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Groce B, Aucoin AV, Ullah MA, DiCesare J, Wingfield C, Sardin J, Harris JT, Nguyen JC, Raley P, Stanley SS, Palardy G, Pojman JA. Free-Standing 3D Printing of Epoxy-Vinyl Ether Structures Using Radical-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2024; 6:572-582. [PMID: 38230368 PMCID: PMC10788858 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The application of frontal polymerization to additive manufacturing has advantages in energy consumption and speed of printing. Additionally, with frontal polymerization, it is possible to print free-standing structures that require no supports. A resin was developed using a mixture of epoxies and vinyl ether with an iodonium salt and peroxide initiating system that frontally polymerizes through radical-induced cationic frontal polymerization. The formulation, which was optimized for reactivity, physical properties, and rheology, allowed the printing of free-standing structures. Increasing ratios of vinyl ether and reactive cycloaliphatic epoxide were found to increase the front velocity. Addition of carbon nanofibers increased the front velocity more than the addition of milled carbon fibers. The resin filled with carbon nanofibers and fumed silica exhibited shear-thinning behavior and was suitable for extrusion-based printing at a weight fraction of 4 wt %. A desktop 3D printer was modified to control resin extrusion and deposition with a digital syringe dispenser. Flexural properties of molded and 3D-printed specimens showed that specimens printed in the transverse direction exhibited the lowest strength, likely due to the presence of voids, adhesion issues between filaments, and preferential carbon nanofiber alignment along the filaments. Finally, free-standing printing of single, angled filaments and helical geometries was successfully demonstrated by coordinating ultraviolet-based reaction initiation, low air pressure for resin extrusion, and printing speed to match front velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecklyn
R. Groce
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alexandra V. Aucoin
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Md Asmat Ullah
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jake DiCesare
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Claire Wingfield
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jonathan Sardin
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jackson T. Harris
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John C. Nguyen
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Patrick Raley
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Svetlana S. Stanley
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Genevieve Palardy
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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2
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Hey S, Whyte D, Hoang MC, Le N, Natvig J, Wingfield C, Onyeama C, Howrylak J, Toby IT. Analysis of CDR3 Sequences from T-Cell Receptor β in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050825. [PMID: 37238695 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an illness that typically develops in people who are significantly ill or have serious injuries. ARDS is characterized by fluid build-up that occurs in the alveoli. T-cells are implicated as playing a role in the modulation of the aberrant response leading to excessive tissue damage and, eventually, ARDS. Complementarity Determining Region 3 (CDR3) sequences derived from T-cells are key players in the adaptive immune response. This response is governed by an elaborate specificity for distinct molecules and the ability to recognize and vigorously respond to repeated exposures to the same molecules. Most of the diversity in T-cell receptors (TCRs) is contained in the CDR3 regions of the heterodimeric cell-surface receptors. For this study, we employed the novel technology of immune sequencing to assess lung edema fluid. Our goal was to explore the landscape of CDR3 clonal sequences found within these samples. We obtained more than 3615 CDR3 sequences across samples in the study. Our data demonstrate that: (1) CDR3 sequences from lung edema fluid exhibit distinct clonal populations, and (2) CDR3 sequences can be further characterized based on biochemical features. Analysis of these CDR3 sequences offers insight into the CDR3-driven T-cell repertoire of ARDS. These findings represent the first step towards applications of this technology with these types of biological samples in the context of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hey
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75062, USA
| | - Dayjah Whyte
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75062, USA
| | - Minh-Chau Hoang
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75062, USA
| | - Nick Le
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75062, USA
| | - Joseph Natvig
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75062, USA
| | - Claire Wingfield
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75062, USA
| | | | - Judie Howrylak
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Inimary T Toby
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75062, USA
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Donald PR, Ahmed A, Burman WJ, Cotton MF, Graham SM, Mendel C, McIlleron H, Mac Kenzie WR, Nachman S, Schaaf HS, Starke JR, Wingfield C, Hesseling AC. Requirements for the clinical evaluation of new anti-tuberculosis agents in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:794-9. [DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Donald
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A. Ahmed
- Center for Pediatric Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA; and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - W. J. Burman
- Infectious Diseases Clinic of Denver Public Health, Denver Health Hospital, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - M. F. Cotton
- Children's Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S. M. Graham
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - C. Mendel
- The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, New York, USA
| | - H. McIlleron
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W. R. Mac Kenzie
- Tuberculosis Trials Consortium, Clinical Research Branch, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S. Nachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Science Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - H. S. Schaaf
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - C. Wingfield
- TB/HIV Project, Treatment Action Group, New York, New York, USA
| | - A. C. Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Horsburgh CR, Haxaire-Theeuwes M, Lienhardt C, Wingfield C, McNeeley D, Pyne-Mercier L, Keshavjee S, Varaine F. Compassionate use of and expanded access to new drugs for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 17:146-52. [PMID: 23211610 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new classes of anti-tuberculosis agents are likely to become available in the coming decade. Ensuring prompt access to these drugs for patients without other treatment options is an important medical and public health issue. This article reviews the current state of 'compassionate use' and 'expanded access' programs for these new drugs, and identifies several shortcomings that will limit patient access to the drugs. A series of five steps is outlined that will need to be taken by national health bodies, international agencies and non-governmental organizations to prevent undue delays in access to new tuberculosis drugs for patients who could benefit from them. Following these steps can ensure that patients will be able to benefit from access to these drugs, while minimizing the risk of emergence of resistance to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Horsburgh
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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5
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Sandgren A, Cuevas LE, Dara M, Gie RP, Grzemska M, Hawkridge A, Hesseling AC, Kampmann B, Lienhardt C, Manissero D, Wingfield C, Graham SM. Childhood tuberculosis: progress requires an advocacy strategy now. Eur Respir J 2012; 40:294-7. [PMID: 22337859 PMCID: PMC3409406 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00187711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Childhood tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and curable infectious disease that remains overlooked by public health authorities, health policy makers and TB control programmes. Childhood TB contributes significantly to the burden of disease and represents the failure to control transmission in the community. Furthermore, the pool of infected children constitutes a reservoir of infection for the future burden of TB. It is time to prioritise childhood TB, advocate for addressing the challenges and grasp the opportunities in its prevention and control. Herein, we propose a scientifically informed advocacy agenda developed at the International Childhood TB meeting held in Stockholm, Sweden, from March 17 to 18, 2011, which calls for a renewed effort to improve the situation for children affected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure, infection or disease. The challenges and needs in childhood TB are universal and apply to all settings and must be addressed more effectively by all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sandgren
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Tomtebodavagen 11a, Stockholm, 17183, Sweden.
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Cuevas LE, Browning R, Bossuyt P, Casenghi M, Cotton MF, Cruz AT, Dodd LE, Drobniewski F, Gale M, Graham SM, Grzemska M, Heinrich N, Hesseling AC, Huebner R, Jean-Philippe P, Kabra SK, Kampmann B, Lewinsohn D, Li M, Lienhardt C, Mandalakas AM, Marais BJ, Menzies HJ, Montepiedra G, Mwansambo C, Oberhelman R, Palumbo P, Russek-Cohen E, Shapiro DE, Smith B, Soto-Castellares G, Starke JR, Swaminathan S, Wingfield C, Worrell C. Evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostics in children: 2. Methodological issues for conducting and reporting research evaluations of tuberculosis diagnostics for intrathoracic tuberculosis in children. Consensus from an expert panel. J Infect Dis 2012; 205 Suppl 2:S209-15. [PMID: 22476719 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Confirming the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis is a major challenge. However, research on childhood tuberculosis as it relates to better diagnostics is often neglected because of technical difficulties, such as the slow growth in culture, the difficulty of obtaining specimens, and the diverse and relatively nonspecific clinical presentation of tuberculosis in this age group. Researchers often use individually designed criteria for enrollment, diagnostic classifications, and reference standards, thereby hindering the interpretation and comparability of their findings. The development of standardized research approaches and definitions is therefore needed to strengthen the evaluation of new diagnostics for detection and confirmation of tuberculosis in children. In this article we present consensus statements on methodological issues for conducting research of Tuberculosis diagnostics among children, with a focus on intrathoracic tuberculosis. The statements are complementary to a clinical research case definition presented in an accompanying publication and suggest a phased approach to diagnostics evaluation; entry criteria for enrollment; methods for classification of disease certainty, including the rational use of culture within the case definition; age categories and comorbidities for reporting results; and the need to use standard operating procedures. Special consideration is given to the performance of microbiological culture in children and we also recommend for alternative methodological approaches to report findings in a standardized manner to overcome these limitations are made. This consensus statement is an important step toward ensuring greater rigor and comparability of pediatric tuberculosis diagnostic research, with the aim of realizing the full potential of better tests for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Cuevas
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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7
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Graham SM, Ahmed T, Amanullah F, Browning R, Cardenas V, Casenghi M, Cuevas LE, Gale M, Gie RP, Grzemska M, Handelsman E, Hatherill M, Hesseling AC, Jean-Philippe P, Kampmann B, Kabra SK, Lienhardt C, Lighter-Fisher J, Madhi S, Makhene M, Marais BJ, McNeeley DF, Menzies H, Mitchell C, Modi S, Mofenson L, Musoke P, Nachman S, Powell C, Rigaud M, Rouzier V, Starke JR, Swaminathan S, Wingfield C. Evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostics in children: 1. Proposed clinical case definitions for classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis disease. Consensus from an expert panel. J Infect Dis 2012; 205 Suppl 2:S199-208. [PMID: 22448023 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for improved diagnosis of tuberculosis in children, particularly in young children with intrathoracic disease as this represents the most common type of tuberculosis in children and the greatest diagnostic challenge. There is also a need for standardized clinical case definitions for the evaluation of diagnostics in prospective clinical research studies that include children in whom tuberculosis is suspected but not confirmed by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A panel representing a wide range of expertise and child tuberculosis research experience aimed to develop standardized clinical research case definitions for intrathoracic tuberculosis in children to enable harmonized evaluation of new tuberculosis diagnostic technologies in pediatric populations. Draft definitions and statements were proposed and circulated widely for feedback. An expert panel then considered each of the proposed definitions and statements relating to clinical definitions. Formal group consensus rules were established and consensus was reached for each statement. The definitions presented in this article are intended for use in clinical research to evaluate diagnostic assays and not for individual patient diagnosis or treatment decisions. A complementary article addresses methodological issues to consider for research of diagnostics in children with suspected tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Graham
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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8
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Sester M, Giehl C, McNerney R, Kampmann B, Walzl G, Cuchí P, Wingfield C, Lange C, Migliori GB, Kritski AL, Meyerhans A. Challenges and perspectives for improved management of HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection. Eur Respir J 2011; 36:1242-7. [PMID: 21119204 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00040910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) are two widespread and highly successful microbes whose synergy in pathogenesis has created a significant threat for human health globally. In acknowledgement of this fact, the European Union (EU) has funded a multinational support action, the European Network for global cooperation in the field of AIDS and TB (EUCO-Net), that brings together experts from Europe and those regions that bear the highest burden of HIV/MTB co-infection. Here, we summarise the main outcome of the EUCO-Net project derived from an expert group meeting that took place in Stellenbosch (South Africa) (AIDS/TB Workshop on Research Challenges and Opportunities for Future Collaboration) and the subsequent discussions, and propose priority areas for research and concerted actions that will have impact on future EU calls.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sester
- Dept of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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9
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Abstract
An in vitro study of rottweiler and racing greyhound cranial cruciate ligaments revealed that the rottweiler ligaments had a significantly greater cross-sectional area at their distal attachments. Mechanical testing showed that the ultimate load related to body mass was significantly higher in the extended racing greyhound stifle during cranial tibial loading to failure, as were linear stiffness, tensile strength and tangent modulus. During ligament axis loading to failure, the only significant difference in structural and mechanical properties recorded between the two breeds was a greater ultimate strain for the greyhound ligament with the stifle joint flexed. Energy absorbed by the ligament complex at failure during cranial tibial loading was twice that for ligament axis loading for both breeds. The clinical significance is that the rottweiler cranial cruciate ligament is more vulnerable to damage as it requires half the load per unit body mass that the greyhound requires to cause a rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wingfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh
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10
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Abstract
An in vitro biomechanical study of cadaver stifles from rottweilers and racing greyhounds was undertaken to evaluate the contribution of the cranial cruciate ligament to stifle joint stability. This was performed at differing stifle joint angles, first with the joint capsules and ligaments intact and then with all structures removed except for the cranial cruciate ligament. Craniocaudal laxity increased in both breeds as stifle flexion increased. The rottweiler stifle showed greater craniocaudal joint laxity than the racing greyhound at all joint angles between 150 degrees and 110 degrees, but the actual increases in joint laxity between these joint angles were similar for both breeds. Tibial rotation during craniocaudal loading of the stifle increased craniocaudal laxity in both breeds during joint flexion. The relative contribution of the cranial cruciate ligament to cranial stability of the stifle joint increased as the joint flexed and was similar in both breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wingfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh
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