a great role in enhancing mass transport phenomena during thermal annealing and therefore in the densification of sintered compacts. When cooled down, this phase solidifies as interconnected hard and brittle material consisting of a continuous network of Fe2B borides formed at the grain boundaries. To increase ductile behaviour, a change in precipitates' stoichiometry was investigated by partially replacing iron borides by titanium borides. The powder of elemental titanium was introduced to blend of iron and boron powders in order to induce TiB2 in situ formation. Titanium addition influence on microstructure, phase composition, density and mechanical properties was investigated. The observations were supported with thermodynamic calculations. The change in phase composition was analysed by means of dilatometry and X-ray diffraction (XRD) coupled with thermodynamic calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Skałoń
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska ave, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Marek Hebda
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska ave, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; (B.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; (B.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Jan Kazior
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska ave, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Christof Sommitsch
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Skałoń M, Buzolin R, Kazior J, Sommitsch C, Hebda M. Improving the Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L + B Sinters by Si 3N 4 Addition. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12111798. [PMID: 31163597 PMCID: PMC6600792 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The following paper describes a new and effective method to obtain high-density sinters with simultaneously decreased distortions, produced by one press and sinter operation. This effect was achieved through the induced disappearance of the eutectic liquid phase. The study was carried out on AISI 316L stainless steel powder that was mixed with elemental boron and silicon nitride. Boron was used as a sintering process activator. The scientific novelty of this publication consists of the use of a silicon nitride as a solid-state nitrogen carrier that was intended to change the borides’ morphology by binding boron. Based on the thermodynamic calculations, 20 blends of various compositions were tested for physical properties, porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Moreover, phase compositions for selected samples were analyzed. It was shown that the addition of silicon nitride as a nitrogen carrier decreases the boron-based eutectic phase volume and both increases the mechanical properties and decreases after-sintering distortions. An explanation of the observed phenomena was also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Skałoń
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, 24 Warszawska ave, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ricardo Buzolin
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Jan Kazior
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, 24 Warszawska ave, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Christof Sommitsch
- IMAT Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Marek Hebda
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, 24 Warszawska ave, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramskogler C, Warchomicka F, Mostofi S, Weinberg A, Sommitsch C. Innovative surface modification of Ti6Al4V alloy by electron beam technique for biomedical application. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2017; 78:105-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
Sadoghi P, Roush G, Kastner N, Leithner A, Sommitsch C, Goswami T. Failure modes for total ankle arthroplasty: a statistical analysis of the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2014; 134:1361-8. [PMID: 25081824 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-014-2067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is imperative to understand the most common failure modes of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) to appropriately allocate the resources, healthcare costs, enhancing surgical treatment methods, and improve design and longevity of the implant. The objective of this study was to investigate the primary mode or modes of failure (Loose talar component, loose tibial component, dislocation, instability, misalignment, deep infection, Fracture (near implant), Pain, defect polyethylene (PE), other, and missing information) of TAA implants, so these failure mode/modes can be targeted for future improvement. METHODS The Norwegian Total Hip Arthroplasty Register 2008 was chosen as the primary source of data since the register have been in existence for 20 years and also gives more specific failure modes than other registries. Tukey-Kramer method was applied to Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. RESULTS After the application of the Tukey-Kramer method, it is evident that there is no significant difference between any of the failure modes that are pertinent to the ankle. However, there is significant evidence that the number of ankle arthroplasties are increasing with time. CONCLUSIONS Since there is no statistical evidence showing which failure mode contributes most to revision surgeries, it is concluded that more information/data is needed to further investigate failure modes in ankle arthroplasties. Since the numbers of such surgeries are increasing, sufficient data should become available in time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sadoghi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Abstract
The dynamic recrystallization as well as meta-dynamic and static recrystallization of the nickel-based alloy 80A was investigated by means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Specimens were hot compressed at a temperature of 1120 degrees C and a strain rate of 0.1/s at varying strain and soak times to describe the recrystallization behaviour. Various approaches were tested in order to differentiate between recrystallized and deformed grains based on EBSD data. The grain orientation spread was clearly found to be the most reliable procedure. A high twinning of the recrystallized grains was observed, and as a consequence the measured grain size was strongly dependent on whether the coherent and incoherent twin boundaries were regarded as genuine boundaries or removed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mitsche
- Research Institute for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|