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Engelhardt M, Schmid R, Kölbel B, Hyhlik-Dürr A, Zerwes S, Zischek C. Training in vascular trauma surgery for non-vascular surgeons: Vascular trauma surgery skills course. Eur Surg 2023; 55:89-93. [PMID: 37206194 PMCID: PMC10123566 DOI: 10.1007/s10353-023-00800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background The experience of general and trauma surgeons in vascular trauma management has decreased with sub-specialization of surgery and working hours restrictions. We introduce a vascular trauma surgery skills course established to train German military surgeons prior to their deployment to conflict areas. Methods The intention and implementation of the vascular trauma course for non-vascular surgeons is described in detail. Results In hands-on courses, participants learn and train basic vascular surgical techniques on more realistic extremity, neck, and abdominal models with pulsatile vessels. A fundamental and an advanced course each provide military as well as civilian surgeons from different non-vascular specialties with a surgical skill set including direct vessel sutures, patch angioplasty, anastomosis, thrombectomy, and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in order to render them capable of managing major vascular injuries. Conclusion The experiences of this vascular trauma surgical skills course, initially established for military surgeons, can also be of use to all civilian general, visceral, and trauma surgeons occasionally facing traumatic or iatrogenic vascular injuries. Thus, the introduced vascular trauma course is valuable for all surgeons working in trauma centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Engelhardt
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Centre for Vascular Medicine, Military Hospital Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R. Schmid
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Centre for Vascular Medicine, Military Hospital Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - B. Kölbel
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Centre for Vascular Medicine, Military Hospital Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - A. Hyhlik-Dürr
- Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - S. Zerwes
- Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - C. Zischek
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Centre for Vascular Medicine, Military Hospital Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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González‐Fuente M, Carrère S, Monachello D, Marsella BG, Cazalé A, Zischek C, Mitra RM, Rezé N, Cottret L, Mukhtar MS, Lurin C, Noël LD, Peeters N. EffectorK, a comprehensive resource to mine for Ralstonia, Xanthomonas, and other published effector interactors in the Arabidopsis proteome. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1257-1270. [PMID: 33245626 PMCID: PMC7488465 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens deploy effector proteins that interact with host proteins to manipulate the host physiology to the pathogen's own benefit. However, effectors can also be recognized by host immune proteins, leading to the activation of defence responses. Effectors are thus essential components in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Despite major efforts to decipher effector functions, our current knowledge on effector biology is scattered and often limited. In this study, we conducted two systematic large-scale yeast two-hybrid screenings to detect interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana proteins and effectors from two vascular bacterial pathogens: Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris. We then constructed an interactomic network focused on Arabidopsis and effector proteins from a wide variety of bacterial, oomycete, fungal, and invertebrate pathogens. This network contains our experimental data and protein-protein interactions from 2,035 peer-reviewed publications (48,200 Arabidopsis-Arabidopsis and 1,300 Arabidopsis-effector protein interactions). Our results show that effectors from different species interact with both common and specific Arabidopsis interactors, suggesting dual roles as modulators of generic and adaptive host processes. Network analyses revealed that effector interactors, particularly "effector hubs" and bacterial core effector interactors, occupy important positions for network organization, as shown by their larger number of protein interactions and centrality. These interactomic data were incorporated in EffectorK, a new graph-oriented knowledge database that allows users to navigate the network, search for homology, or find possible paths between host and/or effector proteins. EffectorK is available at www.effectork.org and allows users to submit their own interactomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González‐Fuente
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Dario Monachello
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris SaclayUEVEINRAECNRSUniversité Paris SudUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | | | - Anne‐Claire Cazalé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Claudine Zischek
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Raka M. Mitra
- Department of BiologyCarleton CollegeNorthfieldMNUSA
| | - Nathalie Rezé
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris SaclayUEVEINRAECNRSUniversité Paris SudUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Ludovic Cottret
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Claire Lurin
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris SaclayUEVEINRAECNRSUniversité Paris SudUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Nemo Peeters
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes, INRAECNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
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Dupoiron S, Zischek C, Ligat L, Carbonne J, Boulanger A, Dugé de Bernonville T, Lautier M, Rival P, Arlat M, Jamet E, Lauber E, Albenne C. The N-Glycan cluster from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: a toolbox for sequential plant N-glycan processing. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 25586188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.62459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Glycans are widely distributed in living organisms but represent only a small fraction of the carbohydrates found in plants. This probably explains why they have not previously been considered as substrates exploited by phytopathogenic bacteria during plant infection. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of Brassica plants, possesses a specific system for GlcNAc utilization expressed during host plant infection. This system encompasses a cluster of eight genes (nixE to nixL) encoding glycoside hydrolases (GHs). In this paper, we have characterized the enzymatic activities of these GHs and demonstrated their involvement in sequential degradation of a plant N-glycan using a N-glycopeptide containing two GlcNAcs, three mannoses, one fucose, and one xylose (N2M3FX) as a substrate. The removal of the α-1,3-mannose by the α-mannosidase NixK (GH92) is a prerequisite for the subsequent action of the β-xylosidase NixI (GH3), which is involved in the cleavage of the β-1,2-xylose, followed by the α-mannosidase NixJ (GH125), which removes the α-1,6-mannose. These data, combined to the subcellular localization of the enzymes, allowed us to propose a model of N-glycopeptide processing by X. campestris pv. campestris. This study constitutes the first evidence suggesting N-glycan degradation by a plant pathogen, a feature shared with human pathogenic bacteria. Plant N-glycans should therefore be included in the repertoire of molecules putatively metabolized by phytopathogenic bacteria during their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dupoiron
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Zischek
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Laetitia Ligat
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julien Carbonne
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alice Boulanger
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Martine Lautier
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and the Université de Toulouse, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Rival
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and the Université de Toulouse, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Cécile Albenne
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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4
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Dupoiron S, Zischek C, Ligat L, Carbonne J, Boulanger A, Dugé de Bernonville T, Lautier M, Rival P, Arlat M, Jamet E, Lauber E, Albenne C. The N-Glycan cluster from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: a toolbox for sequential plant N-glycan processing. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6022-36. [PMID: 25586188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycans are widely distributed in living organisms but represent only a small fraction of the carbohydrates found in plants. This probably explains why they have not previously been considered as substrates exploited by phytopathogenic bacteria during plant infection. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of Brassica plants, possesses a specific system for GlcNAc utilization expressed during host plant infection. This system encompasses a cluster of eight genes (nixE to nixL) encoding glycoside hydrolases (GHs). In this paper, we have characterized the enzymatic activities of these GHs and demonstrated their involvement in sequential degradation of a plant N-glycan using a N-glycopeptide containing two GlcNAcs, three mannoses, one fucose, and one xylose (N2M3FX) as a substrate. The removal of the α-1,3-mannose by the α-mannosidase NixK (GH92) is a prerequisite for the subsequent action of the β-xylosidase NixI (GH3), which is involved in the cleavage of the β-1,2-xylose, followed by the α-mannosidase NixJ (GH125), which removes the α-1,6-mannose. These data, combined to the subcellular localization of the enzymes, allowed us to propose a model of N-glycopeptide processing by X. campestris pv. campestris. This study constitutes the first evidence suggesting N-glycan degradation by a plant pathogen, a feature shared with human pathogenic bacteria. Plant N-glycans should therefore be included in the repertoire of molecules putatively metabolized by phytopathogenic bacteria during their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dupoiron
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Zischek
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Laetitia Ligat
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julien Carbonne
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alice Boulanger
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Martine Lautier
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and the Université de Toulouse, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Rival
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and the Université de Toulouse, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA and CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR 2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Cécile Albenne
- From the Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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5
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Déjean G, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Boulanger A, Darrasse A, de Bernonville TD, Girard AL, Carrére S, Jamet S, Zischek C, Lautier M, Solé M, Büttner D, Jacques MA, Lauber E, Arlat M. The xylan utilization system of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris controls epiphytic life and reveals common features with oligotrophic bacteria and animal gut symbionts. New Phytol 2013; 198:899-915. [PMID: 23442088 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is a major structural component of plant cell wall and the second most abundant plant polysaccharide in nature. Here, by combining genomic and functional analyses, we provide a comprehensive picture of xylan utilization by Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc) and highlight its role in the adaptation of this epiphytic phytopathogen to the phyllosphere. The xylanolytic activity of Xcc depends on xylan-deconstruction enzymes but also on transporters, including two TonB-dependent outer membrane transporters (TBDTs) which belong to operons necessary for efficient growth in the presence of xylo-oligosaccharides and for optimal survival on plant leaves. Genes of this xylan utilization system are specifically induced by xylo-oligosaccharides and repressed by a LacI-family regulator named XylR. Part of the xylanolytic machinery of Xcc, including TBDT genes, displays a high degree of conservation with the xylose-regulon of the oligotrophic aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Moreover, it shares common features, including the presence of TBDTs, with the xylan utilization systems of Bacteroides ovatus and Prevotella bryantii, two gut symbionts. These similarities and our results support an important role for TBDTs and xylan utilization systems for bacterial adaptation in the phyllosphere, oligotrophic environments and animal guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Déjean
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alice Boulanger
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Armelle Darrasse
- INRA, UMR 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé CEDEX 01, France
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Anne-Laure Girard
- INRA, UMR 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé CEDEX 01, France
| | - Sébastien Carrére
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stevie Jamet
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Zischek
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Martine Lautier
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Solé
- Institut für Biologie, Bereich Genetik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniela Büttner
- Institut für Biologie, Bereich Genetik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- INRA, UMR 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé CEDEX 01, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Knoop K, Schwenk N, Dolp P, Willhauck MJ, Zischek C, Böning G, Zankl H, Hacker M, Göke B, Wagner E, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C. Imaging of mesenchymal stem cell recruitment into the stroma of hepatic colon cancer metastases using the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1336722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Van Gijsegem F, Gough C, Zischek C, Niqueux E, Arlat M, Genin S, Barberis P, German S, Castello P, Boucher C. The hrp gene locus of Pseudomonas solanacearum, which controls the production of a type III secretion system, encodes eight proteins related to components of the bacterial flagellar biogenesis complex. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15:1095-114. [PMID: 7623665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Five transcription units of the Pseudomonas solanacearum hrp gene cluster are required for the secretion of the HR-inducing PopA1 protein. The nucleotide sequences of two of these, units 1 and 3, have been reported. Here, we present the nucleotide sequence of the three other transcription units, units 2, 4 and 7, which are together predicted to code for 15 hrp genes. This brings the total number of Hrp proteins encoded by these five transcription units to 20, including HrpB, the positive regulatory protein, and HpaP, which is apparently not required for plant interactions. Among the 18 other proteins, eight belong to protein families regrouping proteins involved in type III secretion pathways in animal and plant bacterial pathogens and in flagellum biogenesis, while two are related solely to proteins involved in secretion systems. For the various proteins found to be related to P. solanacearum Hrp proteins, those in plant-pathogenic bacteria include proteins encoded by hrp genes. For Hrp-related proteins of animal pathogens, those encoded by the spa and mxi genes of Shigella flexneri and of Salmonella typhimurium and by the ysc genes of Yersinia are involved in type III secretion pathways. Proteins involved in flagellum biogenesis, which are related to Hrp proteins of P. solancearum, include proteins encoded by fli and flh genes of S. typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and by mop genes of Erwinia carotovora. P. solanacearum Hrp proteins were also found to be related to proteins of Rhizobium fredii involved in nodulation specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Van Gijsegem
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations Plantes Microorganismes, INRA-CNRS, Castanet Tolosan, France
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8
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Abstract
The hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas solanacearum GMI1000 strain encodes functions that are essential for pathogenicity on tomato and for the elicitation of the hypersensitive response on tobacco. In this study, we present the nucleotide sequence of one of the hrp genes (hrpB) located at the left-hand end of the cluster and we show that hrpB encodes a positive regulator controlling the expression of hrp genes. hrpB has a coding capacity for a 477-amino-acid polypeptide, which shows significant similarity to several prokaryotic transcriptional activators including the AraC protein of Escherichia coli, the XylS protein of Pseudomonas putida and the VirF protein of Yersinia enterocolitica. The predicted hrpB gene product belongs to a family of bacterial regulators different from the previously described HrpS protein of the hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Genetic evidence demonstrates that the hrpB gene product acts as a positive regulator of the expression in minimal medium of all but one of the putative transcription units of the hrp gene cluster and also controls the expression of genes located outside this cluster. We also show in this paper that the transcription of hrpB is induced in minimal medium and is partly autoregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Genin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaires des Relations Plantes Microorganismes, INRA-CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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9
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Arlat M, Gough CL, Zischek C, Barberis PA, Trigalet A, Boucher CA. Transcriptional organization and expression of the large hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1992; 5:187-93. [PMID: 1617200 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-5-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cloning and localized mutagenesis of the larger cluster of hrp genes of Pseudomonas solanacearum strain GMI1000 allowed the definition of the borders of this cluster, which now extends about 2 kb to the left of the insert of the previously described plasmid pVir2 (Boucher et al. 1987, J. Bacteriol. 169:5626-5632). The size of the cluster has also been expanded 3 kb to the right to include a region previously described as dsp; our present data demonstrate that insertions occurring in these 3 kb lead to leaky mutations affecting both pathogenicity on tomato and ability to induce the hypersensitive response (HR) on tobacco. Therefore, the size of the entire hrp gene cluster is estimated to be about 22 kb. The use of transposon Tn5-B20, which promotes transcriptional gene fusions, allowed us to demonstrate that the hrp gene cluster is organized in a minimum of six transcriptional units, which are transcribed when the culture is grown in minimal medium but are repressed during growth in rich medium or in the presence of peptone or Casamino Acids. The level of expression in minimal medium is modulated by the carbon source provided; pyruvate is the best inducer. Under these conditions the level of expression observed in vitro appears to be representative of the actual expression observed in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arlat
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations Plantes-Microorganismes, CNRS-INRA, Castanet Tolosan, France
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Boucher CA, Van Gijsegem F, Barberis PA, Arlat M, Zischek C. Pseudomonas solanacearum genes controlling both pathogenicity on tomato and hypersensitivity on tobacco are clustered. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:5626-32. [PMID: 2824440 PMCID: PMC214013 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.12.5626-5632.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A pLAFR3 cosmid clone designated pVir2 containing a 25-kilobase (kb) DNA insert was isolated from a wild-type Pseudomonas solanacearum GMI1000 genomic library. This cosmid was shown to complement all but one of the nine Tn5-induced mutants which have been isolated after random mutagenesis and which have lost both pathogenicity toward tomato and ability to induce hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco (hrp mutants). The insert is colinear with the genome and provides restoration of the HR-inducing ability when transferred into several Tn5-induced hrp mutants, but failed to complement deletion mutants extending on both sides of the pVir2 region. Localized mutagenesis demonstrated that the hrp genes are clustered within a 17.5-kb region of pVir2 and that this cluster probably extends on the genomic region adjacent to the pVir2 insert. A 3-kb region adjacent to the hrp cluster modulates aggressiveness toward tomato but does not control HR-inducing ability. Sequences within the hrp cluster of pVir2 have homology with the genomic DNA of Xanthomonas campestris strains representing eight different pathovars, suggesting that a set of common pathogenicity functions could be shared by P. solanacearum and X. campestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Boucher
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Boucher C, Martinel A, Barberis P, Alloing G, Zischek C. Virulence genes are carried by a megaplasmid of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas solanacearum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00430438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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