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Domigan CK, Warren CM, Antanesian V, Happel K, Ziyad S, Lee S, Krall A, Duan L, Torres-Collado AX, Castellani LW, Elashoff D, Christofk HR, van der Bliek AM, Potente M, Iruela-Arispe ML. Autocrine VEGF maintains endothelial survival through regulation of metabolism and autophagy. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2236-48. [PMID: 25956888 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autocrine VEGF is necessary for endothelial survival, although the cellular mechanisms supporting this function are unknown. Here, we show that--even after full differentiation and maturation--continuous expression of VEGF by endothelial cells is needed to sustain vascular integrity and cellular viability. Depletion of VEGF from the endothelium results in mitochondria fragmentation and suppression of glucose metabolism, leading to increased autophagy that contributes to cell death. Gene-expression profiling showed that endothelial VEGF contributes to the regulation of cell cycle and mitochondrial gene clusters, as well as several--but not all--targets of the transcription factor FOXO1. Indeed, VEGF-deficient endothelium in vitro and in vivo showed increased levels of FOXO1 protein in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Silencing of FOXO1 in VEGF-depleted cells reversed expression profiles of several of the gene clusters that were de-regulated in VEGF knockdown, and rescued both cell death and autophagy phenotypes. Our data suggest that endothelial VEGF maintains vascular homeostasis through regulation of FOXO1 levels, thereby ensuring physiological metabolism and endothelial cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Domigan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Carmen M Warren
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Vaspour Antanesian
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Katharina Happel
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Safiyyah Ziyad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Abigail Krall
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Lewei Duan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Antoni X Torres-Collado
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | | | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Alexander M van der Bliek
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Michael Potente
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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Abstract
The distribution and patterning of blood vessels is controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is precisely regulated throughout its life cycle. Okabe et al. show that VEGF is titrated away from the endothelium by adjacent neurons via endocytosis, regulating density and trajectory of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Domigan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Domigan CK, Ziyad S, Iruela-Arispe ML. Canonical and noncanonical vascular endothelial growth factor pathways: new developments in biology and signal transduction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:30-9. [PMID: 25278287 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past 5 years have witnessed a significant expansion in our understanding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. In particular, the process of canonical activation of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases by homodimeric VEGF molecules has now been broadened by the realization that heterodimeric ligands and receptors are also active participants in the signaling process. Although heterodimer receptors were described 2 decades ago, their impact, along with the effect of additional cell surface partners and novel autocrine VEGF signaling pathways, are only now starting to be clarified. Furthermore, ligand-independent signaling (noncanonical) has been identified through galectin and gremlin binding and upon rise of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Activation of the VEGF receptors in the absence of ligand holds immediate implications for therapeutic approaches that exclusively target VEGF. The present review provides a concise summary of the recent developments in both canonical and noncanonical VEGF signaling and places these findings in perspective to their potential clinical and biological ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Domigan
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology (C.K.D., S.Z., M.L.I.-A.), Molecular Biology Institute (M.L.I.-A.), and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.L.I.-A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Safiyyah Ziyad
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology (C.K.D., S.Z., M.L.I.-A.), Molecular Biology Institute (M.L.I.-A.), and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.L.I.-A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology (C.K.D., S.Z., M.L.I.-A.), Molecular Biology Institute (M.L.I.-A.), and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.L.I.-A.), University of California, Los Angeles.
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Lu TY, Domigan CK, Antanesian V, Nakashima Y, Nakano A, Iruela-Arispe L. Abstract 168: Contribution of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling to Fate Specification in Cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/res.115.suppl_1.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the pivotal proangiogenic growth factors that has long contributed to our knowledge of blood vessel and circulatory maintenance as well as angiogenesis in both pathology and pathophysiology. However, the non-canonical functions of VEGF in cardiac morphogenesis have not been well characterized. Here, we examined how VEGF regulates cardiomyocyte cell fate.
Using chimeric embryos harboring both wild type and VEGF-null embryonic stem cells, we observed that derivatives of VEGF null cells were preferentially recruited to the atrium of the heart in comparison to the ventricles. To further provide physiologic context of this finding, we used reporter-LacZ staining and RT-PCR and found that endogenous VEGF was indeed expressed at much lower levels in the atrium but highly expressed in the ventricle early in cardiac morphogenesis. These data lead to our hypothesis that cell-autonomous expression of VEGF is a determinant of atrial vs. ventricular cardiomyocyte cell fate. To test this hypothesis, we used a VEGF knock-in mouse model of Sm22Cre x Rosa 26 VEGF. VEGF overexpression in cardiomyocytes (and smooth muscle) at E8.5 resulted in lethality by P1 and thickened atrial and ventricular walls in mutant embryos as characterized by histology (H&E, IF). We further explored the molecular changes underlying this phenotype via microarray and RT-PCR and find disruptions in molecular markers necessary for wall development, specifically: Notch-1, BMP10, Nrg-1.
Taken together, our data indicates that aberrant embryonic VEGF signaling disrupts several critical signaling pathways and that overexpression leads to disruption of cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac morphogenesis. These findings add to the foundation of better understanding heart development, laying the groundwork for future therapy of congenital and acquired cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Y Lu
- Univ of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Goddard LM, Murphy TJ, Org T, Enciso JM, Hashimoto-Partyka MK, Warren CM, Domigan CK, McDonald AI, He H, Sanchez LA, Allen NC, Orsenigo F, Chao LC, Dejana E, Tontonoz P, Mikkola HKA, Iruela-Arispe ML. Progesterone receptor in the vascular endothelium triggers physiological uterine permeability preimplantation. Cell 2014; 156:549-62. [PMID: 24485460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular permeability is frequently associated with inflammation and is triggered by a cohort of secreted permeability factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here, we show that the physiological vascular permeability that precedes implantation is directly controlled by progesterone receptor (PR) and is independent of VEGF. Global or endothelial-specific deletion of PR blocks physiological vascular permeability in the uterus, whereas misexpression of PR in the endothelium of other organs results in ectopic vascular leakage. Integration of an endothelial genome-wide transcriptional profile with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed that PR induces an NR4A1 (Nur77/TR3)-dependent transcriptional program that broadly regulates vascular permeability in response to progesterone. Silencing of NR4A1 blocks PR-mediated permeability responses, indicating a direct link between PR and NR4A1. This program triggers concurrent suppression of several junctional proteins and leads to an effective, timely, and venous-specific regulation of vascular barrier function that is critical for embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Goddard
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas J Murphy
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tönis Org
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Josephine M Enciso
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Minako K Hashimoto-Partyka
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carmen M Warren
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Courtney K Domigan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Austin I McDonald
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Huanhuan He
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lauren A Sanchez
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nancy C Allen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fabrizio Orsenigo
- IFOM, Foundation FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Lily C Chao
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- IFOM, Foundation FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hanna K A Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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