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Haselschwardt SJ, Lenardo BG, Daniels T, Finch SW, Friesen FQL, Howell CR, Malone CR, Mancil E, Tornow W. Observation of Low-Lying Isomeric States in ^{136}Cs: A New Avenue for Dark Matter and Solar Neutrino Detection in Xenon Detectors. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:052502. [PMID: 37595235 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.052502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on new measurements establishing the existence of low-lying isomeric states in ^{136}Cs using γ rays produced in ^{136}Xe(p,n)^{136}Cs reactions. Two states with O(100) ns lifetimes are placed in the decay sequence of the ^{136}Cs levels that are populated in charged-current interactions of solar neutrinos and fermionic dark matter with ^{136}Xe. Xenon-based experiments can therefore exploit a delayed-coincidence tag of these interactions, greatly suppressing backgrounds to enable spectroscopic studies of solar neutrinos and dark matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Haselschwardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B G Lenardo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Daniels
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USA
| | - S W Finch
- Department of Physics, Duke University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - F Q L Friesen
- Department of Physics, Duke University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - C R Howell
- Department of Physics, Duke University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - C R Malone
- Department of Physics, Duke University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - E Mancil
- Department of Physics, Duke University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - W Tornow
- Department of Physics, Duke University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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2
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Lipshutz SE, Howell CR, Buechlein AM, Rusch DB, Rosvall KA, Derryberry EP. How thermal challenges change gene regulation in the songbird brain and gonad: implications for sexual selection in our changing world. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3613-3626. [PMID: 35567363 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a rapidly warming world, exposure to high temperatures may impact fitness, but the gene regulatory mechanisms that link sublethal heat to sexually selected traits are not well understood, particularly in endothermic animals. Our experiment used zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), songbirds that experience extreme temperature fluctuations in their native Australia. We exposed captive males to an acute thermal challenge (43°C) compared with thermoneutral (35°C) and lower (27°C) temperatures. We found significantly more heat dissipation behaviors at 43°C, a temperature previously shown to reduce song production and fertility, and more heat retention behaviors at 27°C. Next, we characterized transcriptomic responses in tissues important for mating effort - the posterior telencephalon, for its role in song production, and the testis, for its role in fertility and hormone production. Differential expression of hundreds of genes in the testes, but few in the brain, suggest the brain is less responsive to extreme temperatures. Nevertheless, gene network analyses revealed that expression related to dopaminergic signaling in the brain co-varied with heat dissipation behaviors, providing a mechanism by which temporary thermal challenges may alter motivational circuits for song production. In both brain and testis, we observed correlations between thermally sensitive gene networks and individual differences in thermoregulatory behavior. Although we cannot directly relate these gene regulatory changes to mating success, our results suggest that individual variation in response to thermal challenges could impact sexually selected traits in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Lipshutz
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clara R Howell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron M Buechlein
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Douglas B Rusch
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth P Derryberry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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3
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Li X, Ahmed MW, Banu A, Bartram C, Crowe B, Downie EJ, Emamian M, Feldman G, Gao H, Godagama D, Grießhammer HW, Howell CR, Karwowski HJ, Kendellen DP, Kovash MA, Leung KKH, Markoff DM, McGovern JA, Mikhailov S, Pywell RE, Sikora MH, Silano JA, Sosa RS, Spraker MC, Swift G, Wallace P, Weller HR, Whisnant CS, Wu YK, Zhao ZW. Proton Compton Scattering from Linearly Polarized Gamma Rays. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:132502. [PMID: 35426711 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.132502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Differential cross sections for Compton scattering from the proton have been measured at scattering angles of 55°, 90°, and 125° in the laboratory frame using quasimonoenergetic linearly (circularly) polarized photon beams with a weighted mean energy value of 83.4 MeV (81.3 MeV). These measurements were performed at the High Intensity Gamma-Ray Source facility at the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory. The results are compared to previous measurements and are interpreted in the chiral effective field theory framework to extract the electromagnetic dipole polarizabilities of the proton, which gives α_{E1}^{p}=13.8±1.2_{stat}±0.1_{BSR}±0.3_{theo},β_{M1}^{p}=0.2∓1.2_{stat}±0.1_{BSR}∓0.3_{theo} in units of 10^{-4} fm^{3}.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - M W Ahmed
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, USA
| | - A Banu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA
| | - C Bartram
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA
| | - B Crowe
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, USA
| | - E J Downie
- Institute for Nuclear Studies, Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - M Emamian
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - G Feldman
- Institute for Nuclear Studies, Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - H Gao
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - D Godagama
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - H W Grießhammer
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Institute for Nuclear Studies, Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - C R Howell
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - H J Karwowski
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA
| | - D P Kendellen
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - M A Kovash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - K K H Leung
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA
| | - D M Markoff
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, USA
| | - J A McGovern
- Theoretical Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - S Mikhailov
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - R E Pywell
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - M H Sikora
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Institute for Nuclear Studies, Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - J A Silano
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA
| | - R S Sosa
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, USA
| | - M C Spraker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, USA
| | - G Swift
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - P Wallace
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - H R Weller
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - C S Whisnant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA
| | - Y K Wu
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
| | - Z W Zhao
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0308, USA
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4
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Kapadia AJ, Tourassi GD, Sharma AC, Crowell AS, Kiser MR, Howell CR. Experimental detection of iron overload in liver through neutron stimulated emission spectroscopy. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:2633-49. [PMID: 18443387 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/10/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload disorders have been the focus of several quantification studies involving non-invasive imaging modalities. Neutron spectroscopic techniques have demonstrated great potential in detecting iron concentrations within biological tissue. We are developing a neutron spectroscopic technique called neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT), which has the potential to diagnose iron overload in the liver at clinically acceptable patient dose levels through a non-invasive scan. The technique uses inelastic scatter interactions between atomic nuclei in the sample and incoming fast neutrons to non-invasively determine the concentration of elements in the sample. This paper discusses a non-tomographic application of NSECT investigating the feasibility of detecting elevated iron concentrations in the liver. A model of iron overload in the human body was created using bovine liver tissue housed inside a human torso phantom and was scanned with a 5 MeV pulsed beam using single-position spectroscopy. Spectra were reconstructed and analyzed with algorithms designed specifically for NSECT. Results from spectroscopic quantification indicate that NSECT can currently detect liver iron concentrations of 6 mg g(-1) or higher and has the potential to detect lower concentrations by optimizing the acquisition geometry to scan a larger volume of tissue. The experiment described in this paper has two important outcomes: (i) it demonstrates that NSECT has the potential to detect clinically relevant concentrations of iron in the human body through a non-invasive scan and (ii) it provides a comparative standard to guide the design of iron overload phantoms for future NSECT liver iron quantification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kapadia
- Department of Radiology, Duke Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Mitchell GE, Furman WI, Lychagin EV, Muzichka AY, Nekhaev GV, Strelkov AV, Sharapov EI, Shvetsov VN, Chernuhin YI, Levakov BG, Litvin VI, Lyzhin AE, Magda EP, Crawford BE, Stephenson SL, Howell CR, Tornow W. Direct nn-Scattering Measurement With the Pulsed Reactor YAGUAR. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2005; 110:225-30. [PMID: 27308126 PMCID: PMC4849601 DOI: 10.6028/jres.110.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although crucial for resolving the issue of charge symmetry in the nuclear force, direct measurement of nn-scattering by colliding free neutrons has never been performed. At present the Russian pulsed reactor YAGUAR is the best neutron source for performing such a measurement. It has a through channel where the neutron moderator is installed. The neutrons are counted by a neutron detector located 12 m from the reactor. In preliminary experiments an instantaneous value of 1.1 × 10(18)/cm(2)s was obtained for the thermal neutron flux density. The experiment will be performed by the DIANNA Collaboration as International Science & Technology Center (ISTC) project No. 2286.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Mitchell
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA 27695-8202
| | - W I Furman
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - E V Lychagin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - A Yu Muzichka
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - G V Nekhaev
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - A V Strelkov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - E I Sharapov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - V N Shvetsov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - Yu I Chernuhin
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - B G Levakov
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - V I Litvin
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - A E Lyzhin
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - E P Magda
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center-All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics, P.O. Box 245, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - B E Crawford
- Gettysburg College, Box 405, Gettysburg PA, USA 17325
| | | | - C R Howell
- Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham NC, USA 27708-0308
| | - W Tornow
- Duke University and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham NC, USA 27708-0308
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6
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Effective biocontrol strains of Trichoderma virens can induce the production of defense-related compounds in the roots of cotton. Ineffective strains do not induce these compounds to significant levels. This elicittation was found to be heat stable, insoluble in chloroform, passed through a 5K molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) filter, but not a 3K MWCO filter, and was sensitive to treatment by proteinase K. When the active material was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several bands were present in the material from biocontrol-active strains that were lacking in inactive strains. When eluted and tested for elicitation activity, with or without renaturation, four bands stimulated cotton terpenoid production. One band showed cross-reaction with an antibody to the ethylene-inducing xylanase from T. viride. Another band of approximately 18 kDa, gave significant stimulation of cotton terpenoid production and increased peroxidase activity in cotton radicles in all tests, with or without renaturation. The 18-kDa protein was subjected to amino-terminal sequence analysis, and the first 19 amino acids at the amino terminus were determined to be DTVSYDTGYDNGSRSLNDV. A database homology search using the BLASTp algorithm showed the highest similarity to a serine proteinase from Fusarium sporotrichioides.
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Madey R, Semenov AY, Taylor S, Plaster B, Aghalaryan A, Crouse E, MacLachlan G, Tajima S, Tireman W, Yan C, Ahmidouch A, Anderson BD, Arenhövel H, Asaturyan R, Baker OK, Baldwin AR, Barkhuff D, Breuer H, Carlini R, Christy E, Churchwell S, Cole L, Danagoulian S, Day D, Eden T, Elaasar M, Ent R, Farkhondeh M, Fenker H, Finn JM, Gan L, Garrow K, Gasparian A, Gueye P, Howell CR, Hu B, Jones MK, Kelly JJ, Keppel C, Khandaker M, Kim WY, Kowalski S, Lai A, Lung A, Mack D, Manley DM, Markowitz P, Mitchell J, Mkrtchyan H, Opper AK, Perdrisat C, Punjabi V, Raue B, Reichelt T, Reinhold J, Roche J, Sato Y, Savvinov N, Semenova IA, Seo W, Simicevic N, Smith G, Stepanyan S, Tadevosyan V, Tang L, Ulmer PE, Vulcan W, Watson JW, Wells S, Wesselmann F, Wood S, Yan C, Yang S, Yuan L, Zhang WM, Zhu H, Zhu X. Measurements of GnE/GnM from the 2H(e-->,en-->)1H Reaction to Q2=1.45 (GeV/c)2. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:122002. [PMID: 14525355 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report new measurements of the ratio of the electric form factor to the magnetic form factor of the neutron, G(n)(E)/G(n)(M), obtained via recoil polarimetry from the quasielastic 2H(e-->,e(')n-->)1H reaction at Q2 values of 0.45, 1.13, and 1.45 (GeV/c)(2) with relative statistical uncertainties of 7.6% and 8.4% at the two higher Q2 points, which points have never been achieved in polarization measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Madey
- Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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Howell CR. Mechanisms Employed by Trichoderma Species in the Biological Control of Plant Diseases: The History and Evolution of Current Concepts. Plant Dis 2003; 87:4-10. [PMID: 30812698 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2003.87.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C R Howell
- USDA/ARS Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center
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Howell CR. Cotton Seedling Preemergence Damping-Off Incited by Rhizopus oryzae and Pythium spp. and Its Biological Control with Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology 2002; 92:177-180. [PMID: 18943091 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Planting the cotton cv. Sure-Grow 747 in cotton seedling disease plots during the 2001 growing season resulted in high levels of preemergence damping-off among the seedlings. Four cotton pathogens, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum, an unidentified Pythium sp., and Rhizopus oryzae, were isolated from diseased seed embryos and seedlings. Disease incited by the Pythium spp. could be controlled by seed treatment with Metalaxyl, but disease incited by R. oryzae could not. Seed treatment with Metalaxyl in naturally infested field soil was only partially effective; therefore, symptoms in 47% of the diseased seedlings could be attributed to R. oryzae. Susceptibility to disease appeared to be related to release in the spermosphere, by the germinating seeds, of compounds that stimulate pathogen propagule germination, because exudates from seed of the suscept Sure-Grow 747 and extracts from wheat bran induced pathogen germination and growth, whereas exudates from resistant cv. Stoneville 213 did not. However, even Stoneville 213 became susceptible when infested soil was amended with wheat bran. Seed treatment with preparations of Trichoderma virens parent, mutant, and hybrid strains gave effective biological control of preemergence damping-off. Disease control was attributable to metabolism by the biocontrol agent of pathogen germination stimulants released by the seed, because amendment of pathogen-infested soil with the propagule germination stimulants in wheat bran negated the protective effect of the seed treatment.
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Xiong F, Dutta D, Xu W, Anderson B, Auberbach L, Averett T, Bertozzi W, Black T, Calarco J, Cardman L, Cates GD, Chai ZW, Chen JP, Choi S, Chudakov E, Churchwell S, Corrado GS, Crawford C, Dale D, Deur A, Djawotho P, Filippone BW, Finn JM, Gao H, Gilman R, Glamazdin AV, Glashausser C, Glöckle W, Golak J, Gomez J, Gorbenko VG, Hansen JO, Hersman FW, Higinbotham DW, Holmes R, Howell CR, Hughes E, Humensky B, Incerti S, de Jager CW, Jensen JS, Jiang X, Jones CE, Jones M, Kahl R, Kamada H, Kievsky A, Kominis I, Korsch W, Kramer K, Kumbartzki G, Kuss M, Lakuriqi E, Liang M, Liyanage N, LeRose J, Malov S, Margaziotis DJ, Martin JW, McCormick K, McKeown RD, McIlhany K, Meziani ZE, Michaels R, Miller GW, Pace E, Pavlin T, Petratos GG, Pomatsalyuk RI, Pripstein D, Prout D, Ransome RD, Roblin Y, Rvachev M, Saha A, Salmè G, Schnee M, Shin T, Slifer K, Souder PA, Strauch S, Suleiman R, Sutter M, Tipton B, Todor L, Viviani M, Vlahovic B, Watson J, Williamson CF, Witała H, Wojtsekhowski B, Yeh J, Zołnierczuk P. Precision measurement of the spin-dependent asymmetry in the threshold region of 3He(e, e'). Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:242501. [PMID: 11736498 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.242501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the first precision measurement of the spin-dependent asymmetry in the threshold region of 3He(e,e') at Q2 values of 0.1 and 0.2 (GeV/c)2. The agreement between the data and nonrelativistic Faddeev calculations which include both final-state interactions and meson-exchange current effects is very good at Q2 = 0.1 (GeV/c)2, while a small discrepancy at Q2 = 0.2 (GeV/c)2 is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xiong
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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11
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Elliott ML, Des Jardin EA, Batson WE, Caceres J, Brannen PM, Howell CR, Benson DM, Conway KE, Rothrock CS, Schneider RW, Ownley BH, Canaday CH, Keinath AP, Huber DM, Sumner DR, Motsenbocker CE, Thaxton PM, Cubeta MA, Adams PD, Backman PA, Fajardo J, Newman MA, Pereira RM. Viability and stability of biological control agents on cotton and snap bean seeds. Pest Manag Sci 2001; 57:695-706. [PMID: 11517723 DOI: 10.1002/ps.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cotton and snap bean were selected for a multi-year, multi-state regional (south-eastern USA) research project to evaluate the efficacy of both commercial and experimental bacterial and fungal biological control agents for the management of damping-off diseases. The goal for this portion of the project was to determine the viability and stability of biological agents after application to seed. The biological seed treatments used included: (1) Bacillaceae bacteria, (2) non-Bacillaceae bacteria, (3) the fungus Trichoderma and (4) the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Seed assays were conducted to evaluate the following application factors: short-term (< or = 3 months) stability after seed treatment; quality (i.e. isolate purity); compatibility with chemical pesticides and other biocontrol agents; application uniformity between years and plant species. For the bacterial treatments, the Bacillaceae genera (Bacillus and Paenibacillus) maintained the greatest population of bacteria per seed, the best viability over time and the best application uniformity across years and seed type. The non-Bacillaceae genera Burkholderia and Pseudomonas had the least viability and uniformity. Although Beauveria bassiana was only evaluated one year, the seed fungal populations were high and uniform. The seed fungal populations and uniformity for the Trichoderma isolates were more variable, except for the commercial product T-22. However, this product was contaminated with a Streptomyces isolate in both the years that it was evaluated. The study demonstrated that Bacillaceae can be mixed with Trichoderma isolates or with numerous pesticides to provide an integrated pest control/growth enhancement package.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Elliott
- University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314-7799, USA.
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Xu W, Dutta D, Xiong F, Anderson B, Auberbach L, Averett T, Bertozzi W, Black T, Calarco J, Cardman L, Cates GD, Chai ZW, Chen JP, Choi S, Chudakov E, Churchwell S, Corrado GS, Crawford C, Dale D, Deur A, Djawotho P, Filippone BW, Finn JM, Gao H, Gilman R, Glamazdin AV, Glashausser C, Glöckle W, Golak J, Gomez J, Gorbenko VG, Hansen JO, Hersman FW, Higinbotham DW, Holmes R, Howell CR, Hughes E, Humensky B, Incerti S, de Jager CW, Jensen JS, Jiang X, Jones CE, Jones M, Kahl R, Kamada H, Kievsky A, Kominis I, Korsch W, Kramer K, Kumbartzki G, Kuss M, Lakuriqi E, Liang M, Liyanage N, LeRose J, Malov S, Margaziotis DJ, Martin JW, McCormick K, McKeown RD, McIlhany K, Meziani ZE, Michaels R, Miller GW, Pace E, Pavlin T, Petratos GG, Pomatsalyuk RI, Pripstein D, Prout D, Ransome RD, Roblin Y, Rvachev M, Saha A, Salmè G, Schnee M, Shin T, Slifer K, Souder PA, Strauch S, Suleiman R, Sutter M, Tipton B, Todor L, Viviani M, Vlahovic B, Watson J, Williamson CF, Witała H, Wojtsekhowski B, Yeh J, Zołnierczuk P. Transverse asymmetry AT' from the quasielastic 3He(e,e') process and the neutron magnetic form factor. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:2900-2904. [PMID: 11005963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the transverse asymmetry A(T') in 3He(e,e(')) quasielastic scattering in Hall A at Jefferson Laboratory with high precision for Q2 values from 0.1 to 0.6 (GeV/c)(2). The neutron magnetic form factor G(n)(M) was extracted based on Faddeev calculations for Q2 = 0.1 and 0.2 (GeV/c)(2) with an experimental uncertainty of less than 2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massuchusetts 02139, USA
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Howell CR, Hanson LE, Stipanovic RD, Puckhaber LS. Induction of Terpenoid Synthesis in Cotton Roots and Control of Rhizoctonia solani by Seed Treatment with Trichoderma virens. Phytopathology 2000; 90:248-52. [PMID: 18944616 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2000.90.3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Research on the mechanisms employed by the biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens to suppress cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedling disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani has shown that mycoparasitism and antibiotic production are not major contributors to successful biological control. In this study, we examined the possibility that seed treatment with T. virens stimulates defense responses, as indicated by the synthesis of terpenoids in cotton roots. We also examined the role of these terpenoid compounds in disease control. Analysis of extracts of cotton roots and hypocotyls grown from T. virens-treated seed showed that terpenoid synthesis and peroxidase activity were increased in the roots of treated plants, but not in the hypocotyls of these plants or in the untreated controls. Bioassay of the terpenoids for toxicity to R. solani showed that the pathway intermediates desoxyhemigossypol (dHG) and hemigossypol (HG) were strongly inhibitory to the pathogen, while the final product gossypol (G) was toxic only at a much higher concentration. Strains of T. virens and T. koningii were much more resistant to HG than was R. solani, and they thoroughly colonized the cotton roots. A comparison of biocontrol efficacy and induction of terpenoid synthesis in cotton roots by strains of T. virens, T. koningii, T. harzianum, and protoplast fusants indicated that there was a strong correlation (+0.89) between these two phenomena. It, therefore, appears that induction of defense response, particularly terpenoid synthesis, in cotton roots by T. virens may be an important mechanism in the biological control by this fungus of R. solani-incited cotton seedling disease.
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Abstract
The role of extracellular chitinase in the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma virens was examined using genetically manipulated strains of this fungus. The T. virens strains in which the chitinase gene (cht42) was disrupted (KO) or constitutively over-expressed (COE) were constructed through genetic transformation. The resulting transformants were stable and showed patterns similar to the wild-type (WT) strain with respect to growth rate, sporulation, antibiotic production, colonization efficiency on cotton roots and growth/survival in soil. Biocontrol activity of the KO and COE strains were significantly decreased and enhanced, respectively against cotton seedling disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani when compared with the WT strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Baek
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Weisel GJ, Tornow W, Howell CR, Felsher PD, Alohali M, Roberts ML, Das RK, Walter RL, Mertens G. Analyzing power measurements for 209Bi(n,n) at 6 and 9 MeV and consistent dispersive optical-model analyses for n+209Bi and n+208Pb from -20 to +80 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1996; 54:2410-2428. [PMID: 9971597 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Stipanovic
- Southern Crops Research Laboratory, USDA, College Station, TX 77845
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Hill DS, Stein JI, Torkewitz NR, Morse AM, Howell CR, Pachlatko JP, Becker JO, Ligon JM. Cloning of Genes Involved in the Synthesis of Pyrrolnitrin from
Pseudomonas fluorescens
and Role of Pyrrolnitrin Synthesis in Biological Control of Plant Disease. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:78-85. [PMID: 16349167 PMCID: PMC201272 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.1.78-85.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A soil isolate of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
(BL915) was shown to be an effective antagonist of
Rhizoctonia solani
-induced damping-off of cotton. Investigation of the biological basis of this antagonism revealed that the strain produces pyrrolnitrin, a secondary metabolite known to inhibit
R. solani
and other fungi. Mutants of strain BL915 that did not produce pyrrolnitrin and did not suppress damping-off of cotton by
R. solani
were generated by exposure to
N
-methyl-
N′
-nitro-
N
-nitrosoguanidine. A gene region that was capable of restoring pyrrolnitrin production to the non-pyrrolnitrin-producing mutants and of conferring this ability upon two other
P. fluorescens
strains not otherwise known to produce this compound or to be capable of suppressing damping-off caused by
R. solani
was isolated from strain BL915. The non-pyrrolnitrin-producing strains (mutants of BL915 and the other two
P. fluorescens
strains) which synthesized pyrrolnitrin after the introduction of the gene region from strain BL915 were also shown to be equal to strain BL915 in their ability to suppress
R. solani
-induced damping-off of cotton. These results indicate that we have isolated from
P. fluorescens
BL915 a gene(s) that has a role in the synthesis of pyrrolnitrin and that the production of this compound has a role in the ability of this strain to control damping-off of cotton by
R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Hill
- CIBA-Geigy Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Howell CR, Felsher PD, Tornow W, Roberts ML, Hanly JM, Weisel GJ, Walter RL, Slaus I, Lambert JM, Treado PA, Mertens G. Novel probe of charge symmetry breaking: Deuteron-induced deuteron breakup. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1993; 48:2855-2863. [PMID: 9969162 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Yang X, Wang L, Rapaport J, Goodman CD, Foster C, Wang Y, Unkelbach W, Sugarbaker E, Marchlenski D, Luther B, Ullmann JL, Ling AG, Park BK, Sorenson DS, Rybarcyk L, Taddeucci TN, Howell CR, Tornow W. Dipole and spin-dipole resonances in charge-exchange reactions on 12C. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1993; 48:1158-1171. [PMID: 9968948 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Park BK, Rapaport J, Fink G, Ullmann JL, Ling AG, Sorenson DS, Brady FP, Romero JL, Howell CR, Tornow W, Unkelbach W. Energy dependence of multipole strength distributions in the 32S(n,p)32P reaction. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1993; 48:711-722. [PMID: 9968882 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.48.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Weisel GJ, Tornow W, Howell CR, Felsher PD, AlOhali M, Chen ZP, Walter RL, Lambert JM, Treado PA, Slaus I. Neutron-proton analyzing power data between 7.6 and 18.5 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1992; 46:1599-1606. [PMID: 9968278 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.46.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Park BK, Rapaport J, Ullmann JL, Ling AG, Sorenson DS, Brady FP, Romero JL, Howell CR, Tornow W, Rönnqvist CT. Gamow-Teller and dipole strength distribution in 40Ca(n,p)40K reaction. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1992; 45:1791-1802. [PMID: 9967932 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.45.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Sorenson DS, Aslanoglou X, Brady FP, Drummond JR, Haight RC, Howell CR, King NS, Ling A, Lisowski PW, Park BK, Rapaport J, Romero JL, Tornow W, Ullmann JL. Energy dependence of the Gamow-Teller strength in p-shell nuclei observed in the (n,p) reaction. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1992; 45:R500-R503. [PMID: 9967833 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.45.r500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Tornow W, Howell CR, Walter RL, Slaus I. Coulomb effects in three-nucleon scattering versus charge-symmetry breaking in the 3P nucleon-nucleon interactions. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1992; 45:459-462. [PMID: 9967777 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.45.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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25
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Ling A, Aslanoglou X, Brady FP, Finlay RW, Haight RC, Howell CR, King NS, Lisowski PW, Park BK, Rapaport J, Romero JL, Sorenson DS, Tornow W, Ullmann JL. Ground-state Gamow-Teller strength in 64Ni(n,p)64Co cross sections at 90-240 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1991; 44:2794-2800. [PMID: 9967715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.44.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Roberts ML, Felsher PD, Weisel GJ, Chen Z, Howell CR, Tornow W, Walter RL, Horen DJ. Measurement of Ay( theta ) for n+208Pb from 6 to 10 MeV and the neutron-nucleus interaction over the energy range from bound states at -17 MeV up to scattering at 40 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1991; 44:2006-2024. [PMID: 9967624 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.44.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Pedroni RS, Byrd RC, Honoré GM, Howell CR, Walter RL. Scattering of polarized and unpolarized neutrons from 93Nb from 8 to 17 MeV and optical model descriptions. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1991; 43:2336-2345. [PMID: 9967283 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.43.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Pedroni RS, Howell CR, Walter RL. Analyzing power measurements for elastic scattering of 17 MeV neutrons from 120Sn. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1990; 41:2929-2930. [PMID: 9966676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.41.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Guss PP, Byrd RC, Howell CR, Pedroni RS, Tungate G, Walter RL, Delaroche JP. Optical model description of the neutron interaction with 116Sn and 120Sn over a wide energy range. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1989; 39:405-414. [PMID: 9955214 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.39.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Pedroni RS, Howell CR, Honoré GM, Pfutzner HG, Byrd RC, Walter RL, Delaroche JP. Energy dependence of the deformed optical potential for neutron scattering from 54,56Fe and 58,60Ni up to 80 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 38:2052-2062. [PMID: 9955027 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.38.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Howell CR, Tornow W, Slaus I, Felsher PD, Roberts ML, Pfützner HG, Li A, Murphy K, Walter RL, Lambert JM, Treado PA, Witala H, Glöckle W, Cornelius T. Rigorous calculations and measurements of Ay( theta ) for n+d elastic-scattering and breakup processes. Phys Rev Lett 1988; 61:1565-1568. [PMID: 10038838 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.61.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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32
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Howell CR, Pedroni RS, Honoré GM, Murphy K, Byrd RC, Tungate G, Walter RL. Scattering of polarized and unpolarized nucleons from 28Si. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 38:1552-1570. [PMID: 9954967 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.38.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Tornow W, Howell CR, Roberts ML, Felsher PD, Chen ZM, Walter RL, Mertens G, Slaus I. Low-energy neutron-proton analyzing power and the new Bonn potential and Paris potential predictions. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 37:2326-2331. [PMID: 9954713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.37.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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34
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Tornow W, Howell CR, Pfützner HG, Roberts ML, Felsher PD, Chen ZM, Walter RL. Search for a purported resonance in 13C at 20 MeV via analyzing power measurements of 12C(n,n). Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1987; 35:1578-1580. [PMID: 9953937 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.35.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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35
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Honoré GM, Pedroni RS, Howell CR, Pfützner HG, Byrd RC, Tungate G, Walter RL. Differential cross sections and analyzing powers for neutron elastic scattering from 89Y between 8 and 17 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1986; 34:825-834. [PMID: 9953525 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.34.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Honoré GM, Tornow W, Howell CR, Pedroni RS, Byrd RC, Walter RL, Delaroche JP. Coupled-channel analysis of nucleon scattering from sup40Ca up to 80 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1986; 33:1129-1140. [PMID: 9953258 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.33.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Yokose K, Nakayama N, Miyamoto C, Furumai T, Maruyama HB, Stipanovic RD, Howell CR. Structure of FA-2097, a new member of the dioxopiperazine antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1984; 37:667-9. [PMID: 6746414 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.37.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Seventy isolates of Verticillium dahliae, five isolates of Verticillium albo-atrum, and one isolate each of Verticillium nigrescens, Verticillium nubilum, and Verticillium tricorpus were compared for virulence to cotton and sensitivity to the alkaloid sanguinarine. Virulence of the V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae isolates to cotton was correlated with their growth rates on media containing sanguinarine. In the presence of sanguinarine 24 defoliating isolates all developed a blue fluorescence, which indicates detoxification to dihydrosanguinarine. Only 10 of 51 mild to moderately virulent strains fluoresced blue under the same conditions. Initial rates of uptake of sanguinarine and its toxicity to conidia was greater at pH 6.5 than at 4.5. After 18 h at pH 4.5, isolates tolerant to the alkaloid had removed 4–5 times as much sanguinarine from the medium as sensitive isolates; at pH 6.5 the amount of sanguinarine uptake was similar for all isolates. Uptake of sanguinarine from the medium occurred concurrently with an increasing blue fluorescence of intracellular areas in sanguinarine-tolerant isolates. These tolerant isolates of V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae appear to detoxify sanguinarine and accumulate the blue-fluorescent dihydrosanguinarine. A similar system may occur in the cotton – V. dahliae host–parasite relationship.
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