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Mulinari Turin de Oliveira N, Fernandes da Silva Figueiredo I, Cristine Malaquias da Silva L, Sauruk da Silva K, Regis Bueno L, Barbosa da Luz B, Rita Corso C, Paula Werner MF, Soares Fernandes E, Maria-Ferreira D. Tissue Proteases and Immune Responses: Influencing Factors of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality. Pathogens 2020; 9:E817. [PMID: 33036180 PMCID: PMC7600261 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by the highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has affected the global population despite socioeconomic status and amazed surveillance agencies for its incidence, mortality, and recovery rates. COVID-19 affects all age groups; however, it is suggested to progress into severe disease and cause mortality in over 10% of the confirmed cases, depending on the individual characteristics of the affected population. One of the biggest unanswered questions it is why only some individuals develop into the severe stages of the disease. Current data indicate that most of the critically ill are the elderly or those with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and asthma. However, it has been noted that, in some populations, severe disease is mostly observed in much younger individuals (<60-years old) with no reported underlying medical conditions. Certainly, many factors may contribute to disease severity including intrinsic host factors such as genetic variants, the expression levels of tissue proteins, among others. Considering all these aspects, this review aims to discuss how the expression levels of tissue proteases and the different profiles of immune responses influence the susceptibility to COVID-19 as well as disease severity and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Mulinari Turin de Oliveira
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu No 333, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil; (N.M.T.d.O.); (I.F.d.S.F.); (L.C.M.d.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (L.R.B.); (C.R.C.); (E.S.F.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1532, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Isabella Fernandes da Silva Figueiredo
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu No 333, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil; (N.M.T.d.O.); (I.F.d.S.F.); (L.C.M.d.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (L.R.B.); (C.R.C.); (E.S.F.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1532, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Liziane Cristine Malaquias da Silva
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu No 333, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil; (N.M.T.d.O.); (I.F.d.S.F.); (L.C.M.d.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (L.R.B.); (C.R.C.); (E.S.F.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1532, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Karien Sauruk da Silva
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu No 333, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil; (N.M.T.d.O.); (I.F.d.S.F.); (L.C.M.d.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (L.R.B.); (C.R.C.); (E.S.F.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1532, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Laryssa Regis Bueno
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu No 333, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil; (N.M.T.d.O.); (I.F.d.S.F.); (L.C.M.d.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (L.R.B.); (C.R.C.); (E.S.F.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1532, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa da Luz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil; (B.B.d.L.); (M.F.P.W.)
| | - Cláudia Rita Corso
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu No 333, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil; (N.M.T.d.O.); (I.F.d.S.F.); (L.C.M.d.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (L.R.B.); (C.R.C.); (E.S.F.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1532, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Paula Werner
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil; (B.B.d.L.); (M.F.P.W.)
| | - Elizabeth Soares Fernandes
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu No 333, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil; (N.M.T.d.O.); (I.F.d.S.F.); (L.C.M.d.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (L.R.B.); (C.R.C.); (E.S.F.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1532, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu No 333, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil; (N.M.T.d.O.); (I.F.d.S.F.); (L.C.M.d.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (L.R.B.); (C.R.C.); (E.S.F.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1532, Curitiba, PR 80250-200, Brazil
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Maganha de Almeida AC, Backhaus J, Corso CR. Recycling food waste to clean water: the use of a biodigester's residual liquid inoculum (RLI) to decolourise textile azo dyes. Water Sci Technol 2018; 77:398-408. [PMID: 29377824 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A residual liquid inoculum (RLI) was used to decolourise solutions of Acid Yellow 25 (AY25) and Direct Violet 51 (DV51) azo dyes. The RLI was obtained through anaerobic digestion of food waste from a university restaurant. The concentration of bacteria in the RLI was 8.45 × 107 CFU mL-1. Dye solutions (50 μg mL-1) were inoculated with the RLI (20% v/v) and incubated at room temperature. The decolourisation studies took place at microaerophilic and in-batch conditions and at pH = 2.50. Initially, the dyes were taken up from solution by biosorption; maximum colour removal was achieved after 3 hours of incubation, with 88.66% for AY25 and 77.65% of DV51. At prolonged incubation times (3-96 hours) decolourisation was mainly attributed to biodegradation of the azo solutions, with breakage of the azo bond, as detected by UV-VIS spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. Analysis of UV-VIS absorption rates of dyes showed, however, that AY25 was more readily biodegradable whereas DV51 was more recalcitrant to the action of the RLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Maganha de Almeida
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Av 24A, 1515 CEP 13.506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
| | - J Backhaus
- Institute for Instrumental Analysis and Bioanalysis, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Windeckstraße 110, Mannheim 68163, Germany
| | - C R Corso
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Av 24A, 1515 CEP 13.506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
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Almeida EJR, Corso CR. Comparative study of toxicity of azo dye Procion Red MX-5B following biosorption and biodegradation treatments with the fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Chemosphere 2014; 112:317-22. [PMID: 25048922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are an important class of environmental contaminants and are characterized by the presence of one or more azo bonds (-N=N-) in their molecular structure. Effluents containing these compounds resist many types of treatments due to their molecular complexity. Therefore, alternative treatments, such as biosorption and biodegradation, have been widely studied to solve the problems caused by these substances, such as their harmful effects on the environment and organisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate biosorption and biodegradation of the azo dye Procion Red MX-5B in solutions with the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Decolorization tests were performed, followed by acute toxicity tests using Lactuca sativa seeds and Artemia salina larvae. Thirty percent dye removal of the solutions was achieved after 3 h of biosorption. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that removal of the dye molecules occurred without major molecular changes. The acute toxicity tests confirmed lack of molecular degradation following biosorption with A. niger, as toxicity to L. sativa seed reduced from 5% to 0%. For A. salina larvae, the solutions were nontoxic before and after treatment. In the biodegradation study with the fungus A. terreus, UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy revealed molecular degradation and the formation of secondary metabolites, such as primary and secondary amines. The biodegradation of the dye molecules was evaluated after 24, 240 and 336 h of treatment. The fungal biomass demonstrated considerable affinity for Procion Red MX-5B, achieving approximately 100% decolorization of the solutions by the end of treatment. However, the solutions resulting from this treatment exhibited a significant increase in toxicity, inhibiting the growth of L. sativa seeds by 43% and leading to a 100% mortality rate among the A. salina larvae. Based on the present findings, biodegradation was effective in the decolorization of the samples, but generated toxic metabolites, while biosorption was effective in both decolorization and reducing the toxicity of the solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J R Almeida
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Bioscience Institute, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, 24-A, no 1515, CEP 13506-900, Bela Vista Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - C R Corso
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Bioscience Institute, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, 24-A, no 1515, CEP 13506-900, Bela Vista Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Corso CR, Almeida EJR, Santos GC, Morão LG, Fabris GSL, Mitter EK. Bioremediation of direct dyes in simulated textile effluents by a paramorphogenic form of Aspergillus oryzae. Water Sci Technol 2012; 65:1490-1495. [PMID: 22466598 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2012.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are extensively used for coloring textiles, paper, food, leather, drinks, pharmaceutical products, cosmetics and inks. The textile industry consumes the largest amount of azo dyes, and it is estimated that approximately 10-15% of dyes used for coloring textiles may be lost in waste streams. Almost all azo dyes are synthetic and resist biodegradation, however, they can readily be reduced by a number of chemical and biological reducing systems. Biological treatment has advantages over physical and chemical methods due to lower costs and minimal environmental effect. This research focuses on the utilization of Aspergillus oryzae to remove some types of azo dyes from aqueous solutions. The fungus, physically induced in its paramorphogenic form (called 'pellets'), was used in the dye biosorption studies with both non-autoclaved and autoclaved hyphae, at different pH values. The goals were the removal of dyes by biosorption and the decrease of their toxicity. The dyes used were Direct Red 23 and Direct Violet 51. Their spectral stability (325-700 nm) was analyzed at different pH values (2.50, 4.50 and 6.50). The best biosorptive pH value and the toxicity limit, (which is given by the lethal concentration (LC(100)), were then determined. Each dye showed the same spectrum at different pH values. The best biosorptive pH was 2.50, for both non- autoclaved and autoclaved hyphae of A. oryzae. The toxicity level of the dyes was determined using the Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method, with Daphnia similis in all bioassays. The Direct Violet 51 (LC(100) 400 mg · mL(-1)) was found to be the most toxic dye, followed by the Direct Red 23 (LC(100) 900 mg · mL(-1)). The toxicity bioassays for each dye have shown that it is possible to decrease the toxicity level to zero by adding a small quantity of biomass from A. oryzae in its paramorphogenic form. The autoclaved biomass had a higher biosorptive capacity for the dye than the non-autoclaved biomass. The results show that bioremediation occurs with A. oryzae in its paramorphogenic form, and it can be used as a biosorptive substrate for treatment of industrial waste water containing azo dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Corso
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Microbiologia, University of Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mitter EK, Corso CR. Acid Black 48 dye biosorption using Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized with treated sugarcane bagasse. Water Sci Technol 2012; 66:1431-1438. [PMID: 22864427 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2012.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The textile industry consumes large quantities of water and chemicals, especially in dyeing and finishing processes. Textile dye adsorption can be accomplished with natural or synthetic compounds. Cell immobilization using biomaterials allows the reduction of toxicity and mechanical resistance and opens spaces within the matrix for cell growth. The use of natural materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, is promising due to the low costs involved. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse treated with either polyethyleneimine (PEI), NaOH or distilled water in the cell immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for textile dye removal. Three different adsorption tests were conducted: treated sugarcane bagasse alone, free yeast cells and bagasse-immobilized yeast cells. Yeast immobilization was 31.34% with PEI-treated bagasse, 8.56% with distilled water and 22.54% with NaOH. PEI-treated bagasse exhibited the best removal rates of the dye at all pH values studied (2.50, 4.50 and 6.50). The best Acid Black 48 adsorption rates were obtained with use of free yeast cells. At pH 2.50, 1 mg of free yeast cells was able to remove 5488.49 g of the dye. The lowest adsorption capacity rates were obtained using treated bagasse alone. However, the use of bagasse-immobilized cells increased adsorption efficiency from 20 to 40%. The use of immobilized cells in textile dye removal is very attractive due to adsorbed dye precipitation, which eliminates the industrial need for centrifugation processes. Dye adsorption using only yeast cells or sugarcane bagasse requires separation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Mitter
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Microbiologia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências, IB, Av 24 A 1515 CEP: 13506900, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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