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Combes A, Rieb C, Haye L, Klymchenko AS, Serra CA, Reisch A. Mixing versus Polymer Chemistry in the Synthesis of Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation. Langmuir 2023; 39:16532-16542. [PMID: 37955543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with drugs and contrast agents have become key tools in the advancement of nanomedicine, requiring robust technologies for their synthesis. Nanoprecipitation is a particularly interesting technique for the assembly of loaded polymer NPs, which is well-known to proceed under kinetic control, with a strong influence of the assembly conditions. On the other hand, the nature of the used polymer also influences the outcome of nanoprecipitation. Here, we investigated systematically the relative effects of mixing of the organic and aqueous phases and polymer chemistry on the formation of polymer nanocarriers. For this, two mixing schemes, manual mixing and microfluidic mixing using an impact-jet micromixer, were first evaluated, showing mixing times of several tens of milliseconds and a few milliseconds, respectively. Copolymers of ethyl methacrylate with charged and hydrophilic groups and different polyesters (poly(d-l-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(lactic acid)) were combined with a fluorescent dye salt and tested for particle assembly using these "slow" and "fast" mixing methods. Our results showed that in the case of the most hydrophobic polymers, the speed of mixing had no significant influence on the size and loading of the formed NPs. In contrast, in the case of less hydrophobic polymers, faster mixing led to smaller NPs with better encapsulation. The switch between mixing and polymer-controlled assembly was directly correlated to the solubility limit of the polymers in acetonitrile-water mixtures, with a critical point for solubility limits between 15 and 20 vol % of water. Our results provide simple guidelines on how to evaluate the possible influence of polymer chemistry and mixing on the formation of loaded NPs, opening the way to fine-tune their properties and optimize their large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Combes
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Corentin Rieb
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Lucie Haye
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg F-67000, France
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2
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Vauthier M, Serra CA. Controlled reversible aggregation of thermoresponsive polymeric nanoparticles by interfacial Diels-Alder reaction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Chen H, Celik AE, Mutschler A, Combes A, Runser A, Klymchenko AS, Lecommandoux S, Serra CA, Reisch A. Assembly of Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticles Using Different Microfluidic Mixers. Langmuir 2022; 38:7945-7955. [PMID: 35731957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoprecipitation is a facile and efficient approach to the assembly of loaded polymer nanoparticles (NPs) for applications in bioimaging and targeted drug delivery. Their successful use in clinics requires reproducible and scalable synthesis, for which microfluidics appears as an attractive technique. However, in the case of nanoprecipitation, particle formation depends strongly on mixing. Here, we compare 5 different types of microfluidic mixers with respect to the formation and properties of poly(d-l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) NPs loaded with a fluorescent dye salt: a cross-shaped mixer, a multilamination mixer, a split and recombine mixer, two herringbone mixers, and two impact jet mixers. Size and fluorescence properties of the NPs obtained with these mixers are evaluated. All mixers, except the cross-shaped one, yield NPs at least as small and fluorescent as those obtained manually. Notably in the case of impact jet mixers operated at high flow speeds, the size of the NPs could be strongly reduced from >50 nm down to <20 nm. Surprisingly, the fluorescence quantum yield of NPs obtained with these mixers also depends strongly on the flow speed, increasing, in the case of PLGA, from 30 to >70%. These results show the importance of precisely controlling the assembly conditions for loaded polymer NPs. The present work further provides guidance for choosing the optimal microfluidic setup for production of nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyou Chen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Ali Emre Celik
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Angela Mutschler
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, Pessac F-33600, France
| | - Antoine Combes
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Anne Runser
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | | | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR 22, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
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4
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Razzaq W, Serra CA, Chan-Seng D. Microfluidic Janus fibers with dual thermoresponsive behavior for thermoactuation. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Larrea A, Arruebo M, Serra CA, Sebastián V. Trojan pH-Sensitive Polymer Particles Produced in a Continuous-Flow Capillary Microfluidic Device Using Water-in-Oil-in-Water Double-Emulsion Droplets. Micromachines 2022; 13:mi13060878. [PMID: 35744492 PMCID: PMC9230220 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A facile and robust microfluidic method to produce nanoparticle-in-microparticle systems (Trojan systems) is reported as a delivery vector for the oral administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The microfluidic system is based on two coaxial capillaries that produce monodisperse water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions in a highly controlled fashion with precise control over the resulting particle structure, including the core and shell dimensions. The influence of the three phase flow rates, pH and drying process on the formation and overall size is evaluated. These droplets are then used as templates for the production of pH-sensitive Trojan microparticles after solvent evaporation. The shell of Trojan microparticles is made of Eudragit®, a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer that would enable the Trojan microparticle payload to first pass through the stomach without being degraded and then dissolve in the intestinal fluid, releasing the inner payload. The synthesis of the pH-sensitive Trojan microparticles was also compared with a conventional batch production method. The payloads considered in this work were different in nature: (1) fluorescein, to validate the feasibility of the polymeric shell to protect the payload under gastric pH; (2) poly(D,L-lactic acid/glycolic acid)-PLGA nanoparticles loaded with the antibiotic rifampicin. These PLGA nanoparticles were produced also using a microfluidic continuous process and (3) PLGA nanoparticles loaded with Au nanoparticles to trace the PLGA formulation under different environments (gastric and intestinal), and to assess whether active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) encapsulation in PLGA is due efficiently. We further showed that Trojan microparticles released the embedded PLGA nanoparticles in contact with suitable media, as confirmed by electron microscopy. Finally, the results show the possibility of developing Trojan microparticles in a continuous manner with the ability to deliver therapeutic nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Larrea
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (C.A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Victor Sebastián
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.A.S.); (V.S.)
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Abdurahim J, Serra CA, Blanck C, Vauthier M. One-step production of highly monodisperse size-controlled poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for the release of a hydrophobic model drug. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Razzaq W, Serra CA, Jacomine L, Chan-Seng D. Microfluidic elaboration of polymer microfibers from miscible phases: Effect of operating and material parameters on fiber diameter. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Le TNQ, Tran NN, Escribà-Gelonch M, Serra CA, Fisk I, McClements DJ, Hessel V. Microfluidic encapsulation for controlled release and its potential for nanofertilisers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11979-12012. [PMID: 34515721 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is increasingly being utilized to create advanced materials with improved or new functional attributes. Converting fertilizers into a nanoparticle-form has been shown to improve their efficacy but the current procedures used to fabricate nanofertilisers often have poor reproducibility and flexibility. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, have advantages over traditional nanoparticle fabrication methods in terms of energy and materials consumption, versatility, and controllability. The increased controllability can result in the formation of nanoparticles with precise and complex morphologies (e.g., tuneable sizes, low polydispersity, and multi-core structures). As a result, their functional performance can be tailored to specific applications. This paper reviews the principles, formation, and applications of nano-enabled delivery systems fabricated using microfluidic approaches for the encapsulation, protection, and release of fertilizers. Controlled release can be achieved using two main routes: (i) nutrients adsorbed on nanosupports and (ii) nutrients encapsulated inside nanostructures. We aim to highlight the opportunities for preparing a new generation of highly versatile nanofertilisers using microfluidic systems. We will explore several main characteristics of microfluidically prepared nanofertilisers, including droplet formation, shell fine-tuning, adsorbate fine-tuning, and sustained/triggered release behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Nguyen Quang Le
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam Nghiep Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- Higher Polytechnic Engineering School, University of Lleida, Igualada (Barcelona), 08700, Spain
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ian Fisk
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. .,School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Rd, Coventry, UK
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9
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Ding S, Cheng W, Zhang L, Du G, Hao X, Nie G, Xu B, Zhang M, Su Q, Serra CA. Organic molecule confinement reaction for preparation of the Sn nanoparticles@graphene anode materials in Lithium-ion battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 589:308-317. [PMID: 33472150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sn@Graphene composites as anode materials in Lithium-ion batteries have attracted intensive interest due to the inherent high capacity. On the other side, the high atomic ratio (Li4.4Sn) induces the pulverization of the electrode with cycling. Thus, suppressing pulverization by designing the structure of the materials is an essential key for improving cyclability. Applying the nanotechnologies such as electrospinning, soft/hard nano template strategy, surface modification, multi-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and so on has demonstrated the huge advantage on this aspect. These strategies are generally used for homogeneous dispersing Sn nanomaterials in graphene matrix or constructing the voids in the inner of the materials to obtain the mechanical buffer effect. Unfortunately, these processes induce huge energy consumption and complicated operation. To solve the issue, new nanotechnology for the composites by the bottom-up strategy (Organic Molecule Confinement Reaction (OMCR)) was shown in this report. A 3D organic nanoframes was synthesized as a graphene precursor by low energy nano emulsification and photopolymerization. SnO2 nanoparticles@3D organic nanoframes as the composites precursor were in-situ formed in the hydrothermal reaction. After the redox process by the calcination, the Sn nanoparticles with nanovoids (~100 nm, uniform size) were homogeneously dispersed in a Two-Dimensional Laminar Matrix of graphene nanosheets (2DLMG) by the in-situ patterning and confinement effect from the 3D organic nanoframes. The pulverization and crack of the composites were effectively suppressed, which was proved by the electrochemical testing. The Sn nanoparticles@2DLMG not delivered just the high cyclability during 200 cycles, but also firstly achieved a high specific capacity (539 mAh g-1) at the low loading Sn (19.58 wt%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukai Ding
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, ShaanXi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Longming Zhang
- Xi'an ZheJiang XiRe LiHua Intelligent Sensor Technology Co. Ltd., Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Gaohui Du
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, ShaanXi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Xiaodong Hao
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, ShaanXi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Guanjian Nie
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Bingshe Xu
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, ShaanXi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, ShaanXi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qingmei Su
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, ShaanXi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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10
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Hoogendijk E, Swider E, Staal AHJ, White PB, van Riessen NK, Glaßer G, Lieberwirth I, Musyanovych A, Serra CA, Srinivas M, Koshkina O. Continuous-Flow Production of Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles: From the Bench to Clinic. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:49335-49345. [PMID: 33086007 PMCID: PMC7645868 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon-loaded nanoparticles are powerful theranostic agents, which are used in the therapy of cancer and stroke and as imaging agents for ultrasound and 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Scaling up the production of perfluorocarbon-loaded nanoparticles is essential for clinical translation. However, it represents a major challenge as perfluorocarbons are hydrophobic and lipophobic. We developed a method for continuous-flow production of perfluorocarbon-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles using a modular microfluidic system, with sufficient yields for clinical use. We combined two slit interdigital micromixers with a sonication flow cell to achieve efficient mixing of three phases: liquid perfluorocarbon, PLGA in organic solvent, and aqueous surfactant solution. The production rate was at least 30 times higher than with the conventional formulation. The characteristics of nanoparticles can be adjusted by changing the flow rates and type of solvent, resulting in a high PFC loading of 20-60 wt % and radii below 200 nm. The nanoparticles are nontoxic, suitable for 19F MRI and ultrasound imaging, and can dissolve oxygen. In vivo 19F MRI with perfluoro-15-crown-5 ether-loaded nanoparticles showed similar biodistribution as nanoparticles made with the conventional method and a fast clearance from the organs. Overall, we developed a continuous, modular method for scaled-up production of perfluorocarbon-loaded nanoparticles that can be potentially adapted for the production of other multiphase systems. Thus, it will facilitate the clinical translation of theranostic agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmee Hoogendijk
- Department of Tumor
Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edyta Swider
- Department of Tumor
Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H. J. Staal
- Department of Tumor
Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul B. White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525
AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N. Koen van Riessen
- Department of Tumor
Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gunnar Glaßer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Christophe A. Serra
- Université de Strasbourg,
CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor
Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Koshkina
- Department of Tumor
Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Garg DK, Serra CA, Hoarau Y, Parida D, Bouquey M, Muller R. Numerical Investigations of Perfectly Mixed Condition at the Inlet of Free Radical Polymerization Tubular Microreactors of Different Geometries. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj K. Garg
- Shiv Nadar University Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP Dadri 201314 India
| | | | - Yannick Hoarau
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ICUBE UMR 7357 Illkirch F‐67412 France
| | | | - Michel Bouquey
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ICS UPR 22 Strasbourg F‐67000 France
| | - Rene Muller
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ICS UPR 22 Strasbourg F‐67000 France
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12
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Kavand A, Anton N, Vandamme T, Serra CA, Chan-Seng D. Tuning polymers grafted on upconversion nanoparticles for the delivery of 5-fluorouracil. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Ding S, Mustafa B, Anton N, Serra CA, Chan-Seng D, Vandamme TF. Production of lipophilic nanogels by spontaneous emulsification. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119481. [PMID: 32473375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanosized gel particles, so-called nanogels, have attracted substantial interest in different application fields, thanks to their controllable and three-dimensional physical structure, good mechanical properties and potential biocompatibility. Literature reports many technologies for their preparation and design, however a recurrent limitation remains in their broad size distributions as well as in the poor size control. Therefore, the monodisperse and size-controlled nanogels preparation by simple process -like emulsification- is a real challenge still in abeyance to date. In this study we propose an original low energy emulsification approach for the production of monodisperse nanogels, for which the size can be finely controlled in the range 30 to 200 nm. The principle lies in the fabrication of a direct nano-emulsion containing both oil (medium chain triglycerides) and a bi-functional acrylate monomer. The nanogels are thus formed in situ upon UV irradiation of the droplet suspension. Advantage of such modification of the oil nano-carriers are the potential modulation of the release of encapsulated drugs, as a function of the density and/or properties of the polymer chain network entrapped in the oil nano-droplets. This hypothesis was confirmed using a model of hydrophobic drug -ketoprofen- entrapped into the nanogels particles, along with the study of the release profile, carried out in function of the nature of the monomers, density of polymer chains, and different formulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukai Ding
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, CN-710021 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bilal Mustafa
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Delphine Chan-Seng
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry F Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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14
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Kavand A, Anton N, Vandamme T, Serra CA, Chan-Seng D. Synthesis and functionalization of hyperbranched polymers for targeted drug delivery. J Control Release 2020; 321:285-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Kavand A, Blanck C, Przybilla F, Mély Y, Anton N, Vandamme T, Serra CA, Chan-Seng D. Investigating the growth of hyperbranched polymers by self-condensing vinyl RAFT copolymerization from the surface of upconversion nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The growth of hyperbranched polymers by self-condensing vinyl polymerization under RAFT conditions from the surface of upconversion nanoparticles is hindered by steric hinderance, but also increased termination and transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Kavand
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Christian Blanck
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Frédéric Przybilla
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de bioimagerie et pathologies UMR 7021
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Yves Mély
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de bioimagerie et pathologies UMR 7021
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de conception et application de molécules bioactives UMR 7199
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de conception et application de molécules bioactives UMR 7199
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Delphine Chan-Seng
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22
- F-67000 Strasbourg
- France
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16
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Rodon Fores J, Criado‐Gonzalez M, Chaumont A, Carvalho A, Blanck C, Schmutz M, Serra CA, Boulmedais F, Schaaf P, Jierry L. Supported Catalytically Active Supramolecular Hydrogels for Continuous Flow Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18817-18822. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rodon Fores
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Miryam Criado‐Gonzalez
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleINSERM Unité 1121 11 rue Humann 67085 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Université de StrasbourgFaculté de Chirurgie Dentaire 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Université de StrasbourgFaculté de Chimie, UMR7140 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Alain Carvalho
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Christian Blanck
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - F. Boulmedais
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleINSERM Unité 1121 11 rue Humann 67085 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Université de StrasbourgFaculté de Chirurgie Dentaire 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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17
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Rodon Fores J, Criado‐Gonzalez M, Chaumont A, Carvalho A, Blanck C, Schmutz M, Serra CA, Boulmedais F, Schaaf P, Jierry L. Supported Catalytically Active Supramolecular Hydrogels for Continuous Flow Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rodon Fores
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Miryam Criado‐Gonzalez
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleINSERM Unité 1121 11 rue Humann 67085 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Université de StrasbourgFaculté de Chirurgie Dentaire 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Université de StrasbourgFaculté de Chimie, UMR7140 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Alain Carvalho
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Christian Blanck
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - F. Boulmedais
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleINSERM Unité 1121 11 rue Humann 67085 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Université de StrasbourgFaculté de Chirurgie Dentaire 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSInstitut Charles Sadron (UPR22) 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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18
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Taddei C, Sansone L, Ausanio G, Iannotti V, Pepe GP, Giordano M, Serra CA. Fabrication of polystyrene-encapsulated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles via batch and microfluidic-assisted production. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Noël F, Serra CA, Le Calvé S. Design of a Novel Axial Gas Pulses Micromixer and Simulations of its Mixing Abilities via Computational Fluid Dynamics. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:mi10030205. [PMID: 30909558 PMCID: PMC6471047 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the fast development of microfluidics over the last decade, the need for methods for mixing two gases in flow at an overall flow rate ranging from 1 to 100 NmL·min−1 with programmable mixing ratios has been quickly increasing in many fields of application, especially in the calibration of analytical devices such as air pollution sensors. This work investigates numerically the mixing of pure gas pulses at flow rates in the range 1–100 NmL·min−1 in a newly designed multi-stage and modular micromixer composed of 4 buffer tanks of 300 µL each per stage. Results indicate that, for a 1 s pulse of pure gas (formaldehyde) followed by a 9 s pulse of pure carrier gas (air), that is a pulses ratio of 1/10, an effective mixing up to 94–96% can be readily obtained at the exit of the micromixer. This is achieved in less than 20 s for any flow rate ranging from 1 to 100 NmL·min−1 simply by adjusting the number of stages, 1 to 16 respectively. By using an already diluted gas bottle containing 100 ppm of a given compound in an inert gas same as the carrier gas, concentrations ranging from 10 to 90 ppm should be obtained by adjusting the pulses ratio between 1/10 and 9/10 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Noël
- ICPEES UMR 7515, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
- In'Air Solutions, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stéphane Le Calvé
- ICPEES UMR 7515, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
- In'Air Solutions, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
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20
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Ding S, Serra CA, Anton N, Yu W, Vandamme TF. Production of dry-state ketoprofen-encapsulated PMMA NPs by coupling micromixer-assisted nanoprecipitation and spray drying. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Ding S, Serra CA, Vandamme TF, Yu W, Anton N. Double emulsions prepared by two–step emulsification: History, state-of-the-art and perspective. J Control Release 2019; 295:31-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Wallyn J, Anton N, Mertz D, Begin-Colin S, Perton F, Serra CA, Franconi F, Lemaire L, Chiper M, Libouban H, Messaddeq N, Anton H, Vandamme TF. Magnetite- and Iodine-Containing Nanoemulsion as a Dual Modal Contrast Agent for X-ray/Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:403-416. [PMID: 30541280 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive diagnostic by imaging combined with a contrast agent (CA) is by now the most used technique to get insight into human bodies. X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used technologies providing complementary results. Nowadays, it seems clear that bimodal CAs could be an emerging approach to increase the patient compliance, accessing different imaging modalities with a single CA injection. Owing to versatile designs, targeting properties, and high payload capacity, nanocarriers are considered as a viable solution to reach this goal. In this study, we investigated efficient superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-loaded iodinated nano-emulsions (NEs) as dual modal injectable CAs for X-ray imaging and MRI. The strength of this new CA lies not only in its dual modal contrasting properties and biocompatibility, but also in the simplicity of the nanoparticulate assembling: iodinated oily core was synthesized by the triiodo-benzene group grafting on vitamin E (41.7% of iodine) via esterification, and SPIONs were produced by thermal decomposition during 2, 4, and 6 h to generate SPIONs with different morphologies and magnetic properties. SPIONs with most anisotropic shape and characterized by the highest r2/ r1 ratio once encapsulated into iodinated NE were used for animal experimentation. The in vivo investigation showed an excellent contrast modification because of the presence of the selected NEs, for both imaging techniques explored, that is, MRI and X-ray imaging. This work provides the description and in vivo application of a simple and efficient nanoparticulate system capable of enhancing contrast for both preclinical imaging modalities, MRI, and computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Wallyn
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Damien Mertz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS UMR 7504 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Sylvie Begin-Colin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS UMR 7504 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Francis Perton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS UMR 7504 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Florence Franconi
- Université d'Angers, PRISM , F-49045 Angers , France
- Université d'Angers, MINT INSERM 1066/CNRS , F-49045 Angers , France
| | - Laurent Lemaire
- Université d'Angers, PRISM , F-49045 Angers , France
- Université d'Angers, MINT INSERM 1066/CNRS , F-49045 Angers , France
| | - Manuela Chiper
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, BSC UMR 7242 , F-67412 Strasbourg , France
| | - Hélène Libouban
- Université d'Angers, GEROM, SFR ICAT 42-08, IRIS-IBS , F-49045 Angers , France
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, IGBMC UMR 7104/UMR_S 694 , F-67400 Strasbourg , France
| | - Halina Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LPB UMR 7213 , F-67400 Strasbourg , France
| | - Thierry F Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199 , F-67000 Strasbourg , France
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23
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the microfluidic process (and its parameters) to prepare actuating particles from liquid crystalline elastomers. The preparation usually consists in the formation of droplets containing low molar mass liquid crystals at elevated temperatures. Subsequently, these particle precursors are oriented in the flow field of the capillary and solidified by a crosslinking polymerization, which produces the final actuating particles. The optimization of the process is necessary to obtain the actuating particles and the proper variation of the process parameters (temperature and flow rate) and allows variations of size and shape (from oblate to strongly prolate morphologies) as well as the magnitude of actuation. In addition, it is possible to vary the type of actuation from elongation to contraction depending on the director profile induced to the droplets during the flow in the capillary, which again depends on the microfluidic process and its parameters. Furthermore, particles of more complex shapes, like core-shell structures or Janus particles, can be prepared by adjusting the setup. By the variation of the chemical structure and the mode of crosslinking (solidification) of the liquid crystalline elastomer, it is also possible to prepare actuating particles triggered by heat or UV-vis irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas B Braun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
| | | | - Rudolf Zentel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University;
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24
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Ding S, Attia MF, Wallyn J, Taddei C, Serra CA, Anton N, Kassem M, Schmutz M, Er-Rafik M, Messaddeq N, Collard A, Yu W, Giordano M, Vandamme TF. Microfluidic-Assisted Production of Size-Controlled Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Loaded Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanohybrids. Langmuir 2018; 34:1981-1991. [PMID: 29334739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs, around 6 nm) encapsulated in poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles (PMMA NPs) with controlled sizes ranging from 100 to 200 nm have been successfully produced. The hybrid polymeric NPs were prepared following two different methods: (1) nanoprecipitation and (2) nanoemulsification-evaporation. These two methods were implemented in two different microprocesses based on the use of an impact jet micromixer and an elongational-flow microemulsifier. SPIONs-loaded PMMA NPs synthesized by the two methods presented completely different physicochemical properties. The polymeric NPs prepared with the micromixer-assisted nanoprecipitation method showed a heterogeneous dispersion of SPIONs inside the polymer matrix, an encapsulation efficiency close to 100 wt %, and an irregular shape. In contrast, the polymeric NPs prepared with the microfluidic-assisted nanoemulsification-evaporation method showed a homogeneous dispersion, an almost complete encapsulation, and a spherical shape. The properties of the polymeric NPs have been characterized by dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscope. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were also performed on the nanohybrids and pure PMMA NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukai Ding
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , CN-710021 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mohamed F Attia
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- National Research Centre , 12622 Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Justine Wallyn
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Chiara Taddei
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), CNR , Portici 80055, Italy
| | | | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamad Kassem
- Vascular and Tissue Stress in Transplantation: Microparticles and Environment EA7293, Université de Strasbourg , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Meriem Er-Rafik
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, IGBMC UMR 7104/UMR_S 964 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Collard
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Wei Yu
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michele Giordano
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), CNR , Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Thierry F Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199 , F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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25
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Wallyn J, Anton N, Serra CA, Bouquey M, Collot M, Anton H, Weickert JL, Messaddeq N, Vandamme TF. A new formulation of poly(MAOTIB) nanoparticles as an efficient contrast agent for in vivo X-ray imaging. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:200-212. [PMID: 29129788 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are gaining increasing importance as nanocarriers or contrasting material for preclinical diagnosis by micro-CT scanner. Here, we investigated a straightforward approach to produce a biocompatible, radiopaque, and stable polymer-based nanoparticle contrast agent, which was evaluated on mice. To this end, we used a nanoprecipitation dropping technique to obtain PEGylated PNPs from a preformed iodinated homopolymer, poly(MAOTIB), synthesized by radical polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl(2,3,5-triiodobenzoate) monomer (MAOTIB). The process developed allows an accurate control of the nanoparticle properties (mean size can range from 140 nm to 200 nm, tuned according to the formulation parameters) along with unprecedented important X-ray attenuation properties (concentration of iodine around 59 mg I/mL) compatible with a follow-up in vivo study. Routine characterizations such as FTIR, DSC, GPC, TGA, 1H and 13C NMR, and finally SEM were accomplished to obtain the main properties of the optimal contrast agent. Owing to excellent colloidal stability against physiological conditions evaluated in the presence of fetal bovine serum, the selected PNPs suspension was administered to mice. Monitoring and quantification by micro-CT showed that iodinated PNPs are endowed strong X-ray attenuation capacity toward blood pool and underwent a rapid and passive accumulation in the liver and spleen. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The design of X-ray contrast agents for preclinical imaging is still highly challenging. To date, the best contrast agents reported are based on iodinated lipids or inorganic materials such as gold. In literature, several attempts were undertaken to create polymer-based X-ray contrast agents, but their applicability in vivo was limited to their low contrasting properties. Polymer-based contrast agents present the advantages of an easy surface modification for future application in targeting. Herein, we develop a novel approach to design polymer-based nanoparticle X-ray contrast agent (polymerization of a highly iodine-loaded monomer (MAOTIB)), leading to an iodine concentration of 59 mg/mL. We showed their high efficiency in vivo in mice, in terms of providing a strong signal in blood and then accumulating in the liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Wallyn
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Michel Bouquey
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LBP UMR 7213, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Halina Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LBP UMR 7213, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Weickert
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, IGBMC UMR 7104/UMR_S 964, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Collège de France, IGBMC UMR 7104/UMR_S 964, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry F Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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26
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Guglielmino M, Bernhardt P, Trocquet C, Serra CA, Le Calvé S. On-line gaseous formaldehyde detection by a microfluidic analytical method based on simultaneous uptake and derivatization in a temperature controlled annular flow. Talanta 2017; 172:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Yang YT, Li X, Fu CF, Song T, Chang ZQ, Meng DQ, Serra CA. Fabrication of Uniform Ce/Eu Oxide Microparticles by a Microfluidic Co-Sol-Gel Process as an Analog Preparation of MA-Bearing Ceramic Nuclear Fuel Particles. NUCL SCI ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nse14-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Yang
- University of Science and Technology of China, School of Nuclear Science and Technology Huang-Shan Road, He-Fei, China
| | - Xiang Li
- University of Science and Technology of China, School of Nuclear Science and Technology Huang-Shan Road, He-Fei, China
| | - Cao-Fei Fu
- University of Science and Technology of China, School of Nuclear Science and Technology Huang-Shan Road, He-Fei, China
| | - Tong Song
- University of Science and Technology of China, School of Nuclear Science and Technology Huang-Shan Road, He-Fei, China
| | - Zhen-Qi Chang
- University of Science and Technology of China, School of Nuclear Science and Technology Huang-Shan Road, He-Fei, China
| | - Da-Qiao Meng
- Si-Chuan Institute of Materials and Technology, 9, Hua-Feng Village, Jiang-You, China
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, Ecole de Chimie Polyméres et Matèriaux, Charles Sadron Institute – UPR 22 CNRS, Precision Macromolecular Chemistry Group, 23 rue du Loess BP84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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28
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Attia MF, Dieng SM, Collot M, Klymchenko AS, Bouillot C, Serra CA, Schmutz M, Er-Rafik M, Vandamme TF, Anton N. Functionalizing Nanoemulsions with Carboxylates: Impact on the Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Attia
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 7199; Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives; équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- National Research Center; P.O. 12622 Cairo Egypt
| | - Sidy M. Dieng
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 7199; Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives; équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- UMR CNRS 7213; Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie; équipe Nanochimie et Bioimagerie; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
| | - Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- UMR CNRS 7213; Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie; équipe Nanochimie et Bioimagerie; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
| | | | | | - Marc Schmutz
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) UPR 22 CNRS; 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Meriem Er-Rafik
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) UPR 22 CNRS; 67200 Strasbourg France
| | - Thierry F. Vandamme
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 7199; Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives; équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 7199; Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives; équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch Cedex France
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Ding S, Anton N, Akram S, Er-Rafik M, Anton H, Klymchenko A, Yu W, Vandamme TF, Serra CA. A new method for the formulation of double nanoemulsions. Soft Matter 2017; 13:1660-1669. [PMID: 28145556 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02603f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Double emulsions are very attractive systems for many reasons; the most important of these are their capacity to encapsulate hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules simultaneously in a single particle and their potentiality to protect fragile hydrophilic molecules from the continuous phase. Double emulsions represent a technology that is widely present down to the micrometer scale; however, double nanoemulsions, with their new potential applications as nanomedicines or diagnosis agents, currently present a significant challenge. In this study, we propose an original two-step approach for the fabrication of double nanoemulsions with a final size below 200 nm. The process consists of the formulation of a primary water-in-oil (w1/O) nanoemulsion by high-pressure homogenization, followed by the re-emulsification of this primary emulsion by a low-energy method to preserve the double nanostructure. Various characterization techniques were undertaken to confirm the double structure and to evaluate the encapsulation efficiency of a small hydrophilic probe in the inner aqueous droplets. Complementary fluorescence confocal and cryo-TEM microscopy experiments were conducted to characterize and confirm the double structure of the double nanoemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukai Ding
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB), Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France and Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | - Salman Akram
- CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB), Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France and Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | - Meriem Er-Rafik
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Halina Anton
- CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Wei Yu
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry F Vandamme
- CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB), Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France and Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France and Université de Strasbourg, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Strasbourg, France.
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30
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Yu W, Serra CA, Khan IU, Er-Rafik M, Schmutz M, Kraus I, Ding S, Zhang L, Bouquey M, Muller R. Development of an Elongational-Flow Microprocess for the Production of Size-Controlled Nanoemulsions: Application to the Preparation of Monodispersed Polymer Nanoparticles and Composite Polymeric Microparticles. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201600025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Université de Strasbourg; Ecole de Chimie; Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); 25 rue Becquerel F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Ikram U. Khan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Government College University; Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Meriem Er-Rafik
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Isabelle Kraus
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) - UMR 7504 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Shukai Ding
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Lixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Michel Bouquey
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Université de Strasbourg; Ecole de Chimie; Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); 25 rue Becquerel F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - René Muller
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Université de Strasbourg; Ecole de Chimie; Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); 25 rue Becquerel F-67087 Strasbourg France
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Yu W, Serra CA, Khan IU, Ding S, Gomez RI, Bouquey M, Muller R. Development of an Elongational-Flow Microprocess for the Production of Size-Controlled Nanoemulsions: Batch Operation. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201600024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Ecole de Chimie; Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Government College University; Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Shukai Ding
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | | | - Michel Bouquey
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Ecole de Chimie; Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - René Muller
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; 23 rue du Loess F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Ecole de Chimie; Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel F-67087 Strasbourg France
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Braun LB, Hessberger T, Serra CA, Zentel R. UV-Free Microfluidic Particle Fabrication at Low Temperature Using ARGET-ATRP as the Initiator System. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas B. Braun
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55099 Mainz Germany
| | - Tristan Hessberger
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55099 Mainz Germany
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie; Université de Strasbourg; l'Environnement et la Santé; 25 rue Becquerrel F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55099 Mainz Germany
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Ding S, Anton N, Vandamme TF, Serra CA. Microfluidic nanoprecipitation systems for preparing pure drug or polymeric drug loaded nanoparticles: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1447-60. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1193151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shukai Ding
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) – UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) - UMR 7199 CNRS, Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg (Unistra), Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry F. Vandamme
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) - UMR 7199 CNRS, Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg (Unistra), Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) – UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (Unistra), Strasbourg, France
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Shahzad Y, Khan IU, Hussain T, Alamgeer, Serra CA, Rizvi SAA, Gerber M, du Plessis J. Bioactive albumin-based carriers for tumour chemotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2015; 14:752-63. [PMID: 25348019 DOI: 10.2174/1568009614666141028100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are posed as the natural counterpart of the synthetic polymers for the development of drug delivery systems and few of them, have been regarded safe for drug delivery purposes by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood. Interest in the exploration of pharmaceutical applications of albumin-based drug delivery carriers, especially for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, has increased in recent years. Albumin has several advantages over synthetic polymers, as it is biocompatible, biodegradable, has low cytotoxicity and has an excellent binding capacity with various drugs. Micro- and nano-carriers not only protect active pharmaceutical ingredients against degradation, but also offer a prolonged release of drugs in a controlled fashion. Since existing tumour chemotherapeutic agents neither target tumour cells, nor are they specific to tumour cells, a slow release of drugs from carriers would be beneficial in targeting carcinogenic cells intracellularly. This article aims at providing an overview of pharmaceutical applications of albumin as a drug delivery carrier in tumour chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeanetta du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, South Africa.
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35
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Khan IU, Stolch L, Serra CA, Anton N, Akasov R, Vandamme TF. Microfluidic conceived pH sensitive core–shell particles for dual drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Souilem I, Serra CA, Muller R, Holl Y, Bouquey M, Sutter C. Dimensional analysis of a novel low-pressure device for the production of size-tunable nanoemulsions. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Souilem
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - René Muller
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Yves Holl
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Michel Bouquey
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS; F-67034 Strasbourg France
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM); F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Christophe Sutter
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS; F-67087 Strasbourg France
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37
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Garg DK, Serra CA, Hoarau Y, Parida D, Bouquey M, Muller R. Analytical Solution of Free Radical Polymerization: Applications-Implementing Nonisothermal Effect. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj K. Garg
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur,
de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS)−UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- École Européenne de Chimie,
Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS)−UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Yannick Hoarau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur,
de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dambarudhar Parida
- École Européenne de Chimie,
Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - M. Bouquey
- École Européenne de Chimie,
Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS)−UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - R. Muller
- École Européenne de Chimie,
Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS)−UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Garg DK, Serra CA, Hoarau Y, Parida D, Bouquey M, Muller R. Analytical Solution of Free Radical Polymerization: Applications- Implementing Gel Effect Using CCS Model. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj K. Garg
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur,
de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Yannick Hoarau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur,
de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dambarudhar Parida
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - M. Bouquey
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - R. Muller
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Garg DK, Serra CA, Hoarau Y, Parida D, Bouquey M, Muller R. Analytical Solution of Free Radical Polymerization: Applications- Implementing Gel Effect Using AK Model. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501413m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj K. Garg
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur,
de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- École Européenne de Chimie,
Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Yannick Hoarau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur,
de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dambarudhar Parida
- École Européenne de Chimie,
Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - M. Bouquey
- École Européenne de Chimie,
Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - R. Muller
- École Européenne de Chimie,
Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), UPR 22 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nowadays the development of composite nano- and microparticles is an extensively studied area of research. This interest is growing because of the potential use of such particles in drug delivery systems. Indeed they can be used in various medical disciplines depending upon their sizes and their size distribution, which determine their final biomedical applications. AREAS COVERED Amongst the different techniques to produce nanoparticles, microfluidic techniques allow preparing particles having a specific size, a narrow size distribution and high encapsulation efficiency with ease. This review covers the general description of microfluidics, its techniques, advantages and disadvantages with focus on the encapsulation of active principles in polymeric nanoparticles as well as on pure drug nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles constitute the majority of the examples reported; however lipid nanoparticulate systems (DNA, SiRNA nanocarriers) are very comparable and their formulation processes are in most cases exactly similar. Accordingly this review focuses also on active ingredient nanoparticles formulated by nanoprecipitation processes in microfluidic devices in general. It also provides detailed description of the different geometries of most common microfluidic devices and the crucial parameters involved in techniques designed to obtain the desired properties. EXPERT OPINION Although the classical fabrication of nanoparticles drug delivery systems in batch is extremely well-described and developed, their production with microfluidic tools arises today as an emerging field with much more potential. In this review we present and discuss these new possibilities for biomedical applications through the current emerging developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ullah Khan
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculty of Pharmacy , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
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Khan IU, Serra CA, Anton N, Li X, Akasov R, Messaddeq N, Kraus I, Vandamme TF. Microfluidic conceived drug loaded Janus particles in side-by-side capillaries device. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:239-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Garg DK, Serra CA, Hoarau Y, Parida D, Bouquey M, Muller R. Analytical Solution of Free Radical Polymerization: Derivation and Validation. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500480z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj K. Garg
- Laboratoire
des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Informatique
et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg 67000, France
- Groupe d’Intensification
et d’Intégration des Procédés Polymères
(G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie,
l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) − UMR 7515
CNRS, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et
Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Groupe d’Intensification
et d’Intégration des Procédés Polymères
(G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie,
l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) − UMR 7515
CNRS, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et
Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Yannick Hoarau
- Laboratoire
des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Informatique
et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Dambarudhar Parida
- Groupe d’Intensification
et d’Intégration des Procédés Polymères
(G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie,
l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) − UMR 7515
CNRS, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et
Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Michel Bouquey
- Groupe d’Intensification
et d’Intégration des Procédés Polymères
(G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie,
l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) − UMR 7515
CNRS, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et
Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - René Muller
- Groupe d’Intensification
et d’Intégration des Procédés Polymères
(G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie,
l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) − UMR 7515
CNRS, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et
Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg 67087, France
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Parida D, Serra CA, Gómez RI, Garg DK, Hoarau Y, Bouquey M, Muller R. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Continuous Microflow: Effect of Process Parameters. J Flow Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kraus I, Li S, Knauer A, Schmutz M, Faerber J, Serra CA, Köhler M. Continuous-Microflow Synthesis and Morphological Characterization of Multiscale Composite Materials Based on Polymer Microparticles and Inorganic Nanoparticles. J Flow Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-13-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Parida D, Serra CA, Garg DK, Hoarau Y, Muller R, Bouquey M. Flow Inversion: An Effective Means to Scale-Up Controlled Radical Polymerization Tubular Microreactors. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dambarudhar Parida
- Groupe d'Intensification et d'Intégration des Procédés Polymères (G2IP); Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS; École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel Université de Strasbourg (UdS) Strasbourg France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Groupe d'Intensification et d'Intégration des Procédés Polymères (G2IP); Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS; École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel Université de Strasbourg (UdS) Strasbourg France
| | - Dhiraj K. Garg
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur; de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie (ICUBE); Université de Strasbourg (UdS) Strasbourg France
| | - Yannick Hoarau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur; de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie (ICUBE); Université de Strasbourg (UdS) Strasbourg France
| | - René Muller
- Groupe d'Intensification et d'Intégration des Procédés Polymères (G2IP); Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS; École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel Université de Strasbourg (UdS) Strasbourg France
| | - Michel Bouquey
- Groupe d'Intensification et d'Intégration des Procédés Polymères (G2IP); Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS; École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel Université de Strasbourg (UdS) Strasbourg France
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Parida D, Serra CA, Garg DK, Hoarau Y, Bally F, Muller R, Bouquey M. Coil Flow Inversion as a Route To Control Polymerization in Microreactors. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dambarudhar Parida
- Groupe
d’Intensification et d’Intégration des Procédés
Polymères (G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés
pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé
(ICPEES) − UMR 7515 CNRS, École Européenne de
Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Groupe
d’Intensification et d’Intégration des Procédés
Polymères (G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés
pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé
(ICPEES) − UMR 7515 CNRS, École Européenne de
Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Dhiraj K. Garg
- Laboratoire
des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Informatique
et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Hoarau
- Laboratoire
des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Informatique
et de l’Imagerie (ICUBE), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Florence Bally
- Institut
de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR CNRS 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - René Muller
- Groupe
d’Intensification et d’Intégration des Procédés
Polymères (G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés
pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé
(ICPEES) − UMR 7515 CNRS, École Européenne de
Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Bouquey
- Groupe
d’Intensification et d’Intégration des Procédés
Polymères (G2IP), Institut de Chimie et Procédés
pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé
(ICPEES) − UMR 7515 CNRS, École Européenne de
Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Strasbourg, France
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Ibarra-Gómez R, Muller R, Bouquey M, Rondin J, Serra CA, Hassouna F, Mouedden YE, Toniazzo V, Ruch D. Processing of nanocomposites PLA/graphite using a novel elongational mixing device. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rigoberto Ibarra-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C; Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua; Chihuahua 31109 México
| | - René Muller
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES); ECPM, Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Michel Bouquey
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES); ECPM, Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Jérôme Rondin
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES); ECPM, Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Christophe A. Serra
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES); ECPM, Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Fatima Hassouna
- Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor; 5 rue Bommel, ZAE Robert Steichen L-4940 Hautcharage Luxembourg
| | - Yamna El Mouedden
- Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor; 5 rue Bommel, ZAE Robert Steichen L-4940 Hautcharage Luxembourg
| | - Valérie Toniazzo
- Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor; 5 rue Bommel, ZAE Robert Steichen L-4940 Hautcharage Luxembourg
| | - David Ruch
- Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor; 5 rue Bommel, ZAE Robert Steichen L-4940 Hautcharage Luxembourg
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Khan IU, Serra CA, Anton N, Vandamme T. Microfluidics: A focus on improved cancer targeted drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2013; 172:1065-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Serra CA, Cortese B, Khan IU, Anton N, de Croon MHJM, Hessel V, Ono T, Vandamme T. Macromol. React. Eng. 9/2013. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201370026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe A. Serra
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Ecole de Chimie Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS, Groupe d'Intensification et d'Intégration des Procédés Polymères (G2IP); F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Bruno Cortese
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Micro Flow Chemistry/Chemical Reaction Engineering Groups- Eindhoven; The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Ecole de Chimie Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS, Groupe d'Intensification et d'Intégration des Procédés Polymères (G2IP); F-67087 Strasbourg France
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique - CNRS 7199; 74 route du Rhin BP 60024 F-67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- College of Pharmacy, Government College University; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique - CNRS 7199; 74 route du Rhin BP 60024 F-67401 Illkirch Cedex France
| | - Mart H. J. M. de Croon
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Micro Flow Chemistry/Chemical Reaction Engineering Groups- Eindhoven; The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Micro Flow Chemistry/Chemical Reaction Engineering Groups- Eindhoven; The Netherlands
| | - Tsutomu Ono
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique - CNRS 7199; 74 route du Rhin BP 60024 F-67401 Illkirch Cedex France
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50
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Serra CA, Khan IU, Chang Z, Bouquey M, Muller R, Kraus I, Schmutz M, Vandamme T, Anton N, Ohm C, Zentel R, Knauer A, Köhler M. Engineering Polymer Microparticles by Droplet Microfluidics. J Flow Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-13-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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