The empty pelvis syndrome: a core data set from the PelvEx collaborative

BACKGROUND

Empty pelvis syndrome (EPS) is a significant source of morbidity following pelvic exenteration (PE), but is undefined. EPS outcome reporting and descriptors of radicality of PE are inconsistent; therefore, the best approaches for prevention are unknown. To facilitate future research into EPS, the aim of this study is to define a measurable core outcome set, core descriptor set and written definition for EPS. Consensus on strategies to mitigate EPS was also explored.

METHOD

Three-stage consensus methodology was used: longlisting with systematic review, healthcare professional event, patient engagement, and Delphi-piloting; shortlisting with two rounds of modified Delphi; and a confirmatory stage using a modified nominal group technique. This included a selection of measurement instruments, and iterative generation of a written EPS definition.

RESULTS

One hundred and three and 119 participants took part in the modified Delphi and consensus meetings, respectively. This encompassed international patient and healthcare professional representation with multidisciplinary input. Seventy statements were longlisted, seven core outcomes (bowel obstruction, enteroperineal fistula, chronic perineal sinus, infected pelvic collection, bowel obstruction, morbidity from reconstruction, re-intervention, and quality of life), and four core descriptors (magnitude of surgery, radiotherapy-induced damage, methods of reconstruction, and changes in volume of pelvic dead space) reached consensus-where applicable, measurement of these outcomes and descriptors was defined. A written definition for EPS was agreed.

CONCLUSIONS

EPS is an area of unmet research and clinical need. This study provides an agreed definition and core data set for EPS to facilitate further research.

The incidence of potentially serious complications during non-obstetric anaesthetic practice in the United Kingdom: an analysis from the 7th National Audit Project (NAP7) activity survey

Complications and critical incidents arising during anaesthesia due to patient, surgical or anaesthetic factors, may cause harm themselves or progress to more severe events, including cardiac arrest or death. As part of the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists, we studied a prospective national cohort of unselected patients. Anaesthetists recorded anonymous details of all cases undertaken over 4 days at their site through an online survey. Of 416 hospital sites invited to participate, 352 (85%) completed the survey. Among 24,172 cases, 1922 discrete potentially serious complications were reported during 1337 (6%) cases. Obstetric cases had a high reported major haemorrhage rate and were excluded from further analysis. Of 20,996 non-obstetric cases, 1705 complications were reported during 1150 (5%) cases. Circulatory events accounted for most complications (616, 36%), followed by airway (418, 25%), metabolic (264, 15%), breathing (259, 15%), and neurological (41, 2%) events. A single complication was reported in 851 (4%) cases, two complications in 166 (1%) cases and three or more complications in 133 (1%) cases. In non-obstetric elective surgery, all complications were 'uncommon' (10-100 per 10,000 cases). Emergency (urgent and immediate priority) surgery accounted for 3454 (16%) of non-obstetric cases but 714 (42%) of complications with severe hypotension, major haemorrhage, severe arrhythmias, septic shock, significant acidosis and electrolyte disturbances all being 'common' (100-1000 per 10,000 cases). Based on univariate analysis, complications were associated with: younger age; higher ASA physical status; male sex; increased frailty; urgency and extent of surgery; day of the week; and time of day. These data represent the rates of potentially serious complications during routine anaesthesia care and may be valuable for risk assessment and patient consent.

Peri-operative cardiac arrest: epidemiology and clinical features of patients analysed in the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists

The 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists studied peri-operative cardiac arrest in the UK, a topic of importance to patients, anaesthetists and surgeons. Here we report the results of the 12-month registry, from 16 June 2021 to 15 June 2022, focusing on epidemiology and clinical features. We reviewed 881 cases of peri-operative cardiac arrest, giving an incidence of 3 in 10,000 anaesthetics (95%CI 3.0-3.5 per 10,000). Incidence varied with patient and surgical factors. Compared with denominator survey activity, patients with cardiac arrest: included more males (56% vs. 42%); were older (median (IQR) age 60.5 (40.5-80.5) vs. 50.5 (30.5-70.5) y), although the age distribution was bimodal, with infants and patients aged > 66 y overrepresented; and were notably more comorbid (73% ASA physical status 3-5 vs. 27% ASA physical status 1-2). The surgical case-mix included more weekend (14% vs. 11%), out-of-hours (19% vs. 10%), non-elective (65% vs. 30%) and major/complex cases (60% vs. 28%). Cardiac arrest was most prevalent in orthopaedic trauma (12%), lower gastrointestinal surgery (10%), cardiac surgery (9%), vascular surgery (8%) and interventional cardiology (6%). Specialities with the highest proportion of cases relative to denominator activity were: cardiac surgery (9% vs. 1%); cardiology (8% vs. 1%); and vascular surgery (8% vs. 2%). The most common causes of cardiac arrest were: major haemorrhage (17%); bradyarrhythmia (9%); and cardiac ischaemia (7%). Patient factors were judged a key cause of cardiac arrest in 82% of cases, anaesthesia in 40% and surgery in 35%.

Peri-operative cardiac arrest: management and outcomes of patients analysed in the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists

The 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists studied peri-operative cardiac arrest in the UK, a topic of importance to patients, anaesthetists and surgeons. We report the results of the 12-month registry phase, from 16 June 2021 to 15 June 2022, focusing on management and outcomes. Among 881 cases of peri-operative cardiac arrest, the initial rhythm was non-shockable in 723 (82%) cases, most commonly pulseless electrical activity. There were 665 (75%) patients who survived the initial event and 384 (52%) who survived to hospital discharge. A favourable functional outcome (based on modified Rankin Scale score) was reported for 249 (88%) survivors. Outcomes varied according to arrest rhythm. The highest rates of survival were seen for bradycardic cardiac arrests with 111 (86%) patients surviving the initial event and 77 (60%) patients surviving the hospital episode. The lowest survival rates were seen for patients with pulseless electrical activity, with 312 (68%) surviving the initial episode and 156 (34%) surviving to hospital discharge. Survival to hospital discharge was worse in patients at the extremes of age with 76 (40%) patients aged > 75 y and 9 (45%) neonates surviving. Hospital survival was also associated with surgical priority, with 175 (88%) elective patients and 176 (37%) non-elective patients surviving to discharge. Outcomes varied with the cause of cardiac arrest, with lower initial survival rates for pulmonary embolism (5, 31%) and bone cement implantation syndrome (9, 45%), and hospital survival of < 25% for pulmonary embolism (0), septic shock (13, 24%) and significant hyperkalaemia (1, 20%). Overall care was rated good in 464 (53%) cases, and 18 (2%) cases had overall care rated as poor. Poor care elements were present in a further 245 (28%) cases. Care before cardiac arrest was the phase most frequently rated as poor (92, 11%) with elements of poor care identified in another 186 (21%) cases. These results describe the management and outcomes of peri-operative cardiac arrest in UK practice for the first time.

Organisation of UK hospitals and anaesthetic departments in the treatment of peri-operative cardiac arrest: an analysis from the 7th National Audit Project (NAP7) local co-ordinator baseline survey

We report the results of the Royal College of Anaesthetists' 7th National Audit Project organisational baseline survey sent to every NHS anaesthetic department in the UK to assess preparedness for treating peri-operative cardiac arrest. We received 199 responses from 277 UK anaesthetic departments, representing a 72% response rate. Adult and paediatric anaesthetic care was provided by 188 (95%) and 165 (84%) hospitals, respectively. There was no paediatric intensive care unit on-site in 144 (87%) hospitals caring for children, meaning transfer of critically ill children is required. Remote site anaesthesia is provided in 182 (92%) departments. There was a departmental resuscitation lead in 113 (58%) departments, wellbeing lead in 106 (54%) and departmental staff wellbeing policy in 81 (42%). A defibrillator was present in every operating theatre suite and in all paediatric anaesthesia locations in 193 (99%) and 149 (97%) departments, respectively. Advanced airway equipment was not available in: every theatre suite in 13 (7%) departments; all remote locations in 103 (57%) departments; and all paediatric anaesthesia locations in 23 (15%) departments. Anaesthetic rooms were the default location for induction of anaesthesia in adults and children in 148 (79%) and 121 (79%) departments, respectively. Annual updates in chest compressions and in defibrillation were available in 149 (76%) and 130 (67%) departments, respectively. Following a peri-operative cardiac arrest, debriefing and peer support programmes were available in 154 (79%) and 57 (29%) departments, respectively. While it is likely many UK hospitals are very well prepared to treat anaesthetic emergencies including cardiac arrest, the survey suggests this is not universal.

Decreasing exposure to thyroid radiation in an orthopaedic theatre setting: an educational intervention

The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) can significantly reduce staff exposure to harmful radiation and infection. Fluoroscopic procedures in orthopaedic theatre can generate high levels of radiation and good adherence to PPE use is essential to reduce long term cancer risk, including thyroid cancer. To assess baseline compliance with PPE, availability of PPE in theatre and carry out an intervention to promote greater use of PPE. This was a closed-loop interventional study set in a level 1 trauma centre and an elective/rehabilitation unit. Data were collected in 40 cases pre and post-intervention from 26th May-7th July 2017. All health care practitioners present at fluoroscopic screening were observed. PPE availability was audited daily. A questionnaire was used to assess surgical and nursing knowledge/practices regarding radiation/infection safety. An educational presentation was delivered to the groups at highest risk of exposure. 39/41 questionnaires were completed (29 surgeons, 10 nurses). 41% of respondents had taken a radiation training course or felt they had adequate training. There was a significant increase in the use of thyroid guards by surgeons 13/115 (11.3%) pre-intervention to 54/117 (46.2%) post-intervention (p<0.001) and radiographers (p=0.019) post-intervention. Logistic regression showed an 89.7% increased likelihood of thyroid guard use post-intervention and a 12.7% increased chance of thyroid guard use for each extra guard available. A short educational, easily replicated session, significantly improved compliance with thyroid guards by orthopaedic surgeons.

The 7th National Audit Project (NAP7) baseline survey of individual anaesthetists: preparedness for and experiences of peri-operative cardiac arrest

The Royal College of Anaesthetists' 7th National Audit Project baseline survey assessed knowledge, attitudes, practices and experiences of peri-operative cardiac arrests among UK anaesthetists and Anaesthesia Associates. We received 10,746 responses, representing a 71% response rate. In-date training in adult and paediatric advanced life support was reported by 9646 (90%) and 7125 (66%) anaesthetists, respectively. There were 8994 (84%) respondents who were confident in leading a peri-operative cardiac arrest, with males more confident than females, but only 5985 (56%) were confident in leading a debrief and 7340 (68%) communicating with next of kin. In the previous two years, 4806 (46%) respondents had managed at least one peri-operative cardiac arrest, of which 321 (7%) and 189 (4%) of these events involved a child or an obstetric patient, respectively. Respondents estimated the most common causes of peri-operative cardiac arrest to be hypovolaemia, hypoxaemia and cardiac ischaemia, with haemorrhage coming fifth. However, the most common reported causes for the most recently attended peri-operative cardiac arrest were haemorrhage; (927, 20%); anaphylaxis (474, 10%); and cardiac ischaemia (397, 9%). Operating lists or shifts were paused or stopped after 1330 (39%) cardiac arrests and 1693 (38%) respondents attended a debrief, with 'hot' debriefs most common. Informal wellbeing support was relatively common (2458, 56%) and formal support was uncommon (472, 11%). An impact on future care delivery was reported by 196 (4%) anaesthetists, most commonly a negative psychological impact. Management of a peri-operative cardiac arrest during their career was reported by 8654 (85%) respondents. The overall impact on professional life was more often judged positive (2630, 30%) than negative (1961, 23%), but impact on personal life was more often negative.

Exploration of the potential utility of the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay for the detection of anti-leptospira antibodies in dogs

Canine leptospirosis represents a diagnostic challenge to veterinarians, due to the variability in presenting clinical signs and interpretation of serology test results in dogs that have been vaccinated previously. None of the commercially available serological assays, including the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), have been verified to be capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Recent work identified that half of primary practice attending dogs were up to date with their leptospirosis vaccination and would be expected to have circulating anti-leptospira antibodies (Taylor et al., 2022), indicating that this is a relevant issue for suspected leptospirosis cases in dogs in the UK. This study aimed to explore the utility of three leptospiral outer membrane proteins (OMPs: LipL32, LipL21 and LipL41) as potential DIVA targets in the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay. N and C terminal nanoluciferase tagged recombinant proteins were generated for each OMP. Differences in reactivity between serum samples from MAT positive dogs (n = 29) and paired samples (n = 6 dogs) taken pre and 21 days post leptospirosis vaccination were assessed against these six constructs. Reactivity was greater towards the N terminal than the C terminal recombinant proteins for all three OMPs. None of the constructs appeared to demonstrate DIVA capability, although two (pNLF1-N-FLAG/LipL32 and pNLF1-N-FLAG/LipL21) were able to detect vaccine seroconversion. The findings of this work suggest that these particular OMP targets do not offer DIVA ability, however LipL32 and LipL21 may be suitable for use in immunoassays for vaccine trials or for detection of infections in humans, where there is no requirement for DIVA capability.

Approach avoidance training versus Sham in veterans with alcohol use disorder: protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent and commonly co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders among Veterans. Provisional evidence supports the use of Approach Avoidance Training (AAT) - a form of computer-delivered cognitive bias modification designed to target implicit approach bias for alcohol-related cues - as an adjunctive program to treat AUD. However, the extent to which AAT is effective for improving AUD recovery outcomes in outpatient Veteran samples and those with psychiatric comorbidities has been understudied to date. Here we describe a double-blind randomized controlled trial of AAT versus a comparison condition (Sham) being conducted in Veterans with comorbid psychiatric conditions completing outpatient standard care.

METHODS

One hundred thirty-six Veterans currently receiving outpatient treatment for AUD will be recruited for this randomized controlled trial with parallel group assignment. Participants will be randomized to either 6 weeks of AAT (n = 68) or Sham (n = 68) training in conjunction with usual care. Assessments will occur at baseline and 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-baseline. Primary outcome variables will include functional consequences of drinking. Secondary outcome variables will include alcohol consumption, and behavioral indicators of alcohol approach bias. A subset of participants (n = 51) will also complete functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess neural response during an alcohol approach bias assessment.

DISCUSSION

This study is the first randomized controlled trial of AAT administered as an adjunctive treatment to standard care in Veterans with AUD and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Additionally, behavioral and neuroimaging data will be used to determine the extent to which AAT targets approach bias for alcohol cues. If effective, AAT may be a promising low-cost adjunctive treatment option for individuals with AUD.

REGISTRY NAME

AAT for Alcohol Use Disorder in Veterans.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05372029; Date of Registration: 5/9/2022.

Patient characteristics, anaesthetic workload and techniques in the UK: an analysis from the 7th National Audit Project (NAP7) activity survey

Detailed contemporary knowledge of the characteristics of the surgical population, national anaesthetic workload, anaesthetic techniques and behaviours are essential to monitor productivity, inform policy and direct research themes. Every 3-4 years, the Royal College of Anaesthetists, as part of its National Audit Projects (NAP), performs a snapshot activity survey in all UK hospitals delivering anaesthesia, collecting patient-level encounter data from all cases under the care of an anaesthetist. During November 2021, as part of NAP7, anaesthetists recorded details of all cases undertaken over 4 days at their site through an online survey capturing anonymous patient characteristics and anaesthetic details. Of 416 hospital sites invited to participate, 352 (85%) completed the activity survey. From these, 24,177 reports were returned, of which 24,172 (99%) were included in the final dataset. The work patterns by day of the week, time of day and surgical specialty were similar to previous NAP activity surveys. However, in non-obstetric patients, between NAP5 (2013) and NAP7 (2021) activity surveys, the estimated median age of patients increased by 2.3 years from median (IQR) of 50.5 (28.4-69.1) to 52.8 (32.1-69.2) years. The median (IQR) BMI increased from 24.9 (21.5-29.5) to 26.7 (22.3-31.7) kg.m^-2 . The proportion of patients who scored as ASA physical status 1 decreased from 37% in NAP5 to 24% in NAP7. The use of total intravenous anaesthesia increased from 8% of general anaesthesia cases to 26% between NAP5 and NAP7. Some changes may reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anaesthetic population, though patients with confirmed COVID-19 accounted for only 149 (1%) cases. These data show a rising burden of age, obesity and comorbidity in patients requiring anaesthesia care, likely to impact UK peri-operative services significantly.

Utility of fluoroscopic oesophagography in the setting of spontaneous and blunt traumatic pneumomediastinum

AIM

To determine the incidence of positive fluoroscopic oesophagography in patients presenting with spontaneous or blunt traumatic pneumomediastinum.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent fluoroscopic oesophagography for spontaneous or blunt traumatic pneumomediastinum between 2001-2019. Patients were excluded for history of oesophageal surgery, penetrating trauma, oesophageal cancer, or tracheal/oesophageal instrumentation.

RESULTS

Two hundred and fifty-two patients met the inclusion criteria; 170 presented with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and 82 presented with blunt traumatic pneumomediastinum. Fluoroscopic oesophagography was positive in eight patients with spontaneous pneumomediastinum, for a positivity rate of 4.7% (8/170). There was one false-negative case in a patient who presented with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and was found to have a non-full-thickness oesophageal injury on endoscopy. Fluoroscopic oesophagography was negative in all patients with blunt traumatic pneumomediastinum (0/82). The sensitivity and specificity of fluoroscopic oesophagography were 88.9% (8/9) and 100% (243/243), respectively. Oesophageal injury was more common in patients with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and a pleural effusion (5/11, 45.4%) than in patients with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and no pleural effusion (4/159, 2.5%, p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

The present findings do not support routine oesophagography in patients with blunt traumatic pneumomediastinum. Conversely, a positivity rate of 4.7% in patients with spontaneous pneumomediastinum suggests oesophagography may be warranted in this population, particularly if an associated pleural effusion is present.

Qualitative Exploration Toward the Development of a Parent-Rated Scale for Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Toward the development of a new parent-rating for insomnia, this multi-site qualitative study explored sleep problems and related impacts in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families. To ensure content validity of the measure, we conducted six focus groups with caregivers (N = 25) of 24 children (age 3 to 18 years) with ASD. Based on parent report, all children had a history of mild or greater insomnia. The focus group transcripts were systematically coded to identify major themes. Verbatim comments from caretakers were used to generate 134 candidate items. Further review by the research team and an expert panel followed by individual cognitive interviews with 12 parents reduced the item bank to 40. The thematic analysis of focus group transcripts identified 7 categories: (1) Trouble falling asleep; (2) trouble staying asleep; (3) early morning waking; (4) bedtime routines; (5) parental strategies for bedtime management; (6) impact of sleep problems on the child; and (7) impact of sleep problems on the family. The Flesch Kincaid Grade Level of the 40-item version was 7.2 (seventh grade reading level). Insomnia in children with ASD shares features in common with insomnia in the general pediatric population. However, perhaps owing to autistic features such as insistence on sameness, sensory sensitivities, communication impairments, insomnia in children with ASD appears to have unique behavioral manifestations. Content validity and item clarity of the 40-item bank were supported by expert panel review and cognitive interviews with caregivers of children with ASD.

Correlation of placental pathology with the postoperative outcomes and white matter injury in preterm infants following necrotizing enterocolitis

BACKGROUND

To determine the association of placental pathologic lesions with postoperative outcomes, survival, and white matter injury (WMI) in preterm infants with NEC.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of 107 neonates with NEC (Bell stage > IIa) from Jan 2013- June 2020 was completed. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were compared between infants with or without placental pathologic lesions.

RESULTS

In this cohort, 59/107 (55%) infants had medical NEC, and 48 (45%) had surgical NEC. The infants had a mean gestational age of 28.1±3.7 weeks and a birth weight of 1103±647 g. Maternal vascular malperfusion (82/107, 76.6%) and acute histological chorioamnionitis (42, 39.3%) were the most common pathological placental lesions. Acute histologic chorioamnionitis with fetal inflammatory response was more common in infants with surgical NEC vs. medical NEC (35.4% vs. 15.3%; p = 0.02). The NEC Infants with WMI on brain MRI scans had a significantly higher incidence of acute histological chorioamnionitis (52% vs. 27.8%; P = 0.04). No significant differences in mortality, length of stay and postoperative outcomes in neonates with and without acute histologic chorioamnionitis with fetal inflammatory response were noted. On unadjusted logistic regression, acute histologic chorioamnionitis without fetal inflammatory response was also associated with higher odds of WMI (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.05-7.54; p = 0.039).

CONCLUSION

Acute histological chorioamnionitis without fetal inflammatory response was associated with higher odds of WMI in infants with NEC, with no significant impact on mortality and other postoperative outcomes.

Clinical impact of analgesic-sedative agents and peri-operative clinical status on white matter brain injury in preterm infants following surgical NEC

BACKGROUND

The potential influence of exposure to analgesic-sedative agents (ASA) before, during, and after surgical NEC and peri-operative clinical status on white matter injury (WMI) in preterm infants has not been fully defined, and a comprehensive evaluation may inform future research and clinical interventions.

METHODS

A retrospective study comparing ASA exposure before/during /after surgical NEC and peri-operative clinical status in neonates with and without WMI.

RESULTS

Infants with any WMI (grade 2-4, n = 36/67, 53.7%) had a higher number of surgical procedures receiving ASA (5 [IQR: 3, 8] vs. 3 [2, 4]; p = 0.002) and had a longer duration of hypotension during their first (48.0 hours [26.0, 48.0] vs. 15.5 [6, 48]; p = 0.009) and second surgery (20 hours [0, 48h] vs. 0 [0, 22]; p = 0.017), received more hydrocortisone (35% vs.13.3%,p = 0.04) than those without any WMI. There were no differences in fentanyl/morphine/midazolam exposure before/during/after the NEC onset in the two groups.Infants with severe WMI (19/67, 28.3%, grade 3/4) had a higher incidence of AKI (P = 0.004), surgical morbidity (p = 0.047), more surgical procedures (6.5 [3, 10] vs. 4 [2, 5]; p = 0.012), and received higher mean fentanyl doses(p = 0.03) from birth until NEC onset than those without severe WMI. The univariate associations between these factors and severe WMI remained insignificant after multivariable logistic regression.

CONCLUSION

Infants with WMI had more surgical procedures receiving ASA and had a longer duration of hypotension during surgeries. A large multicenter prospective study is needed to understand the full impact of ASA.

Methods of the 7th National Audit Project (NAP7) of the Royal College of Anaesthetists: peri-operative cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest in the peri-operative period is rare but associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current reporting systems do not capture many such events, so there is an incomplete understanding of incidence and outcomes. As peri-operative cardiac arrest is rare, many hospitals may only see a small number of cases over long periods, and anaesthetists may not be involved in such cases for years. Therefore, a large-scale prospective cohort is needed to gain a deep understanding of events leading up to cardiac arrest, management of the arrest itself and patient outcomes. Consequently, the Royal College of Anaesthetists chose peri-operative cardiac arrest as the 7th National Audit Project topic. The study was open to all UK hospitals offering anaesthetic services and had a three-part design. First, baseline surveys of all anaesthetic departments and anaesthetists in the UK, examining respondents' prior peri-operative cardiac arrest experience, resuscitation training and local departmental preparedness. Second, an activity survey to record anonymised details of all anaesthetic activity in each site over 4 days, enabling national estimates of annual anaesthetic activity, complexity and complication rates. Third, a case registry of all instances of peri-operative cardiac arrest in the UK, reported confidentially and anonymously, over 1 year starting 16 June 2021, followed by expert review using a structured process to minimise bias. The definition of peri-operative cardiac arrest was the delivery of five or more chest compressions and/or defibrillation in a patient having a procedure under the care of an anaesthetist. The peri-operative period began with the World Health Organization 'sign-in' checklist or first hands-on contact with the patient and ended either 24 h after the patient handover (e.g. to the recovery room or intensive care unit) or at discharge if this occured earlier than 24 h. These components described the epidemiology of peri-operative cardiac arrest in the UK and provide a basis for developing guidelines and interventional studies.

Minimum standards of pelvic exenterative practice: PelvEx Collaborative guideline

This document outlines the important aspects of caring for patients who have been diagnosed with advanced pelvic cancer. It is primarily aimed at those who are establishing a service that adequately caters to this patient group. The relevant literature has been summarized and an attempt made to simplify the approach to management of these complex cases.

Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study

BACKGROUND

No effective pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions exist for patients with long COVID. We aimed to describe recovery 1 year after hospital discharge for COVID-19, identify factors associated with patient-perceived recovery, and identify potential therapeutic targets by describing the underlying inflammatory profiles of the previously described recovery clusters at 5 months after hospital discharge.

METHODS

The Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruiting adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital with COVID-19 across the UK. Recovery was assessed using patient-reported outcome measures, physical performance, and organ function at 5 months and 1 year after hospital discharge, and stratified by both patient-perceived recovery and recovery cluster. Hierarchical logistic regression modelling was performed for patient-perceived recovery at 1 year. Cluster analysis was done using the clustering large applications k-medoids approach using clinical outcomes at 5 months. Inflammatory protein profiling was analysed from plasma at the 5-month visit. This study is registered on the ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN10980107, and recruitment is ongoing.

FINDINGS

2320 participants discharged from hospital between March 7, 2020, and April 18, 2021, were assessed at 5 months after discharge and 807 (32·7%) participants completed both the 5-month and 1-year visits. 279 (35·6%) of these 807 patients were women and 505 (64·4%) were men, with a mean age of 58·7 (SD 12·5) years, and 224 (27·8%) had received invasive mechanical ventilation (WHO class 7-9). The proportion of patients reporting full recovery was unchanged between 5 months (501 [25·5%] of 1965) and 1 year (232 [28·9%] of 804). Factors associated with being less likely to report full recovery at 1 year were female sex (odds ratio 0·68 [95% CI 0·46-0·99]), obesity (0·50 [0·34-0·74]) and invasive mechanical ventilation (0·42 [0·23-0·76]). Cluster analysis (n=1636) corroborated the previously reported four clusters: very severe, severe, moderate with cognitive impairment, and mild, relating to the severity of physical health, mental health, and cognitive impairment at 5 months. We found increased inflammatory mediators of tissue damage and repair in both the very severe and the moderate with cognitive impairment clusters compared with the mild cluster, including IL-6 concentration, which was increased in both comparisons (n=626 participants). We found a substantial deficit in median EQ-5D-5L utility index from before COVID-19 (retrospective assessment; 0·88 [IQR 0·74-1·00]), at 5 months (0·74 [0·64-0·88]) to 1 year (0·75 [0·62-0·88]), with minimal improvements across all outcome measures at 1 year after discharge in the whole cohort and within each of the four clusters.

INTERPRETATION

The sequelae of a hospital admission with COVID-19 were substantial 1 year after discharge across a range of health domains, with the minority in our cohort feeling fully recovered. Patient-perceived health-related quality of life was reduced at 1 year compared with before hospital admission. Systematic inflammation and obesity are potential treatable traits that warrant further investigation in clinical trials.

FUNDING

UK Research and Innovation and National Institute for Health Research.

First Leptophobic Dark Matter Search from the Coherent-CAPTAIN-Mills Liquid Argon Detector

We report the first results of a search for leptophobic dark matter (DM) from the Coherent-CAPTAIN-Mills (CCM) liquid argon (LAr) detector. An engineering run with 120 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and 17.9×10^{20} protons on target (POT) was performed in fall 2019 to study the characteristics of the CCM detector. The operation of this 10-ton detector was strictly light based with a threshold of 50 keV and used coherent elastic scattering off argon nuclei to detect DM. Despite only 1.5 months of accumulated luminosity, contaminated LAr, and nonoptimized shielding, CCM's first engineering run has already achieved sensitivity to previously unexplored parameter space of light dark matter models with a baryonic vector portal. With an expected background of 115 005 events, we observe 115 005+16.5 events which is compatible with background expectations. For a benchmark mediator-to-DM mass ratio of m_{V_{B}}/m_{χ}=2.1, DM masses within the range 9  MeV≲m_{χ}≲50  MeV are excluded at 90% C. L. in the leptophobic model after applying the Feldman-Cousins test statistic. CCM's upgraded run with 200 PMTs, filtered LAr, improved shielding, and 10 times more POT will be able to exclude the remaining thermal relic density parameter space of this model, as well as probe new parameter space of other leptophobic DM models.

Effect of Initial Knee angle and Arm Facilitation on biomechanics of the Sit-to-Stand movement

Spinal cord injuries cause loss of muscle function and subsequently reduce independence. Therapeutic interventions such as transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation are increasingly being used to help improve motor functioning however, a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanical elements of movement may help optimize stimulation protocols. Twenty healthy participants completed five sit-to-stand (STS) transitions while initial knee angle and arm facilitation were altered. Electromyography (EMG) activation of four lower limb muscles and centre of pressure dynamics were recorded. Acute initial knee angles resulted in a change in duration of phases within the STS, and restrictive arm positioning caused the time to completion to increase (p=0.04). Muscle activation patterns across phases were compared and showed significant differences between phases in both the Tibialis Anterior and Rectus Femoris (p<0.006). Acute initial knee angles were also found to significantly increase Biceps Femoris activation across multiple phases (p=0.034). Altering the starting position and limb movement result in vastly different temporal and muscular strategies to complete the STS. Thus, joint angle and upper limb facilitation should be considered when designing rehabilitative interventions for clinical cohorts.

First Search for Exclusive Diphoton Production at High Mass with Tagged Protons in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV

A search for exclusive two-photon production via photon exchange in proton-proton collisions, pp→pγγp with intact protons, is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.4  fb^{-1} collected in 2016 using the CMS and TOTEM detectors at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC. Events are selected with a diphoton invariant mass above 350 GeV and with both protons intact in the final state, to reduce backgrounds from strong interactions. The events of interest are those where the invariant mass and rapidity calculated from the momentum losses of the forward-moving protons match the mass and rapidity of the central, two-photon system. No events are found that satisfy this condition. Interpreting this result in an effective dimension-8 extension of the standard model, the first limits are set on the two anomalous four-photon coupling parameters. If the other parameter is constrained to its standard model value, the limits at 95% confidence level are |ζ_{1}|<2.9×10^{-13}  GeV^{-4} and |ζ_{2}|<6.0×10^{-13}  GeV^{-4}.

Evaluation of prognostic risk models for postoperative pulmonary complications in adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and international external validation cohort study

BACKGROUND

Stratifying risk of postoperative pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery allows clinicians to modify risk through targeted interventions and enhanced monitoring. In this study, we aimed to identify and validate prognostic models against a new consensus definition of postoperative pulmonary complications.

METHODS

We did a systematic review and international external validation cohort study. The systematic review was done in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched MEDLINE and Embase on March 1, 2020, for articles published in English that reported on risk prediction models for postoperative pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery. External validation of existing models was done within a prospective international cohort study of adult patients (≥18 years) undergoing major abdominal surgery. Data were collected between Jan 1, 2019, and April 30, 2019, in the UK, Ireland, and Australia. Discriminative ability and prognostic accuracy summary statistics were compared between models for the 30-day postoperative pulmonary complication rate as defined by the Standardised Endpoints in Perioperative Medicine Core Outcome Measures in Perioperative and Anaesthetic Care (StEP-COMPAC). Model performance was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC).

FINDINGS

In total, we identified 2903 records from our literature search; of which, 2514 (86·6%) unique records were screened, 121 (4·8%) of 2514 full texts were assessed for eligibility, and 29 unique prognostic models were identified. Nine (31·0%) of 29 models had score development reported only, 19 (65·5%) had undergone internal validation, and only four (13·8%) had been externally validated. Data to validate six eligible models were collected in the international external validation cohort study. Data from 11 591 patients were available, with an overall postoperative pulmonary complication rate of 7·8% (n=903). None of the six models showed good discrimination (defined as AUROCC ≥0·70) for identifying postoperative pulmonary complications, with the Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score showing the best discrimination (AUROCC 0·700 [95% CI 0·683-0·717]).

INTERPRETATION

In the pre-COVID-19 pandemic data, variability in the risk of pulmonary complications (StEP-COMPAC definition) following major abdominal surgery was poorly described by existing prognostication tools. To improve surgical safety during the COVID-19 pandemic recovery and beyond, novel risk stratification tools are required.

FUNDING

British Journal of Surgery Society.

Selectivity of upper limb posterior root muscle reflexes via cervicothoracic spinal cord stimulation

Recent studies have reported that transcutaneous spinal stimulation (tSCS) may facilitate improved upper limb motor function in those with incomplete tetraplesia. However, little is known about how tSCS engages upper limb motor pools. This study aimed to explore the extent to which discrete upper limb motor pools can be selectively engaged via altering stimulus location and intensity. 14 participants with intact nervous systems completed two test visits, during which posterior root-muscle reflexes (PRMR) were evoked via a 3x3 cathode matrix applied over the cervicothoracic spine. An incremental recruitment curve at C7 vertebral level was initially performed to attain minimal threshold intensity (MTI) in each muscle. Paired pulses (1ms square monophasic with inter-pulse interval of 50ms) were subsequently delivered at a frequency of 0.25Hz at two intensities (MTI and [Formula: see text]) across all nine locations. in a random order. Evoked response to the 1^st (PRMR₁) and 2^nd (PRMR2) stimuli were recorded from four upper limb muscles. A significant effect of spinal level was observed in all muscles for PRMR₁ with greater responses recorded more caudally. Unexpectedly, contralateral cathode placement significantly increased PRMR₁ in Biceps Brachii (P=0.012), Flexor Carpi Radialis (P=0.035) and Abductor Pollicis Brevis (P=0.001). Post-activation depression (PAD) was also significantly increased with contralateral cathode placement in Biceps Brachii (P=0.001), Triceps Brachii (P=0.012) and Flexor Carpi Radialis (P=0.001). These results suggest that some level of unilateral motor pool selectivity may be attained via altering stimulus intensity and location during cervicothoracic tSCS.

Enabling uptake and sustainability of supervision roles by women GPs in Australia: a narrative analysis of interviews

BACKGROUND

Worldwide, the proportion of women entering careers in medicine is increasing. To ensure diversity and capacity in the general practice ("GP") supervision workforce, a greater understanding from the perspective of women GPs engaged in or considering the clinical supervision of trainee doctors is important. This narrative inquiry aims to explore the uptake and sustainability of supervision roles for women GPs in the Australian context.

METHODS

Qualitative interviews with Australian women GPs were conducted between July and September 2021. Women GPs were selected to represent a range of demographics, practice contexts, and supervision experience to promote broad perspectives. Narrative analysis drew on participant perspectives, allowing emergent stories to be explored using story arcs based on the characters, settings, problems, actions, and resolutions. These stories were evaluated by a broad research team and a high level of agreement of the final narratives and counter-narratives was achieved.

RESULTS

Of the 25 women who enrolled, 17 completed interviews. Six narratives emerged, including: power and control, pay, time, other life commitments, quality of supervision, and supervisor identity. These represented significant intersecting issues with the potential to impact the uptake and sustainability of supervision by women GPs. Some women GPs reported a lack of agency to make decisions about their role in supervision and were not remunerated for teaching. Uptake and sustainability of supervision was constrained by other life commitments, which could be buffered by team-sharing arrangements and a supportive practice. Although adding a burden of time atop their complex and sensitive consultations, women GPs were committed to being available to registrars and supervising at a high standard. To foster high quality supervision, women GPs were interested in up-skilling resources, building experience and harnessing support networks. Women sensed imposter syndrome when negotiating a supervisor identity, which could be managed by explicitly valuing their contribution.

CONCLUSION

The findings can inform the development of more specific resources, supports and structures to enable women GPs in Australia to uptake and sustain the supervision of trainee doctors at a level they find both acceptable and rewarding.

Virtual cardiac rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a tertiary site experience

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): University of British Columbia Clinician Investigator Program

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the abrupt suspension of centre-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Multidisciplinary virtual CR (VCR) with the use of digital, telephone, and video communication was implemented for continued care access. Exercise therapy was delivered through synchronous video-supervised sessions, pre-recorded sessions, and self-directed physical activity.

Purpose

To describe patient characteristics, completion rates, and safety outcomes in a real-world VCR population.

Methods

Prospective observational study of a tertiary academic CR program. VCR was implemented at pandemic onset (March 2020). Patients who were enrolled in, and either completed or dropped out, during the study period were included. Completers were defined as completing 6 months of virtual enrolment and an exit assessment. Risk was defined by the AACPVR 2020 risk categorization. Adverse cardiovascular events were defined as a patient-initiated event requiring medical assessment and stratified as exercise or non-exercise related. Continuous variables are presented as means and SD or medians and IQR. Student’s t-test was used for between group comparisons. Categorical variables are presented as n (%) and compared using the χ2 test or Fischer’s exact test. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Between March 13th, 2020, and August 31st, 2021, 222 [mean age 61.8 years (SD, 12.6) 77% male], were enrolled and discharged from the VCR program (Table 1). There were 160 completers and 62 non-completers (completion rate 72%). Among the non-completers 26 attended the MD intake assessment only. The remaining 36 completed a median of 85 days (IQR 25-197). This cohort included 21 (9%) high-risk and 35 (16%) moderate risk patients. Those at moderate risk were more likely to be non-completers and those at low risk were more likely to be completers (Table 1). Two exercise and 17 non-exercise adverse events were observed (median clinical surveillance 217 days [IQR 205-240]) (Table 2). Exercise related adverse events included neurally mediated syncope during a synchronous video exercise session in a low risk patient. This was responded to as per centre developed virtual safety protocols. A second syncope related to heart block occurred in a moderate risk patient during independent physical activity and required permanent pacemaker insertion. Both patients completed the program. Three non-exercise adverse cardiac events resulted in cessation of participation included one death and two heart failure hospitalizations (Table 2). One stroke and 13 emergency department visits for cardiac symptoms occurred in completers.

Conclusion

Real world VCR is feasible, including in those at moderate to high risk. Modest completion rates and a low exercise related adverse event rate were observed. Synchronous video exercise sessions with video monitoring and safety protocols may improve response to adverse exercise related events.

Secondary sclerosing cholangitis: a lesser known side effect of pembrolizumab therapy

Introduction/Objective

Immune check-point inhibitors have increasingly taken hold as mainstays of various cancer treatments, revolutionizing outcomes for individuals diagnosed with terminal malignancy. Hepatotoxicity is reported to occur in 2-10% patients, predominantly manifesting as a mixed cholestatic hepatitis pattern of injury. Cholangitis is a rare immune-mediated adverse event (irAE). We present a case of pembrolizumab-induced secondary sclerosing cholangitis presenting with multiple biliary strictures. Early recognition is crucial as these cases are resistant to treatment with steroids.

Methods/Case Report

82-year-old woman with recurrent, metastatic, high grade urothelial carcinoma status post cystectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, presented with new onset obstructive jaundice (alkaline phosphatase 958 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase of 331 U/L, alanine aminotransferase of 422 U/L, and total bilirubin of 19.8 mg/dL) following two weeks of pembrolizumab therapy. MRCP suggested intrahepatic biliary ductal dilation. ERCP showed multiple strictures involving hepatic bifurcation, left, right and intrahepatic ducts with beaded intrahepatic bile ducts. Liver biopsy showed expanded portal tracts with mixed inflammatory infiltrate, extensive bile duct injury, neutrophilic cholangitis, ductular proliferation, and perivenular cholestasis (10% dropout) concerning for mechanical obstruction. CK7 did not show ductopenia and immunostain IgG4 was negative. All autoimmune work-up was negative. Liver enzymes continued to rise despite multiple therapeutic stents, drains, high-dose corticosteroids, ursodiol and mycophenolate mofetil. The patient died five months later.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)

NA

Conclusion

Pemrolizumab-induced secondary sclerosing cholangitis is a rare, hence under-recognized, adverse effect of check point inhibitor-mediated hepatotoxicity. It is important to recognize this association, as it has limited benefit from steroid therapy. Our finding of pembrolizumab-related SC adds to the growing body of literature of immune check-point inhibitor-related hepatobiliary injury and calls for further characterization of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor SC and its clinical implications.

Diagnostic performance of fractional flow reserve derived from computed tomography in the stented coronary arteries

Background

The current system of HeartFlow fractional flow reserve derived from computed tomography (FFRCT) is not available for stented coronary arteries. However, the latest version of HeartFlow FFRCT has the potential of rendering an accurate assessment for stented coronary arteries.

Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility of FFRCT for the stented coronary arteries.

Methods

We retrospectively enrolled patients with a history of coronary stent implantation who underwent invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) for the stented coronary arteries within 3 months after coronary computed tomographic angiography (cCTA). As a subgroup analysis, we analyzed optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in patients who underwent OCT for stented vessels. OCT was performed as a part of the Kobe University Hospital OCT registry, which is a single-centre registry of consecutive patients who underwent OCT for the coronary arteries. The diagnostic performance of HeartFlow FFRCT for stented vessels was evaluated by comparing with that of cCTA alone. Minimum lumen area (MLA) within stent segments derived from cCTA was also compared with MLA derived from optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Results

A total of 30 vessels in 23 patients were studied. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of FFRCT for myocardial ischemia using invasive FFR as a reference standard was 73.3%, 88.9%, 67.7%, 53.3% and 93.3%, respectively. FFRCT provided superior diagnostic performance than cCTA alone (p=0.016). FFRCT was significantly correlated with the invasive FFR (r=0.620, p&lt;0.001), and Bland-Altman plot showed a mean bias of −0.041 with 95% limit of agreement of −0.173 to 0.092 (Figure 1). Among a total of 30 studied vessels, OCT was available for 25 vessels. MLA derived from cCTA correlated significantly with that derived from OCT (r=0.695, p&lt;0.001), and Bland-Altman plot showed a mean bias of −0.32 mm2 with 95% limit of agreement of −2.89 to 2.25 mm2 (Figure 2).

Conclusions

The latest version of the HeartFlow FFRCT has the potential to be available for stented coronary arteries. Further investigation is required to elaborate our results.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1Figure 2

Natriuretic peptide referral thresholds and heart failure diagnosis: population-based cohort study

Background

Natriuretic peptide (NP) testing is recommended by both the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for people presenting with symptoms of heart failure (HF) in primary care. However, ESC and NICE guidelines suggest different NP referral thresholds: ESC recommend referral at a lower NP level (BNP≥35pg/ml / NT-proBNP≥125pg/ml) compared to NICE (BNP≥100pg/ml/NT-proBNP≥400pg/ml).

Purpose

We aimed to evaluate NP test performance for HF diagnosis for ESC and NICE guideline-defined thresholds.

Methods

Population-based cohort study using linked primary and secondary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink in England between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2018. Participants were adults aged 45 years and above with a NP result: 74,233 had a BNP and 155,347 had a NT-proBNP measurement. The main outcome measures were diagnostic performance of NP test (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) by threshold.

Results

A total of 229,580 patients had a NP test and 21,102 (9.2%) were diagnosed with HF. The ESC NT-proBNP threshold of 125pg/ml had a sensitivity of 94.6% (94.2 to 95.0) and specificity of 50.0% (49.7 to 50.3) compared to sensitivity of 81.7% (81.0 to 82.3) and specificity of 80.3% (80.0 to 80.5) for the NICE NT-proBNP 400pg/ml threshold. For both guidelines, nearly all patients with a NP level below the threshold did not have HF (negative predictive value ESC 98.9% (98.8 to 99.0) and NICE 97.7% (97.6 to 97.8). Similar performance was found for BNP.

Conclusions

The performance of NP testing is dependent on the guideline-specified threshold for referral. In 100 people with HF, using the NICE threshold would falsely reassure 18 patients, whereas the lower ESC threshold would miss just 5 people but twice as many patients would be referred for diagnostic assessment. The optimal NP threshold for referral for HF diagnosis will depend on the healthcare setting. The trade-off between missing HF cases and overwhelming diagnostic services needs to be determined at a national level.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Institute for Health Research

Increased classical monocyte subsets in South Asians compared to White Caucasians at risk for coronary atherosclerosis

Background

South Asians (SA) have an increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction compared with age- and sex-adjusted White Caucasians (WC). The mechanism for this increased risk is poorly understood. While classical CD14++CD16- monocytes act as independent predictors of cardiovascular disease, differences in the distribution of monocyte subsets between SA and WC have not been established.

Purpose

We aimed to determine if differences exist in monocyte subsets between SA and WC at risk for CAD.

Methods

Our cohort consisted of 119 consecutively enrolled patients (59 SA, 60 WC) at intermediate or higher risk for CAD by the INTERHEART score using self-reported history and physical exam. A single blood sample was collected prospectively for the purpose of monocyte analysis. Flow cytometry using dual colour fluorescence (CD14, CD16) within the monocyte gate was used to identify monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate and non-classical) by staff blinded to the individuals' characteristics.

Variables were compared using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-squared test, as appropriate. Eta coefficient was calculated to analyze the relationship between ethnicity and proportion of monocyte subsets. Eta squared values were calculated to assess the impact of ethnicity on monocyte subset proportions.

Results

The SA group consisted of 64% males with a mean age of 54 (± 9), while the WC group consisted of 55% males with a mean age of 59 (± 7). Both groups had similar body mass index, rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia and family history of premature CAD. Compared to WC, SA had higher prevalence of diabetes (36% vs. 13%, p=0.005) and hemoglobin A1C levels (6.0±1.1% vs. 5.6±0.6%, p&lt;0.001). SA patients had a higher proportion (85.3±10.7% vs. 81.4±11.0%, p=0.009) and total level (449.0±180.4 vs. 388±127.4, p=0.010) of classical CD14++CD16- monocytes compared to WC. There was no difference between the two groups in the proportion of intermediate CD14++CD16+ and non-classical CD14+CD16++ monocytes. There was no association between diabetes and the proportion of monocyte subsets. Ethnicity had a moderate association with the proportion of classical CD14++CD16- monocytes (Eta coefficient = 0.525) with a large effect size (Eta squared = 27.5%). The association of ethnicity with intermediate CD14++CD16+ and non-classical CD14+CD16++ monocytes was either weak or negligible with minimal to no effect size.

Conclusion

In patients with substantive risk for CAD, SA had a significantly higher proportion and level of classical CD14++CD16- monocytes compared to WC. Our findings provide a novel insight into the potential mechanism of increased CAD susceptibility amongst SA compared to WC. Future studies are needed to determine whether these ethnic differences in the distribution of monocyte subsets can predict susceptibility to developing CAD and suffering atherothrombotic events.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Cardiology Academic Practice Plan grant at the University of British Columbia

1071 SUFE and the Internet: Are Healthcare Information Websites Accessible to Parents?

Background

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis(SUFE) is an adolescent hip disorder requiring rapid surgical intervention. Faced with the prospect of their child undergoing surgery, many fearful parents will turn to the internet to provide information and reassurance. Previous studies have shown the orthopaedic information can be difficult to comprehend.

Objective

Assess the readability of healthcare websites regarding SUFE.

Method

The term Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis was searched in Google, Bing and Yahoo and evaluated using readability software with seven specialised readability tests. A Flesich Read Ease Score (FRES) score above 65 and a Reading Grade Level (RGL) of sixth grade and under was considered acceptable.

Results

21 unique websites were assessed. The average FRES was 52.5 +/- 15.4. Only 3 websites scored 65 or higher (14%). There was a statistically significant difference between website scores based on affiliation, with physician websites having the overall highest mean(P = 0.004). The average RGL was 8.67 +/- 1.8. Only two websites met the accepted RGL criteria (9.5%) while five websites were marked as extremely difficult to understand (23.8%). Only five websites offered translations (23.8%). There was no statistically significant difference in readability scores between websites which offered translation and those which did not. One-way t-tests showed that both the RGL (p &lt; 0.001; CI: 1.83-3.49) and the FRES (P &lt; 0.001, CI: -19.4 to -5.4) scores were significantly different from the accepted standard.

Conclusions

Most websites reviewed were deemed inaccessible. Improving readability would enhance the internet’s usability as a healthcare tool for parents.

Odderon Exchange from Elastic Scattering Differences between pp and pp[over ¯] Data at 1.96 TeV and from pp Forward Scattering Measurements

We describe an analysis comparing the pp[over ¯] elastic cross section as measured by the D0 Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV to that in pp collisions as measured by the TOTEM Collaboration at 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV using a model-independent approach. The TOTEM cross sections, extrapolated to a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=1.96  TeV, are compared with the D0 measurement in the region of the diffractive minimum and the second maximum of the pp cross section. The two data sets disagree at the 3.4σ level and thus provide evidence for the t-channel exchange of a colorless, C-odd gluonic compound, also known as the odderon. We combine these results with a TOTEM analysis of the same C-odd exchange based on the total cross section and the ratio of the real to imaginary parts of the forward elastic strong interaction scattering amplitude in pp scattering for which the significance is between 3.4σ and 4.6σ. The combined significance is larger than 5σ and is interpreted as the first observation of the exchange of a colorless, C-odd gluonic compound.

Spatio-temporal distribution and agroecological factors associated with canine leptospirosis in Great Britain

Leptospirosis is an important global zoonotic disease that affects a wide range of mammalian species. Canine leptospirosis outbreaks have been reported after metereological events such as flooding (eg. in Brazil and the United States of America) suggesting an environmental association, but there has been no such study in Great Britain (GB). The distribution of cases across GB is also unreported. Objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the spatio-temporal variation of leptospirosis test submissions (2) explore associations between agroecological risk factors and distribution of different canine leptospirosis serogroups in GB, and (3) generate probability of presence maps for the different serogroups. Data analysed comprised laboratory submissions (n = 3986) to IDEXX laboratories between 1st January 2009 and 31st December 2018 for PCR or MAT leptospirosis testing. Spatial and seasonal scan statistics were used to investigate spatial and temporal clustering of positive tests, logistic regression was used to identify significant agroecological risk factors for positive tests, and the Maxent algorithm was used to model the environmental niche of four serogroups. There was an increased risk of a positive test result in the West Midlands of England (relative risk = 2.16) and between October and January (relative risk = 1.54). Logistic regression identified season and region to be significantly associated with a positive diagnosis,with higher odds of a positive test in Autumn (OR = 1.86 95 %CI 1.29-2.69) and Winter (OR = 1.51, 95 %CI 1.02-2.23) and in the East (OR = 2.20, 95 %CI = 1.31-3.71) and West Midlands (OR = 2.32, 95 %CI 1.45-3.71). The increased test-positive proportion in Autumn together with the increased odds of a positive diagnosis in Autumn suggests there may be a seasonal pattern to the canine leptospirosis in GB. The most important variable associated with higher leptospirosis presence in all ecological niche models was higher average annual temperature. The importance and retention of other variables differed between serogroups. Overall, a higher probability of leptospirosis presence was predicted in southern England and a low probability in Scotland and northern England. Although leptospirosis vaccine usage provides protection against the majority of serogroups identified here, one is not represented in the currently licensed vaccine formulations and therefore leptospirosis should remain a differential diagnosis in vaccinated dogs demonstrating consistent clinical signs of the disease.

Realist evaluation of Schwartz rounds® for enhancing the delivery of compassionate healthcare: understanding how they work, for whom, and in what contexts

Background

Healthcare work is known to be stressful and challenging, and there are recognised links between the psychological health of staff and high-quality patient care. Schwartz Center Rounds® (Rounds) were developed to support healthcare staff to re-connect with their values through peer reflection, and to promote more compassionate patient care. Research to date has focussed on self-report surveys that measure satisfaction with Rounds but provide little analysis of how Rounds ‘work’ to produce their reported outcomes, how differing contexts may impact on this, nor make explicit the underlying theories in the conceptualisation and implementation of Rounds.

Methods

Realist evaluation methods aimed to identify how Rounds work, for whom and in what contexts to deliver outcomes. We interviewed 97 key informants: mentors, facilitators, panellists and steering group members, using framework analysis to organise and analyse our data using realist logic. We identified mechanisms by which Rounds lead to outcomes, and contextual factors that impacted on this relationship, using formal theory to explain these findings.

Results

Four stages of Rounds were identified. We describe how, why and for whom Schwartz Rounds work through the relationships between nine partial programme theories. These include: trust safety and containment; group interaction; counter-cultural/3rd space for staff; self-disclosure; story-telling; role modelling vulnerability; contextualising patients and staff; shining a spotlight on hidden stories and roles; and reflection and resonance. There was variability in the way Rounds were run across organisations. Attendance for some staff was difficult. Rounds is likely to be a ‘slow intervention’ the impact of which develops over time. We identified the conditions needed for Rounds to work optimally. These contextual factors influence the intensity and therefore degree to which the key ingredients of Rounds (mechanisms) are activated along a continuum, to produce outcomes. Outcomes included: greater tolerance, empathy and compassion for self and others; increased honesty, openness, and resilience; improved teamwork and organisational change.

Conclusions

Where optimally implemented, Rounds provide staff with a safe, reflective and confidential space to talk and support one another, the consequences of which include increased empathy and compassion for colleagues and patients, and positive changes to practice.