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Ambrose AJ, Sivinski J, Zerio CJ, Zhu X, Godek J, Kumirov VK, Coma Brujas T, Torra Garcia J, Annadurai A, Schmidlin CJ, Werner A, Shi T, Zavareh RB, Lairson L, Zhang DD, Chapman E. Discovery and Development of a Selective Inhibitor of the ER Resident Chaperone Grp78. J Med Chem 2023; 66:677-694. [PMID: 36516003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent study illustrated that a fluorescence polarization assay can be used to identify substrate-competitive Hsp70 inhibitors that can be isoform-selective. Herein, we use that assay in a moderate-throughput screen and report the discovery of a druglike amino-acid-based inhibitor with reasonable specificity for the endoplasmic reticular Hsp70, Grp78. Using traditional medicinal chemistry approaches, the potency and selectivity were further optimized through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies in parallel assays for six of the human Hsp70 isoforms. The top compounds were all tested against a panel of cancer cell lines and disappointingly showed little effect. The top-performing compound, 8, was retested using a series of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducing agents and found to synergize with these agents. Finally, 8 was tested in a spheroid tumor model and found to be more potent than in two-dimensional models. The optimized Grp78 inhibitors are the first reported isoform-selective small-molecule-competitive inhibitors of an Hsp70-substrate interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ambrose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Jared Sivinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Christopher J Zerio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Jack Godek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Vlad K Kumirov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85719, United States
| | - Teresa Coma Brujas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Joan Torra Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Anandhan Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Alyssa Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Taoda Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Reza Beheshti Zavareh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | - Luke Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
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Dodson M, Dai W, Anandhan A, Schmidlin CJ, Liu P, Wilson NC, Wei Y, Kitamura N, Galligan JJ, Ooi A, Chapman E, Zhang DD. CHML is an NRF2 target gene that regulates mTOR function. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1714-1727. [PMID: 35184380 PMCID: PMC9019883 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is often highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Through its target genes, NRF2 enhances cancer progression and chemo/radioresistance, leading to a poorer prognosis in patients with high NRF2 expression. In this study, we identified CHM-like Rab escort protein (CHML; encoding Rep2) as an NRF2 target gene with an antioxidant response element (ARE) in its promoter region (-1622 to -1612). Analysis of patient data curated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine databases revealed that CHML mRNA expression was elevated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patient tumor tissues and correlated with decreased patient survival. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of normal versus lung cancer patient tissues revealed that Rep2 protein levels were higher in lung tumors compared with normal tissue, which also correlated with increased levels of NRF2. Importantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CHML/Rep2 in A549 NSCLC cells decreased their ability to proliferate. Mechanistically, Rep2 mediates mTOR function, as loss of Rep2 inhibited, whereas overexpression enhanced, mTOR translocation and activation at the lysosome. Our findings identify a novel NRF2-Rep2-dependent regulation of mTOR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Wujing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Annadurai Anandhan
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Cody J. Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Nathan C. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Yongyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Aikseng Ooi
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Donna D. Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA,University of Arizona Cancer CenterUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
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Schmidlin CJ, Shakya A, Dodson M, Chapman E, Zhang DD. The intricacies of NRF2 regulation in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:110-119. [PMID: 34020028 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complex role of NRF2 in the context of cancer continues to evolve. As a transcription factor, NRF2 regulates various genes involved in redox homeostasis, protein degradation, DNA repair, and xenobiotic metabolism. As such, NRF2 is critical in preserving cell function and viability, particularly during stress. Importantly, NRF2 itself is regulated via a variety of mechanisms, and the mode of NRF2 activation often dictates the duration of NRF2 signaling and its role in either preventing cancer initiation or promoting cancer progression. Herein, different modes of NRF2 regulation, including oxidative stress, autophagy dysfunction, protein-protein interactions, and epigenetics, as well as pharmacological modulators targeting this cascade in cancer, are explored. Specifically, how the timing and duration of these different mechanisms of NRF2 induction affect tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis are discussed. Additionally, progress in the discovery and development of NRF2 inhibitors for the treatment of NRF2-addicted cancers is highlighted, including modulators that inhibit specific NRF2 downstream targets. Overall, a better understanding of the intricate nature of NRF2 regulation in specific cancer contexts should facilitate the generation of novel therapeutics designed to not only prevent tumor initiation, but also halt progression and ultimately improve patient wellbeing and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Schmidlin
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aryatara Shakya
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Liu P, Dodson M, Li H, Schmidlin CJ, Shakya A, Wei Y, Garcia JGN, Chapman E, Kiela PR, Zhang QY, White E, Ding X, Ooi A, Zhang DD. Non-canonical NRF2 activation promotes a pro-diabetic shift in hepatic glucose metabolism. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101243. [PMID: 33933676 PMCID: PMC8164084 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective NRF2, a transcription factor that regulates cellular redox and metabolic homeostasis, plays a dual role in human disease. While it is well known that canonical intermittent NRF2 activation protects against diabetes-induced tissue damage, little is known regarding the effects of prolonged non-canonical NRF2 activation in diabetes. The goal of this study was to determine the role and mechanisms of prolonged NRF2 activation in arsenic diabetogenicity. Methods To test this, we utilized an integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic approach to assess diabetogenic changes in the livers of wild type, Nrf2−/−, p62−/−, or Nrf2−/−; p62−/− mice exposed to arsenic in the drinking water for 20 weeks. Results In contrast to canonical oxidative/electrophilic activation, prolonged non-canonical NRF2 activation via p62-mediated sequestration of KEAP1 increases carbohydrate flux through the polyol pathway, resulting in a pro-diabetic shift in glucose homeostasis. This p62- and NRF2-dependent increase in liver fructose metabolism and gluconeogenesis occurs through the upregulation of four novel NRF2 target genes, ketohexokinase (Khk), sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sord), triokinase/FMN cyclase (Tkfc), and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (Hnf4A). Conclusion We demonstrate that NRF2 and p62 are essential for arsenic-mediated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, revealing a pro-diabetic role for prolonged NRF2 activation in arsenic diabetogenesis. The role of non-canonical activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in type II diabetes has not been determined. Chronic activation of Nrf2 promotes a pro-diabetic shift in the liver polyol pathway that increases blood glucose levels. Four newly identified Nrf2 target genes are responsible for the diabetogenic shift in liver carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aryatara Shakya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yongyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pawel R Kiela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aikseng Ooi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Schmidlin CJ, Tian W, Dodson M, Chapman E, Zhang DD. FAM129B-dependent activation of NRF2 promotes an invasive phenotype in BRAF mutant melanoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:331-341. [PMID: 33684228 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of melanoma continues to rise in the United States with ~100,000 new cases diagnosed in 2019. While the 5-year survival rate of melanoma is 99% when localized, the rate of survival drops to 22.5% when distant disease is detected. As such, an area of great interest is understanding the mechanisms that promote melanoma metastasis so that better potential therapeutic targets can be discovered. Herein, we demonstrate that activation of NRF2 by FAM129B contributes to increased metastatic potential of BRAF V600E mutant melanoma cells. Specifically, FAM129B induces NRF2 by competing for Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) binding (the negative regulator of NRF2) via an ETGE motif. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation of FAM129B plays a role in mediating the interaction between FAM129B and KEAP1, as the phosphorylation status of FAM129B dictates its subcellular localization. When phosphorylated, FAM129B is found primarily in the cytosol where it can bind to KEAP1, but upon inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase activity, FAM129B is localized to the cell membrane and no longer interacts with KEAP1. In BRAF V600E mutant melanoma, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway leads to hyperphosphorylation of FAM129B, and therefore FAM129B localizes to the cytosol, binds KEAP1, and upregulates NRF2. Importantly, genetic modulation or pharmacological inhibition that results in a decrease in FAM129B protein level or its phosphorylation decreases migration and invasion of mutant melanoma in an NRF2-dependent manner. Overall, these data indicate that phosphorylation of FAM129B plays a significant role in driving the metastatic potential of BRAF V600E melanoma via upregulation of the NRF2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Schmidlin
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wang Tian
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Schmidlin CJ, Zeng T, Liu P, Wei Y, Dodson M, Chapman E, Zhang DD. Chronic arsenic exposure enhances metastatic potential via NRF2-mediated upregulation of SOX9. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 402:115138. [PMID: 32682831 PMCID: PMC7594696 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low dose arsenic exposure continues to be a worldwide health concern because of its prevalence and link to increased cancer risk, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mortality of NSCLC patients increases with the development of a metastatic lesion compared to when the tumor is localized; however, the exact mechanism for what causes NSCLC cells to metastasize in the context of environmental toxicant exposure has yet to be fully elucidated. One proposed contributor to metastasis in NSCLC is nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), a transcription factor with known oncogenic properties that has proved to be critical for arsenic carcinogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that chronic arsenic exposure enhances the invasive and migratory capacity of immortalized lung epithelial cells via NRF2-dependent upregulation of SRY-box 9 (SOX9), another transcription factor linked with cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. We identified a functional antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of SOX9, suggesting that it is an NRF2 target gene, with mutation of the ARE preventing NRF2 binding. Pharmacological induction or inhibition of NRF2 increased or decreased SOX9 expression, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hyperactivation of NRF2 via knockout of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), its negative regulator, contributes to proliferation; while, inhibition of NRF2 or direct knockdown of SOX9 slowed the ability of NSCLC cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade. Overall, this study suggests that NRF2-mediated SOX9 upregulation can contribute to the metastatic potential of both environmentally and genetically driven lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institutue of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yongyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Anandhan A, Dodson M, Schmidlin CJ, Liu P, Zhang DD. Breakdown of an Ironclad Defense System: The Critical Role of NRF2 in Mediating Ferroptosis. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:436-447. [PMID: 32275864 PMCID: PMC7597851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic mode of regulated cell death that is iron and lipid peroxidation dependent. As new mechanistic insight into ferroptotic effectors and how they are regulated in different disease contexts is uncovered, our understanding of the physiological and pathological relevance of this mode of cell death continues to grow. Along these lines, a host of pharmacological modulators of this pathway have been identified, targeting proteins involved in iron homeostasis; the generation and reduction of lipid peroxides; or cystine import and glutathione metabolism. Also, of note, many components of the ferroptosis cascade are target genes of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), indicating its critical role in mediating the ferroptotic response. In this review, we discuss the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence of ferroptosis in disease, including a brief discussion of targeting upstream mediators of this cascade, including NRF2, to treat ferroptosis-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadurai Anandhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Abstract
Kidney disease affects ~ 10% of the population worldwide, resulting in millions of deaths each year. Mechanistically, oxidative stress is a major driver of various kidney diseases, and promotes the progression from acute to chronic injury, as well as renal cancer development. NRF2, the master regulator of redox balance, has been shown to protect against kidney disease through its negation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, many kidney diseases exhibit high levels of ROS as a result of decreased NRF2 protein levels and transcriptional activity. Many studies have tested the strategy of using NRF2 inducing compounds to alleviate ROS to prevent or slow down the progression of kidney diseases. Oppositely, in specific subsets of renal cancer, NRF2 is constitutively activated and contributes to tumor burden and overall poor prognosis; therefore, there has been a recent interest in studies investigating the benefits of NRF2 inhibition. In this review, we summarize recent literature investigating the role of NRF2 and oxidative stress in various kidney diseases, and how pharmacological modification of NRF2 signaling could play a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew B Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Abstract
NRF2, a transcription factor that has been deemed the master regulator of cellular redox homeostasis, declines with age. NRF2 transcriptionally upregulates genes that combat oxidative stress; therefore, loss of NRF2 allows oxidative stress to go unmitigated and drive the aging phenotype. Oxidative stress is a common theme among the key features associated with the aging process, collectively referred to as the "Hallmarks of Aging", as it disrupts proteostasis, alters genomic stability, and leads to cell death. In this review, we outline the role that oxidative stress and the reduction of NRF2 play in each of the Hallmarks of Aging, including how they contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and other age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew B Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lalitha Madhavan
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Evelyn F McKnight Brain institute and Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a central regulator of redox, metabolic, and protein homeostasis that intersects with many other signaling cascades. Although the understanding of the complex nature of NRF2 signaling continues to grow, there is only one therapeutic targeting NRF2 for clinical use, dimethyl fumarate, used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The discovery of new therapies is confounded by the fact that NRF2 levels vary significantly depending on physiological and pathological context. Thus, properly timed and targeted manipulation of the NRF2 pathway is critical in creating effective therapeutic regimens. In this review, we summarize the regulation and downstream targets of NRF2. Furthermore, we discuss the role of NRF2 in cancer, neurodegeneration, and diabetes as well as cardiovascular, kidney, and liver disease, with a special emphasis on NRF2-based therapeutics, including those that have made it into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA;
| | - Montserrat Rojo de la Vega
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA;
| | - Aram B Cholanians
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA;
| | - Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA;
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA;
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA;
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Tian W, Rojo de la Vega M, Schmidlin CJ, Ooi A, Zhang DD. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) differentially regulates nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factors 1 and 2 (NRF1 and NRF2). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2029-2040. [PMID: 29255090 PMCID: PMC5808764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 1 (NRF1) and NRF2 are essential for maintaining redox homeostasis and coordinating cellular stress responses. They are highly homologous transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes bearing antioxidant-response elements (AREs). Genetic ablation of NRF1 or NRF2 results in vastly different phenotypic outcomes, implying that they play different roles and may be differentially regulated. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) is the main negative regulator of NRF2 and mediates ubiquitylation and degradation of NRF2 through its NRF2-ECH homology-like domain 2 (Neh2). Here, we report that KEAP1 binds to the Neh2-like (Neh2L) domain of NRF1 and stabilizes it. Consistently, NRF1 is more stable in KEAP1+/+ than in KEAP1-/- isogenic cell lines, whereas NRF2 is dramatically stabilized in KEAP1-/- cells. Replacing NRF1's Neh2L domain with NRF2's Neh2 domain renders NRF1 sensitive to KEAP1-mediated degradation, indicating that the amino acids between the DLG and ETGE motifs, not just the motifs themselves, are essential for KEAP1-mediated degradation. Systematic site-directed mutagenesis identified the core amino acid residues required for KEAP1-mediated degradation and further indicated that the DLG and ETGE motifs with correct spacing are insufficient as a KEAP1 degron. Our results offer critical insights into our understanding of the differential regulation of NRF1 and NRF2 by KEAP1 and their different physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tian
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | | | - Cody J. Schmidlin
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Aikseng Ooi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Donna D. Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 1703 E. Mabel St., Rm. 408, Tucson, AZ 85721. Tel.:
520-626-9918; Fax:
520-626-2466; E-mail:
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Tillotson J, Kedzior M, Guimarães L, Ross AB, Peters TL, Ambrose AJ, Schmidlin CJ, Zhang DD, Costa-Lotufo LV, Rodríguez AD, Schatz JH, Chapman E. ATP-competitive, marine derived natural products that target the DEAD box helicase, eIF4A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4082-4085. [PMID: 28757063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of translation initiation is a common trait of cancer cells. Formation of the heterotrimeric eukaryotic initiation factor F (eIF4F) complex is the rate-limiting step in 5' m7GpppN cap-dependent translation. This trimeric complex includes the eIF4E cap binding protein, the eIF4G scaffolding protein, and the DEAD box RNA helicase eIF4A. eIF4A is an ATP-dependent helicase and because it is the only enzyme in the eIF4F complex, it has been shown to be a potential therapeutic target for a variety of malignancies. To this end, we have used a simple ATPase biochemical screen to survey several hundred marine and terrestrial derived natural products. Herein, we report the discovery of two natural products from marine sources, elisabatin A (1) and allolaurinterol (2), which show low µM inhibition of eIF4A ATPase activity. Enzymological analyses revealed 1 and 2 to be ATP-competitive, and cellular evaluations showed reasonable cytotoxicity against A549 (lung cancer) and MDA-MA-468 (breast cancer) cell lines. However, only compound 2 showed potent inhibition of helicase activity congruent with its ATPase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tillotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Magdalena Kedzior
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Larissa Guimarães
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Alison B Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Tara L Peters
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, 1580 NW 10th Ave, Batchelor, Building, Room 419, M877, Miami, FL 33101, United States
| | - Andrew J Ambrose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Letícia V Costa-Lotufo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Abimael D Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, UPR Station, San Juan, PR 00931-3346, United States
| | - Jonathan H Schatz
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, 1580 NW 10th Ave, Batchelor, Building, Room 419, M877, Miami, FL 33101, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States.
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