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Christodoulou MV, Petkou E, Atzemoglou N, Gkorla E, Karamitrou A, Simos YV, Bellos S, Bekiari C, Kouklis P, Konitsiotis S, Vezyraki P, Peschos D, Tsamis KI. Cell replacement therapy with stem cells in multiple sclerosis, a systematic review. Hum Cell 2024; 37:9-53. [PMID: 37985645 PMCID: PMC10764451 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-01006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. It is induced by attack of autoreactive lymphocytes on the myelin sheath and endogenous remyelination failure, eventually leading to accumulation of neurological disability. Disease-modifying agents can successfully address inflammatory relapses, but have low efficacy in progressive forms of MS, and cannot stop the progressive neurodegenerative process. Thus, the stem cell replacement therapy approach, which aims to overcome CNS cell loss and remyelination failure, is considered a promising alternative treatment. Although the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of stem cell transplantation are not yet fully understood, neurotrophic support, immunomodulation, and cell replacement appear to play an important role, leading to a multifaceted fight against the pathology of the disease. The present systematic review is focusing on the efficacy of stem cells to migrate at the lesion sites of the CNS and develop functional oligodendrocytes remyelinating axons. While most studies confirm the improvement of neurological deficits after the administration of different stem cell types, many critical issues need to be clarified before they can be efficiently introduced into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Veatriki Christodoulou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ermioni Petkou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Natalia Atzemoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Gkorla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Karamitrou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yannis V Simos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stefanos Bellos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panos Kouklis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Patra Vezyraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Tsamis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Bekiari C, Tekos F, Skaperda Z, Argyropoulou A, Skaltsounis AL, Kouretas D, Tsingotjidou A. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effect of a Grape Pomace Extract on Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats: Biochemical, Behavioral and Histopathological Evaluation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061062. [PMID: 35739960 PMCID: PMC9219719 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent. Despite its many beneficial aspects in fighting many malignancies, it shares an aversive effect of neuropathy. Many substances have been used to limit this oxaliplatin-driven neuropathy in patients. This study evaluates the neuroprotective role of a grape pomace extract (GPE) into an oxaliplatin induced neuropathy in rats. For this reason, following the delivery of the substance into the animals prior to or simultaneously with oxaliplatin, their performance was evaluated by behavioral tests. Blood tests were also performed for the antioxidant activity of the extract, along with a histological and pathological evaluation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells as the major components of the neuropathy. All behavioral tests were corrected following the use of the grape pomace. Oxidative stressors were also limited with the use of the extract. Additionally, the morphometrical analysis of the DRG cells and their immunohistochemical phenotype revealed the fidelity of the animal model and the changes into the parvalbumin and GFAP concentration indicative of the neuroprotective role of the pomace. In conclusion, the grape pomace extract with its antioxidant properties alleviates the harmful effects of the oxaliplatin induced chronic neuropathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Fotios Tekos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Zoi Skaperda
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Aikaterini Argyropoulou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (A.-L.S.)
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (A.-L.S.)
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310999941
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Katsenos AP, Davri AS, Simos YV, Nikas IP, Bekiari C, Paschou SA, Peschos D, Konitsiotis S, Vezyraki P, Tsamis KI. New treatment approaches for Alzheimer's disease: preclinical studies and clinical trials centered on antidiabetic drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:105-123. [PMID: 34941464 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2022122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent two major chronic diseases that affect a large percentage of the population and share common pathogenetic mechanisms, including oxidative stress and inflammation. Considering their common mechanistic aspects, and given the current lack of effective therapies for AD, accumulating research has focused on the therapeutic potential of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment or prevention of AD. AREAS COVERED This review examines the latest preclinical and clinical evidence on the potential of antidiabetic drugs as candidates for AD treatment. Numerous approved drugs for T2DM, including insulin, metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), are in the spotlight and may constitute novel approaches for AD treatment. EXPERT OPINION Among other pharmacologic agents, GLP-1 RA and SGLT2i have so far exhibited promising results as novel treatment approaches for AD, while current research has centered on deciphering their action on the central nervous system (CNS). Further investigation is crucial to reveal the most effective pharmacological agents and their optimal combinations, maximize their beneficial effects on neurons, and find ways to increase their distribution to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P Katsenos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Athena S Davri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yannis V Simos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ilias P Nikas
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, school of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Patra Vezyraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Tsamis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Bitsianis S, Mantzoros I, Gkiouliava A, Chatzakis C, Bekiari C, Loutzidou L, Ntampakis G, Christidis P, Domvri K, Porpodis K, Ioannidis O, Aggelopoulos S. The feasibility and effect of intraperitoneal administration of regorafenib on peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer in the rat. Ann Ital Chir 2022; 93:592-598. [PMID: 36254771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Our goal was to investigate the potential use and efficacy of regorafenib for IPEC in an animal model of colorectal derived peritoneal metastases. Twenty four male rats were included. Carcinogenesis was induced in all rats through intraperitoneal injection of cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cells at T0. At T1(Day 28) they were randomly allocated 1:1:1:1 into 4 groups and underwent median laparotomy and the corresponding intervention. Specifically, Group A: no other intervention; Group B: cytoreductive surgery; Group C: intraperitoneal chemotherapy with regorafenib; and Group D: cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy with regorafenib. At T2 (Day 56) rats were euthanized and laparotomy was performed for further investigation. The primary outcome was the experimental Peritoneal Cancer Index (ePCI) at T2. Secondary outcomes include relative change of body weight between T1 and T2, weight of the ascites, anastomotic leak/peritonitis and death. RESULTS The ePCI was significantly lower in Group D as opposed to all other groups. Comparing Group C versus Group A we found a trend towards lesser tumor progression, but no significant difference. Growth of rats in Group D was significantly least affected compared to all other groups. Animals undergoing CRS in Group B developed less ascites than Group A and C. Less ascites was found in Group D compared to Group A and C. CONCLUSIONS Intraperitoneal chemotherapy with regorafenib combined with cytoreductive surgery may impair metastases' progression. KEY WORDS Regorafenib, Chemotherapy, Cytoreductive surgery, Colorectal cancer, Intraperitoneal injection.
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5
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Bekiari C, Grivas I, Tsingotjidou A, Papadopoulos GC. Adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the dorsal and ventral canine hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1216-1230. [PMID: 31743444 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dentate gyrus (DG) of the mammalian hippocampus gives rise to new neurons and astrocytes all through adulthood. Canine hippocampus presents many similarities in fetal development, anatomy, and physiology with human hippocampus, establishing canines as excellent animal models for the study of adult neurogenesis. In the present study, BrdU-dated cells of the structurally and functionally dissociated dorsal (dDG) and ventral (vDG) adult canine DG were comparatively examined over a period of 30 days. Each part's neurogenic potential, radial glia-like neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation and differentiation, migration, and maturation of their progenies were evaluated at 2, 5, 14, and 30 days post BrdU administration, with the use of selected markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein, doublecortin, calretinin and calbindin). Co-staining of BrdU+ cells with NeuN or S100B permitted the parallel study of the ongoing neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Our findings reveal the comparatively higher populations of residing granule cells, proliferating NSCs and BrdU+ neurons in the dDG, whereas newborn neurons of the vDG showed a prolonged differentiation, migration, and maturation. Newborn astrocytes were found all along the dorso-ventral axis, counting however for only 11% of newborn cell population. Comparative evaluation of adult canine and rat neurogenesis revealed significant differences in the distribution of resident and newborn granule cells along the dorso-ventral axis, division pattern of adult NSCs, maturation time plan of newborn neurons, and ongoing gliogenesis. Concluding, spatial and temporal features of adult canine neurogenesis are similar to that of other gyrencephalic species, including humans, and justify the comparative examination of adult neurogenesis across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios C Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Bakopoulou A, Georgopoulou Α, Grivas I, Bekiari C, Prymak O, Loza Κ, Epple M, Papadopoulos GC, Koidis P, Chatzinikolaidou Μ. Dental pulp stem cells in chitosan/gelatin scaffolds for enhanced orofacial bone regeneration. Dent Mater 2018; 35:310-327. [PMID: 30527589 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomimetic chitosan/gelatin (CS/Gel) scaffolds have attracted great interest in tissue engineering of several tissues. However, limited information exists regarding the potential of combining CS/Gel scaffolds with oral cells, such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), to produce customized constructs targeting alveolar/orofacial bone reconstruction, which has been the aim of the present study. METHODS Two scaffold types, designated as CS/Gel-0.1 and CS/Gel-1, were fabricated using 0.1 and 1% (v/v) respectively of the crosslinker glutaraldehyde (GTA). Scaffolds (n=240) were seeded with DPSCs with/without pre-exposure to recombinant human BMP-2. In vitro assessment included DPSCs characterization (flow cytometry), evaluation of viability/proliferation (live/dead staining, metabolic-based tests), osteo/odontogenic gene expression analysis (qRT-PCR) and structural/chemical characterization (scanning electron microscopy, SEM; energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, EDX; X-ray powder diffraction, XRD; thermogravimetry, TG). In vivo assessment included implantation of DPSC-seeded scaffolds in immunocompromised mice, followed by histology and SEM-EDX. Statistical analysis employed one/two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (significance for p<0.05). RESULTS Both scaffolds supported cell viability/proliferation over 14 days in culture, showing extensive formation of a hydroxyapatite-rich nanocrystalline calcium phosphate phase. Differential expression patterns indicated GTA concentration to significantly affect the expression of osteo/odontogenic genes, with CS/Gel-0.1 scaffolds being more effective in upregulating DSPP, IBSP and Osterix. In vivo analysis demonstrated time-dependent production of a nanocrystalline, mineralized matrix at 6, 8 and 10 weeks, being more prominent in constructs bearing rhBMP-2 pre-treated cells. The latter showed higher amounts of osteoid and fully mineralized bone, as well as empty space reduction. SIGNIFICANCE These results reveal a promising strategy for orofacial bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece
| | - Αnthie Georgopoulou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, A.U.Th, Greece
| | - Chryssa Bekiari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, A.U.Th, Greece
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Κateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - George C Papadopoulos
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, A.U.Th, Greece
| | - Petros Koidis
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece
| | - Μaria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece.
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Dori I, Petrakis S, Giannakopoulou A, Bekiari C, Grivas I, Siska EK, Koliakos G, Papadopoulos GC. Seven days post-injury fate and effects of genetically labelled adipose-derived mesenchymal cells on a rat traumatic brain injury experimental model. Histol Histopathol 2016; 32:1041-1055. [PMID: 28035654 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been suggested to have beneficial effects on animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), owing to their neurotrophic and immunomodulatory properties. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are multipotent MSC that can be harvested with minimally invasive methods, show a high proliferative capacity, low immunogenicity if allogeneic, and can be used in autologous or heterologous settings. In the present study ASCs were genetically labelled using the Sleeping Beauty transposon to express the fluorescent protein Venus. Venus+ASCs were transplanted intra-cerebroventricularly (ICV), on a rat TBI model and their survival, fate and effects on host brain responses were examined at seven days post-injury (7dPI). We provide evidence that Venus+ASCs survived, migrated into the periventricular striatum and were negative for neuronal or glial lineage differentiation markers. Venus+ASCs stimulated the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). It was also evident that Venus+ASCs modify the host brain's cellular microenvironment both at the injury site and at their localization area by promoting a significant reduction of the lesion area, as well as altering the post-injury, pro-inflammatory profile of microglial and astrocytic cell populations. Our data support the view that ICV transplantation of ASCs induces alterations in the host brain's cellular response to injury that may be correlated to a reversal from a detrimental to a beneficial state which is permissive for regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Dori
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Aggeliki Giannakopoulou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Koliakos
- Biohellenika, Pylaia, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios C Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Bekiari C, Giannakopoulou A, Siskos N, Grivas I, Tsingotjidou A, Michaloudi H, Papadopoulos GC. Neurogenesis in the septal and temporal part of the adult rat dentate gyrus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:511-23. [PMID: 25394554 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional dissociation between the septal and the temporal part of the dentate gyrus predispose for possible differentiations in the ongoing neurogenesis process of the adult hippocampus. In this study, BrdU-dated subpopulations of the rat septal and temporal dentate gyrus (coexpressing GFAP, DCX, NeuN, calretinin, calbindin, S100, caspase-3 or fractin) were quantified comparatively at 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after BrdU administration in order to examine the successive time-frames of the neurogenesis process, the glial or neuronal commitment of newborn cells and the occurring apoptotic cell death. Newborn neurons' migration from the neurogenic subgranular zone to the inner granular cell layer and expression of glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptors were also studied. BrdU immunocytochemistry revealed comparatively higher numbers of BrdU(+) cells in the septal part, but stereological analysis of newborn and total granule cells showed an identical ratio in the two parts, indicating an equivalent neurogenic ability, and a common topographical pattern along each part's longitudinal and transverse axis. Similarly, both parts exhibited extremely low levels of newborn glial and apoptotic cells. However, despite the initially equal division rate and pattern of the septal and temporal proliferating cells, their later proliferative profile diverged in the two parts. Dynamic differences in the differentiation, migration and maturation process of the two BrdU-incorporating subpopulations of newborn neurons were also detected, along with differences in their survival pattern. Therefore, we propose that various factors, including developmental date birth, local DG microenvironment and distinct functionality of the two parts may be the critical regulators of the ongoing neurogenesis process, leading the septal part to a continuous, rapid, and less-disciplined genesis rate, whereas the quiescent temporal microenvironment preserves a quite steady, less-demanding neurogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Structure and Function of Living Organisms, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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9
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Giannakopoulou A, Grigoriadis N, Bekiari C, Lourbopoulos A, Dori I, Tsingotjidou AS, Michaloudi H, Papadopoulos GC. Acute inflammation alters adult hippocampal neurogenesis in a multiple sclerosis mouse model. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:890-900. [PMID: 23606574 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) located in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) give rise to thousands of new cells every day, mainly hippocampal neurons, which are integrated into existing neuronal circuits. Aging and chronic degenerative disorders have been shown to impair hippocampal neurogenesis, but the consequence of inflammation is somewhat controversial. The present study demonstrates that the inflammatory environment prevailing in the brain of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice enhances the proliferation of NPCs in SGZ of the dorsal DG and alters the proportion between radial glial cells and newborn neuroblasts. The injection protocol of the cell cycle marker bromodeoxyuridine and the immunohistochemical techniques that were employed revealed that the proliferation of NPCs is increased approximately twofold in the SGZ of the dorsal DG of EAE mice, at the acute phase of the disease. However, although EAE animals exhibited significant higher percentage of newborn radial-glia-like NPCs, the mean percentage of newborn neuroblasts rather was decreased, indicating that the robust NPCs proliferation is not followed by a proportional production of newborn neurons. Significant positive correlations were detected between the number of proliferating cells in the SGZ and the clinical score or degree of brain inflammation of diseased animals. Finally, enhanced neuroproliferation in the acute phase of EAE was not found to trigger compensatory apoptotic mechanisms. The possible causes of altered neurogenesis observed in this study emphasize the need to understand more precisely the mechanisms regulating adult neurogenesis under both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giannakopoulou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Tsingotjidou AS, Emmanouilides CE, Siotou E, Poutahidis T, Xagorari A, Loukopoulos P, Sotiropoulos D, Bekiari C, Doulberis M, Givissis P, Fassas A, Anagnostopoulos A. Establishment of an animal model for Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:469-76. [PMID: 19302921 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a low-grade lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma characterized by production of monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM). The present study was undertaken with the aim of developing a novel nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mouse model of WM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pairs of bone particles derived from adult humans were successfully implanted intramuscularly in NOD/SCID mice. Each mouse was implanted with a bone fragment taken from a neoplastic disease-free individual in the one hind limb and with a different biopsy taken from a WM patient in the other. RESULTS All mice implanted with the bone marrow core biopsies had increased levels of serum IgM 1 month following the implantation onward. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis showed that in approximately half of the mice WM cells metastasized from the WM bone implant to the distantly implanted non-WM bone. Serum IgM value records of all mice correlated with histopathological observations and immunohistochemical analysis for neoplastic cell density and metastatic growth. CONCLUSION Results obtained in the present study suggest that IgM-producing WM cells not only retained viability in the bone marrow of the WM bone biopsy, but also metastasized to the normal bone marrow of the distant bone implant. The mouse model reported here improves on existing models of WM by recapitulating the adult human bone marrow microenvironment of abnormal WM neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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