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Rom CL, Novick A, McDermott MJ, Yakovenko AA, Gallawa JR, Tran GT, Asebiah DC, Storck EN, McBride BC, Miller RC, Prieto AL, Persson KA, Toberer E, Stevanović V, Zakutayev A, Neilson JR. Mechanistically Guided Materials Chemistry: Synthesis of Ternary Nitrides, CaZrN 2 and CaHfN 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4001-4012. [PMID: 38291812 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent computational studies have predicted many new ternary nitrides, revealing synthetic opportunities in this underexplored phase space. However, synthesizing new ternary nitrides is difficult, in part because intermediate and product phases often have high cohesive energies that inhibit diffusion. Here, we report the synthesis of two new phases, calcium zirconium nitride (CaZrN2) and calcium hafnium nitride (CaHfN2), by solid state metathesis reactions between Ca3N2 and MCl4 (M = Zr, Hf). Although the reaction nominally proceeds to the target phases in a 1:1 ratio of the precursors via Ca3N2 + MCl4 → CaMN2 + 2 CaCl2, reactions prepared this way result in Ca-poor materials (CaxM2-xN2, x < 1). A small excess of Ca3N2 (ca. 20 mol %) is needed to yield stoichiometric CaMN2, as confirmed by high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies reveal that nominally stoichiometric reactions produce Zr3+ intermediates early in the reaction pathway, and the excess Ca3N2 is needed to reoxidize Zr3+ intermediates back to the Zr4+ oxidation state of CaZrN2. Analysis of computationally derived chemical potential diagrams rationalizes this synthetic approach and its contrast from the synthesis of MgZrN2. These findings additionally highlight the utility of in situ diffraction studies and computational thermochemistry to provide mechanistic guidance for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Rom
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andrew Novick
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Matthew J McDermott
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrey A Yakovenko
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jessica R Gallawa
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Gia Thinh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Dominic C Asebiah
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Emily N Storck
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Brennan C McBride
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Rebecca C Miller
- Analytical Resources Core, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Amy L Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric Toberer
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Vladan Stevanović
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - James R Neilson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Todd PK, McDermott MJ, Rom CL, Corrao AA, Denney JJ, Dwaraknath SS, Khalifah PG, Persson KA, Neilson JR. Selectivity in Yttrium Manganese Oxide Synthesis via Local Chemical Potentials in Hyperdimensional Phase Space. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15185-15194. [PMID: 34491732 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In sharp contrast to molecular synthesis, materials synthesis is generally presumed to lack selectivity. The few known methods of designing selectivity in solid-state reactions have limited scope, such as topotactic reactions or strain stabilization. This contribution describes a general approach for searching large chemical spaces to identify selective reactions. This novel approach explains the ability of a nominally "innocent" Na2CO3 precursor to enable the metathesis synthesis of single-phase Y2Mn2O7: an outcome that was previously only accomplished at extreme pressures and which cannot be achieved with closely related precursors of Li2CO3 and K2CO3 under identical conditions. By calculating the required change in chemical potential across all possible reactant-product interfaces in an expanded chemical space including Y, Mn, O, alkali metals, and halogens, using thermodynamic parameters obtained from density functional theory calculations, we identify reactions that minimize the thermodynamic competition from intermediates. In this manner, only the Na-based intermediates minimize the distance in the hyperdimensional chemical potential space to Y2Mn2O7, thus providing selective access to a phase which was previously thought to be metastable. Experimental evidence validating this mechanism for pathway-dependent selectivity is provided by intermediates identified from in situ synchrotron-based crystallographic analysis. This approach of calculating chemical potential distances in hyperdimensional compositional spaces provides a general method for designing selective solid-state syntheses that will be useful for gaining access to metastable phases and for identifying reaction pathways that can reduce the synthesis temperature, and cost, of technological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Todd
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Matthew J McDermott
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher L Rom
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Adam A Corrao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jonathan J Denney
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Shyam S Dwaraknath
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter G Khalifah
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - James R Neilson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Vanagas NA, Wacker JN, Rom CL, Glass EN, Colliard I, Qiao Y, Bertke JA, Van Keuren E, Schelter EJ, Nyman M, Knope KE. Solution and Solid State Structural Chemistry of Th(IV) and U(IV) 4-Hydroxybenzoates. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:7259-7269. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Vanagas
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Jennifer N. Wacker
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Christopher L. Rom
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Elliot N. Glass
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ian Colliard
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Yusen Qiao
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Edward Van Keuren
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Karah E. Knope
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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Levendorf AM, Chen DJ, Rom CL, Liu Y, Tong YJ. Electrochemical and in situ ATR-SEIRAS investigations of methanol and CO electro-oxidation on PVP-free cubic and octahedral/tetrahedral Pt nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorbed PVP enhances further the MOR activity on the O/T but suppresses it on the cubic Pt NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - De-Jun Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Yangwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington DC, USA
| | - YuYe J. Tong
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington DC, USA
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