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Menniti-Ippolito F, Da Cas R, Traversa G, Santuccio C, Felicetti P, Tartaglia L, Trotta F, Di Pietro P, Barabino P, Renna S, Riceputi L, Tovo PA, Gabiano C, Urbino A, Baroero L, Le Serre D, Virano S, Perilongo G, Daverio M, Gnoato E, Maretti M, Galeazzo B, Rubin G, Scanferla S, Da Dalt L, Stefani C, Zerbinati C, Chiappini E, Sollai S, De Martino M, Mannelli F, Becciani S, Giacalone M, Montano S, Remaschi G, Stival A, Furbetta M, Abate P, Leonardi I, Pirozzi N, Raucci U, Reale A, Rossi R, Russo C, Mancinelli L, Manuela O, Carlo C, Mores N, Romagnoli C, Chiaretti A, Compagnone A, Riccardi R, Delogu G, Sali M, Prete V, Tipo V, Dinardo M, Auricchio F, Polimeno T, Sodano G, Maccariello A, Rafaniello C, Fucà F, Di Rosa E, Altavilla D, Mecchio A, Arrigo T. Vaccine effectiveness against severe laboratory-confirmed influenza in children: results of two consecutive seasons in Italy. Vaccine 2014; 32:4466-4470. [PMID: 24962760 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing Emergency Department (ED) visits and hospitalisations for influenza like illness (ILI) in children. METHODS We conducted a test negative case-control study during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 influenza seasons. Eleven paediatric hospital/wards in seven Italian regions participated in the study. Consecutive children visiting the ED with an ILI, as diagnosed by the doctor according to the European Centre for Disease Control case definition, were eligible for the study. Data were collected from trained pharmacists/physicians by interviewing parents during the ED visit (or hospital admission) of their children. An influenza microbiological test (RT-PCR) was carried out in all children. RESULTS Seven-hundred and four children, from 6 months to 16 years of age, were enrolled: 262 children tested positive for one of the influenza viruses (cases) and 442 tested negative (controls). Cases were older than controls (median age 46 vs. 29 months), though with a similar prevalence of chronic conditions. Only 25 children (4%) were vaccinated in the study period. The overall age-adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) was 38% (95% confidence interval -52% to 75%). A higher VE was estimated for hospitalised children (53%; 95% confidence interval -45% to 85%). DISCUSSION This study supports the effectiveness of the seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing visits to the EDs and hospitalisations for ILI in children, although the estimates were not statistically significant and with wide confidence intervals. Future systematic reviews of available data will provide more robust evidence for recommending influenza vaccination in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Da Cas
- National Centre of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Traversa
- National Centre of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Clara Gabiano
- Regina Margherita Paediatric Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luca Baroero
- Regina Margherita Paediatric Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Virano
- Regina Margherita Paediatric Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Marco Daverio
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Gnoato
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Rubin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Stefani
- Department of Paediatrics, Treviso Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Sollai
- Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Simona Montano
- Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Stival
- Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario Furbetta
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Piera Abate
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Leonardi
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicola Pirozzi
- Emergency Department and Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Umberto Raucci
- Emergency Department and Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonino Reale
- Emergency Department and Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Rossella Rossi
- Emergency Department and Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Emergency Department and Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Livia Mancinelli
- Emergency Department and Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Onori Manuela
- Emergency Department and Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Concato Carlo
- Emergency Department and Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Nadia Mores
- Pharmacology, Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Costantino Romagnoli
- Pharmacology, Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiaretti
- Pharmacology, Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Adele Compagnone
- Pharmacology, Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Riccardi
- Pharmacology, Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Pharmacology, Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Pharmacology, Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Prete
- Pharmacology, Microbiology and Virology, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tipo
- Santobono Paediatric Hospital and Virology Unit-Cotugno, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Dinardo
- Santobono Paediatric Hospital and Virology Unit-Cotugno, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Auricchio
- Santobono Paediatric Hospital and Virology Unit-Cotugno, Napoli, Italy
| | - Teodoro Polimeno
- Santobono Paediatric Hospital and Virology Unit-Cotugno, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sodano
- Santobono Paediatric Hospital and Virology Unit-Cotugno, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Fortunata Fucà
- Giovanni Di Cristina Paediatric Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Paediatric, Gynecologic, Microbiologic and Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Mecchio
- Department of Paediatric, Gynecologic, Microbiologic and Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Arrigo
- Department of Paediatric, Gynecologic, Microbiologic and Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital, Messina, Italy
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