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Simoni M, Mezzasalma N, Pitino R, Manuelian CL, Spadini C, Iannarelli M, Montanaro SL, Summer A, Cabassi CS, De Marchi M, Righi F. A short-term comparison of wheat straw and poplar wood chips used as litter in tiestalls on hygiene, milk, and behavior of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9150-9163. [PMID: 37641355 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A short-term study was conducted to compare the effect of using poplar wood chips (PWC) instead of wheat straw (WS) litter in dairy cows. A total of 38 lactating Holstein cows (204 ± 119 days in milk, 26.9 ± 6.5 kg of milk yield [MY]) were housed in a tiestall farm for a 10-d trial including 5 d of adaptation followed by 5 sampling days (from d 5 to 10). Cows were divided into 2 homogeneous groups: one group was bedded with WS, and the second with PWC. Both litter materials were provided in the amount of 7 kg/stall per d. Each group was composed of 3 subgroups of 6 or 7 cows; the subgroups were physically separated along the feeding line by wooden boards. During the sampling days, fecal composition, used litter composition, and bacterial count (Clostridium spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and total bacterial count) were analyzed by subgroup twice a day. On d 1 and from d 5 to 10, udder hygiene score and cow cleanliness score were also evaluated individually twice a day. Meanwhile MY, milk hygiene (total bacterial count [TBC], coliform bacterial count [CBC], and spore-forming units [SFU]) and quality were measured and analyzed from 9 animals per group. Moreover, individual animal behavior (body position and behavioral traits) and subgroup dry matter intake were measured on d 9 and 10. Fecal dry matter did not differ between groups, PWC had the lowest used litter moisture and N content favoring the highest clean cow frequency, but also gave rise to the greatest used litter microbial contamination. The MY, milk quality, TBC, SFU, and CBC were similar. The lying behavior frequency was similar between groups. However, the PWC group showed the lowest sleeping frequency, the highest frequency of other behaviors (including discomfort signs), and the lowest dry matter intake. However, despite this apparent reduction in cow comfort, no biologically important differences were observed in this short-term study between cows on PWC and WS in milk production or hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - N Mezzasalma
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - R Pitino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - C L Manuelian
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; Group of Ruminant Research (G2R), Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C Spadini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M Iannarelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - S L Montanaro
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - A Summer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - C S Cabassi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - F Righi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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2
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Spaggiari C, Annunziato G, Spadini C, Montanaro SL, Iannarelli M, Cabassi CS, Costantino G. Extraction and Quantification of Azelaic Acid from Different Wheat Samples ( Triticum durum Desf.) and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052134. [PMID: 36903378 PMCID: PMC10003986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Azelaic Acid (AzA) is a 9-carbon atom dicarboxylic acid, with numerous pharmacological uses in dermatology. Its effectiveness in papulopustular rosacea and acne vulgaris, among other dermatological disorders such as keratinization and hyper-pigmentation, is thought to be related to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It is a by-product of Pityrosporum fungal mycelia metabolism but also it is found in different cereals such as barley, wheat, and rye. Diverse topical formulations of AzA exist in commerce, and it is mainly produced via chemical synthesis. In this study we describe the extraction of AzA from whole grains and whole-grain flour (Triticum durum Desf.) through green methods. Seventeen different extracts were prepared and analyzed for their AzA content by HPLC-MS methods and then screened for their antioxidant activity using spectrophotometric assays (ABTS, DPPH, and Folin-Ciocalteu). Minimum-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) assays against several bacterial and fungal pathogens were performed, to validate their antimicrobial activity. The obtained results indicate that whole grain extracts provide a wider spectrum of activity than the flour matrix; in particular, the Naviglio® extract showed higher AzA content, while the hydroalcoholic ultrasound-assisted extract provided better antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The data analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA), as an unsupervised-pattern-recognition technique, to extract useful analytical and biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spaggiari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- B.Ethical srl SB, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Costanza Spadini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Iannarelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Costantino
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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3
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Bonardi S, Cabassi CS, Fiaccadori E, Cavirani S, Parisi A, Bacci C, Lamperti L, Rega M, Conter M, Marra F, Crippa C, Gambi L, Spadini C, Iannarelli M, Paladini C, Filippin N, Pasquali F. Detection of carbapenemase- and ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from bovine bulk milk and comparison with clinical human isolates in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 387:110049. [PMID: 36521239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most common Klebsiella species infecting animals and is one of the causing agents of mastitis in cows. The rise of antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae, particularly in strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and/or carbapenemases, is of concern worldwide. Recently (Regulation UE No 2022/1255), carbapenems and cephalosporins in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors have been reserved only to human treatments in the European Union. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cattle as carrier of human pathogenic carbapenem-resistant (CR) and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. On this purpose, a study involving 150 dairy farms in Parma province (Northern Italy) and 14 non replicate K. pneumoniae isolates from patients admitted at Parma University-Hospital was planned. Four multidrug resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae strains were detected from 258 milk filters collected between 2019 and 2021. One carbapenemase KPC-3-positive K. pneumoniae ST307 (0.4 %; 95 % CI - 0.07 - 2.2) was detected in milk filters. The isolate also harboured OXA-9, CTX-M-15 and SHV-106 determinants, together with genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aac(3')-IIa, aph (3″)-Ib, aph (6)-Id), fluoroquinolones (oqxA, oqxB, qnrB1), phosphonic acids (fosA6), sulphonamides (sul2), tetracyclines (tet(A)6) and trimethoprim (dfrA14). One KPC-3-producing K. pneumoniae ST307 was identified also among the human isolates, thus suggesting a possible circulation of pathogens out of the clinical settings. The remaining three bovine isolates were MDR ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae characterized by different genomic profiles: CTX-M-15, TEM-1B and SHV-187 genes (ST513); CTX-M-15 and SHV-145 (ST307); SHV-187 and DHA-1 (ST307). Occurrence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in milk filters was 1.2 % (95 % CI 0.4-3.4). All the isolates showed resistance to aminoglycosides, 3rd-generation cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones. Among the human isolates, two multidrug resistant ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae ST307 were found, thus confirming the circulation of this high-risk lineage between humans and cattle. Our findings suggest that food-producing animals can carry human pathogenic microorganisms harboring resistance genes against carbapenems and 3rd-generation cephalosporins, even if not treated with such antimicrobials. Moreover, on the MDR K. pneumoniae farms, the antimicrobial use was much higher than the Italian median value, thus highlighting the importance of a more prudent use of antibiotics in animal productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - C S Cabassi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - E Fiaccadori
- Nephrology Unit, Parma University-Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma University, Via Gramsci 24, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - S Cavirani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - A Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Chiancolla, 1, 70017 Putignano, BA, Italy
| | - C Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - L Lamperti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M Rega
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M Conter
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - F Marra
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - C Crippa
- Food Safety Unit, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - L Gambi
- Food Safety Unit, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - C Spadini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M Iannarelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - C Paladini
- National Veterinary Service, Via Vasari 13/A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - N Filippin
- National Veterinary Service, Via Vasari 13/A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - F Pasquali
- Food Safety Unit, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via del Florio, 2, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Spaggiari C, Righetti L, Spadini C, Annunziato G, Nsanzurwimo A, Cabassi CS, Bruni R, Costantino G. Metabolite Profiling and Bioactivities of Leaves, Stems, and Flowers of Rumex usambarensis (Dammer) Dammer, a Traditional African Medicinal Plant. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:482. [PMID: 36771567 PMCID: PMC9921730 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive identification of secondary metabolites represents a fundamental step for the assessment of bioactivities and pharmacological properties of traditional herbal drugs. Rumex usambarensis (Dammer) Dammer has been described as a multipurpose remedy in different African traditional pharmacopoeias, but its phytochemical profile has not been properly investigated. Herein we report a high throughput metabolomic screening, based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-TWINS-QTOF), which was performed for the first time on different R. usambarensis plant parts. By applying high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and chemometric analysis, a complete discrimination of different aerial parts was obtained, with the annotation of 153 significant metabolites in leaves, stems, and flowers, suggesting an easy authentication and discrimination route. Phytochemical data were correlated to antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Flavonoids, benzopyranes, chromones, and xanthones derivatives, along with a richer phytocomplex, might be responsible for the stronger bioactivities obtained from flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spaggiari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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5
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Angeli A, Velluzzi A, Selleri S, Capasso C, Spadini C, Iannarelli M, Cabassi CS, Carta F, Supuran CT. Seleno Containing Compounds as Potent and Selective Antifungal Agents. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1905-1919. [PMID: 35984421 PMCID: PMC9940851 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal promoted infections are becoming a severe health global emergency due to drug-resistant phenomena and zoonosis. This work investigated compounds bearing acyl-/selenoureido moieties and primary/secondary sulfonamide groups as novel antifungal agents acting through organism-directed selenium toxicity and inhibition of the newly emergent therapeutic target, the Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1). Reported data clearly indicate that seleno-containing scaffolds with respect to the standard-of-care drugs showed appreciable antifungal activity, which was suppressed when the chalcogen was replaced with its cognate isosteric elements sulfur and oxygen. In addition, such compounds showed excellent selectivity against Malassezia pachydermatis over its related genus strains Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa. Safe cytotoxicity profiles on bovine kidney cells (MDBK) and human HaCat cells, as well as the shallow hemolytic activity on defibrinated sheep blood, allowed us to consider these compounds as up-and-coming novel antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alice Velluzzi
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Selleri
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department
of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Department
of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Iannarelli
- Department
of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Clotilde S. Cabassi
- Department
of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy,
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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6
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Annunziato G, Spadini C, Marchetti M, Franko N, Pavone M, Iannarelli M, Bruno A, Pieroni M, Bettati S, Cabassi CS, Campanini B, Costantino G. Inhibitors of O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase with a Cyclopropane-Carboxylic Acid Scaffold Are Effective Colistin Adjuvants in Gram Negative Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060766. [PMID: 35745685 PMCID: PMC9227781 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial adjuvants are of great significance, since they allow one to downscale the therapeutic dose of conventional antibiotics and reduce the insurgence of antibacterial resistance. Herein, we report that O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) inhibitors could be used as colistin adjuvants to treat infections caused by critical pathogens spreading worldwide, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Starting from a hit compound endowed with a nanomolar dissociation constant, we have rationally designed and synthesized a series of derivatives to be tested against S. Typhimurium OASS isoenzymes, StOASS-A and StOASS-B. All acidic derivatives have shown good activities in the nanomolar range against both OASS isoforms in vitro. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were then evaluated, as well as compounds’ toxicity. The compounds endowed with good activity in vitro and low cytotoxicity have been challenged as a potential colistin adjuvant against pathogenic bacteria in vitro and the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index has been calculated to define additive or synergistic effects. Finally, the target engagement inside the S. Typhimurium cells was confirmed by using a mutant strain in which the OASS enzymes were inactivated. Our results provide a robust proof of principle supporting OASS as a potential nonessential antibacterial target to develop a new class of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannamaria Annunziato
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (M.I.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Marialaura Marchetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Nina Franko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Marialaura Pavone
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Mattia Iannarelli
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (M.I.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Agostino Bruno
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (M.I.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T Group, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (G.C.)
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7
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Cabassi CS, Bertocchi M, Spadini C, Denti L, Flisi S, Schiano E, Cavirani S, Parmigiani E, Taddei S. Antimicrobial activity of a standardized medical honey on bacterial isolates from infected skin lesions of non-traditional companion animals. Vet Ital 2021; 57. [PMID: 34971500 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.1964.12937.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, due to the growing phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance, the search for alternative strategies to antibiotic treatments is increasing and a considerable interest for the use of medical honey in clinical practice has emerged. Honey has been used for the treatment of skin lesions, in both humans and animals. However, knowledge concerning the use of medical honey in non‑traditional companion animals is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of a standardized medical honey (Revamil, BFactory) against bacterial strains isolated from skin lesions of non‑traditional companion animals. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Revamil honey against seventeen clinical isolates and three reference strains was established.The medical honey showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative bacteria. Growth was inhibited for all the strains at concentrations of medical honey ranging from 10 to 40%. Pseudomonas oryzihabitans and Alcaligenes faecalis showed the lowest MBC (10%). The reference strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 showed a higher sensitivity to 20% honey compare to the corresponding clinical isolate (P = 0.001). The observed results suggest that Revamil could represent an effective therapeutic aid, useful for the reduction of antibiotic use, in case of pathological skin infections in non‑traditional companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mara Bertocchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Denti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Flisi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Emiliana Schiano
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sandro Cavirani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Simone Taddei
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Riboni N, Spadini C, Cabassi CS, Bianchi F, Grolli S, Conti V, Ramoni R, Casoli F, Nasi L, de Julián Fernández C, Luches P, Careri M. OBP-functionalized/hybrid superparamagnetic nanoparticles for Candida albicans treatment. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11256-11265. [PMID: 35423627 PMCID: PMC8695780 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans are one of the major life threats for hospitalized and immunocompromised patients, as a result of antibiotic and long-term antifungal treatment abuse. Odorant binding proteins can be considered interesting candidates to develop systems able to reduce the proliferation and virulence of this yeast, because of their intrinsic antimicrobial properties and complexation capabilities toward farnesol, the major quorum sensing molecule of Candida albicans. In the present study, a hybrid system characterized by a superparamagnetic iron oxide core functionalized with bovine odorant binding protein (bOBP) was successfully developed. The nanoparticles were designed to be suitable for magnetic protein delivery to inflamed areas of the body. The inorganic superparamagnetic core was characterized by an average diameter of 6.5 ± 1.1 nm and a spherical shape. Nanoparticles were functionalized by using 11-phosphonoundecanoic acid as spacer and linked to bOBP via amide bonds, resulting in a concentration level of 26.0 ± 1.2 mg bOBP/g SPIONs. Finally, both the biocompatibility of the developed hybrid system and the fungistatic activity against Candida albicans by submicromolar OBP levels were demonstrated by in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Riboni
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy +39 0521 905556 +39 0521 905128 +39 0521 905446
| | - Costanza Spadini
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Science Via del Taglio 10 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Clotilde S Cabassi
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Science Via del Taglio 10 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy +39 0521 905556 +39 0521 905128 +39 0521 905446
- University of Parma, Interdepartmental Center for Packaging (CIPACK) Parco Area delle Scienze 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Stefano Grolli
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Science Via del Taglio 10 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Virna Conti
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Science Via del Taglio 10 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Roberto Ramoni
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Science Via del Taglio 10 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Francesca Casoli
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Lucia Nasi
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - César de Julián Fernández
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Paola Luches
- Center S3, Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR Via G. Campi 213/A 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy +39 0521 905556 +39 0521 905128 +39 0521 905446
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Magalhães J, Franko N, Raboni S, Annunziato G, Tammela P, Bruno A, Bettati S, Armao S, Spadini C, Cabassi CS, Mozzarelli A, Pieroni M, Campanini B, Costantino G. Discovery of Substituted (2-Aminooxazol-4-yl)Isoxazole-3-carboxylic Acids as Inhibitors of Bacterial Serine Acetyltransferase in the Quest for Novel Potential Antibacterial Adjuvants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020174. [PMID: 33672408 PMCID: PMC7931047 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria and actinomycetales use L-cysteine biosynthesis to increase their tolerance to antibacterial treatment and establish a long-lasting infection. In turn, this might lead to the onset of antimicrobial resistance that currently represents one of the most menacing threats to public health worldwide. The biosynthetic machinery required to synthesise L-cysteine is absent in mammals; therefore, its exploitation as a drug target is particularly promising. In this article, we report a series of inhibitors of Salmonella thyphimurium serine acetyltransferase (SAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of L-cysteine biosynthesis. The development of such inhibitors started with the virtual screening of an in-house library of compounds that led to the selection of seven structurally unrelated hit derivatives. A set of molecules structurally related to hit compound 5, coming either from the original library or from medicinal chemistry efforts, were tested to determine a preliminary structure–activity relationship and, especially, to improve the inhibitory potency of the derivatives, that was indeed ameliorated by several folds compared to hit compound 5 Despite these progresses, at this stage, the most promising compound failed to interfere with bacterial growth when tested on a Gram-negative model organism, anticipating the need for further research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhães
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Nina Franko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Samanta Raboni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giannamaria Annunziato
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM) ‘G. Casnati’, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Agostino Bruno
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Armao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.S.); (C.S.C.)
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM) ‘G. Casnati’, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-905054
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (N.F.); (S.R.); (S.A.); (A.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (J.M.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (G.C.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM) ‘G. Casnati’, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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10
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Annunziato G, Spadini C, Franko N, Storici P, Demitri N, Pieroni M, Flisi S, Rosati L, Iannarelli M, Marchetti M, Magalhaes J, Bettati S, Mozzarelli A, Cabassi CS, Campanini B, Costantino G. Investigational Studies on a Hit Compound Cyclopropane-Carboxylic Acid Derivative Targeting O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase as a Colistin Adjuvant. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:281-292. [PMID: 33513010 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial adjuvants are of great significance, since they allow the therapeutic dose of conventional antibiotics to be lowered and reduce the insurgence of antibiotic resistance. Herein, we report that an O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) inhibitor can be used as a colistin adjuvant to treat infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. A compound that binds OASS with a nM dissociation constant was tested as an adjuvant of colistin against six critical pathogens responsible for infections spreading worldwide, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Klebisiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The compound showed promising synergistic or additive activities against all of them. Knockout experiments confirmed the intracellular target engagement supporting the proposed mechanism of action. Moreover, compound toxicity was evaluated by means of its hemolytic activity against sheep defibrinated blood cells, showing a good safety profile. The 3D structure of the compound in complex with OASS was determined at 1.2 Å resolution by macromolecular crystallography, providing for the first time structural insights about the nature of the interaction between the enzyme and this class of competitive inhibitors. Our results provide a robust proof of principle supporting OASS as a potential nonessential antibacterial target to develop a new class of adjuvants and the structural basis for further structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannamaria Annunziato
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Nina Franko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Storici
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14
- km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14
- km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Flisi
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Rosati
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Iannarelli
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marialaura Marchetti
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Joana Magalhaes
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- Operative Unit of Animals Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 8, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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11
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Bianchi F, Fornari F, Riboni N, Spadini C, Cabassi CS, Iannarelli M, Carraro C, Mazzeo PP, Bacchi A, Orlandini S, Furlanetto S, Careri M. Development of novel cocrystal-based active food packaging by a Quality by Design approach. Food Chem 2021; 347:129051. [PMID: 33476921 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A way to reduce food waste is related to the increase of the shelf-life of food as a result of improving the package type. An innovative active food packaging material based on cocrystallization of microbiologically active compounds present in essential oils i.e. carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde was developed following the Quality by Design principles. The selected active components were used to produce antimicrobial plastic films with solidified active ingredients on their surface characterized by antimicrobial properties against four bacterial strains involved in fruit and vegetable spoilage. The developed packaging prototypes exhibited good antimicrobial activity in vitro providing inhibition percentage of 69 (±15)% by contact and inhibition diameters of 32 (±6) mm in the gas phase, along with a prolonged release of the active components. Finally, the prolonged shelf-life of grape samples up to 7 days at room temperature was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Interdepartmental Center for Packaging (CIPACK), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Fabio Fornari
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- University of Parma, Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze 42, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Iannarelli
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Carraro
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pio Mazzeo
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessia Bacchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Biopharmanet-TEC, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Orlandini
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Interdepartmental Center on Safety, Technologies and Agri-Food Innovation (SITEIA.PARMA), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
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12
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Righi F, Simoni M, Bresciani C, Cabassi CS, Flisi S, Hanlon ME, Sala A, Spadini C, Festuccia M, Morini G, Gazza F, Ragionieri L, Quarantelli A. Adding monoglycerides containing short and medium chain fatty acids to milk replacer: effects on health and performance of preweaned calves. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1847208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Righi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marica Simoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carla Bresciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Sara Flisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Morini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Gazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luisa Ragionieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Afro Quarantelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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13
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Zanardi G, Iemmi T, Spadini C, Taddei S, Cavirani S, Cabassi CS. Wild Micromammals as Bioindicators of Antibiotic Resistance in Ecopathology in Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071184. [PMID: 32668681 PMCID: PMC7401511 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing threat to human health and an important issue also in the natural environment. For this study, an ecopathological approach was applied to the monitoring of the antimicrobial resistance in the province of Parma, Northern Italy. Fourteen monitoring sites and seventy-four faecal samples from four species of wild micromammals (Apodemus sylvaticus, Microtus savii, Mus domesticus and Suncus etruscus) were collected. Samples were subjected to bacteriological examination and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Antibiotics belonging to 13 different antibiotic classes were tested. Collected data showed a prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of 55.13% and significant differences in the prevalence of MDR strains among the different micromammal species, while sex, age and anthropization level did not significantly affected MDR strains prevalence. Moreover, a high prevalence of bacterial strains resistant to colistin (95%), gentamicin (87%) and amikacin (83%) was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report on antibiotic resistance in wild micromammals in the province of Parma.
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Sala A, Di Ianni F, Pelizzone I, Bertocchi M, Santospirito D, Rogato F, Flisi S, Spadini C, Iemmi T, Moggia E, Parmigiani E, Cavirani S, Taddei S, Cabassi CS. The prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in healthy captive ophidian. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6706. [PMID: 30997288 PMCID: PMC6463849 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snakes are globally considered as pet animals, and millions of ophidians are bred in captivity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium that can act as an opportunistic pathogen of man and animals and is frequently present in the oral and cloacal microbiota of healthy ophidians. It can cause severe clinical diseases and often shows antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of P. aeruginosa isolated from the cloacal microbiota of a large population sample of healthy captive ophidians and to evaluate the statistical associations with farming conditions. Methods A total of 419 cloacal swabs were collected from snakes belonging to the Boidae (n = 45), Colubridae (n = 48) and Pythonidae (n = 326) families and inoculated onto complete culture media. Food, water and bedding samples were also analyzed. The antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates was evaluated through the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion test. Statistical analyses were performed with the chi-square test. Results The prevalence of P. aeruginosa was 59.9%, and 35.5% of these strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). The prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa was significantly higher in adult samples than in young samples, and widespread resistance to Cephalosporins, Polymyxins and Sulfonamides was observed. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of P. aeruginosa were observed depending on the farm size and snake family. Feeding thawed prey was associated with a higher P. aeruginosa and MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. Moreover, snakes fed home-raised prey had a significantly higher MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence than snakes fed commercially available feed. Less frequent terrarium cleaning was associated with a higher MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. On the other hand, snake reproductive status was not significantly associated with P. aeruginosa or MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. All food, water and bedding samples were negative for P. aeruginosa presence. Discussion The overall P. aeruginosa prevalence found in this study was lower than that found by other authors, but a high proportion of the isolates were MDR. This study highlighted the presence of constitutive (such as age and taxonomic family) and managerial (farm size, cleaning cycle frequency and food type) factors associated with P. aeruginosa and/or MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. Good breeding management and proper antibiotic treatment of P. aeruginosa infections could help reduce the presence of P. aeruginosa and MDR P. aeruginosa in the gut microbiota of snakes and consequently reduce the risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sala
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Mara Bertocchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Flisi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tiziano Iemmi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandro Cavirani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Taddei
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Bianchi F, Flisi S, Careri M, Riboni N, Resimini S, Sala A, Conti V, Mattarozzi M, Taddei S, Spadini C, Basini G, Grolli S, Cabassi CS, Ramoni R. Vertebrate odorant binding proteins as antimicrobial humoral components of innate immunity for pathogenic microorganisms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213545. [PMID: 30901336 PMCID: PMC6430387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and the yeast Candida albicans (CA) are pathogens that cohabit the mucosa of the respiratory tracts of animals and humans. Their virulence is largely determined by chemical communication driven by quorum sensing systems (QS), and the cross perception of their quorum sensing molecules (QSM) can modulate the prevalence of one microorganism over the other. Aiming to investigate whether some of the protein components dissolved in the mucus layering the respiratory mucosa might interfere with virulence and cross-communication of these, and eventually other microorganisms, ligand binding assays were carried out to test the scavenging potential of the bovine and porcine forms of the Lipocalin odorant binding protein (OBP) for several QSMs (farnesol, and acylhomoserine lactones), and for pyocyanin, a toxin produced by PA. In addition, the direct antimicrobial activity of the OBPs was tested by time kill assay (TKA) against CA, PA and other bacteria and yeasts. The positivity of all the ligand binding assays and the antimicrobial activity determined for CA, and for some of the other microorganisms tested, let hypothesize that vertebrate OBPs might behave as humoral components of innate immunity, active against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. In addition, TKAs with mutants of bovine OBP with structural properties different from those of the native form, and with OBP forms tagged with histidines at the amino terminal, provided information about the mechanisms responsible of their antimicrobial activity and suggested possible applications of the OBPs as alternative or co-adjuvants to antibiotic therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Flisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Resimini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Virna Conti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Mattarozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Taddei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Basini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Grolli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Ramoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail: (RR); (CSC)
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