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Jubgang Fandio DJ, Vishnuradhan A, Yalavarthi EK, Cui W, Couture N, Gamouras A, Ménard JM. Zeptojoule detection of terahertz pulses by parametric frequency upconversion. Opt Lett 2024; 49:1556-1559. [PMID: 38489449 DOI: 10.1364/ol.517916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
We combine parametric frequency upconversion with the single-photon counting technology to achieve terahertz (THz) detection sensitivity down to the zeptojoule (zJ) pulse energy level. Our detection scheme employs a near-infrared ultrafast source, a GaP nonlinear crystal, optical filters, and a single-photon avalanche diode. This configuration is able to resolve 1.4 zJ (1.4 × 10-21 J) THz pulse energy, corresponding to 1.5 photons per pulse, when the signal is averaged within only 1 s (or 50,000 pulses). A single THz pulse can also be detected when its energy is above 1185 zJ. These numbers correspond to the noise-equivalent power and THz-to-NIR photon detection efficiency of 1.3 × 10-16 W/Hz1/2 and 5.8 × 10-2%, respectively. To test our scheme, we perform spectroscopy of the water vapor between 1 and 3.7 THz and obtain results that are in agreement with those acquired with a standard electro-optic sampling (EOS) method. Our technique provides a 0.2 THz spectral resolution offering a fast alternative to EOS THz detection for monitoring specific spectral components in spectroscopy, imaging, and communication applications.
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Couture N, Cui W, Lippl M, Ostic R, Fandio DJJ, Yalavarthi EK, Vishnuradhan A, Gamouras A, Joly NY, Ménard JM. Single-pulse terahertz spectroscopy monitoring sub-millisecond time dynamics at a rate of 50 kHz. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2595. [PMID: 37147407 PMCID: PMC10163249 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow motion movies allow us to see intricate details of the mechanical dynamics of complex phenomena. If the images in each frame are replaced by terahertz (THz) waves, such movies can monitor low-energy resonances and reveal fast structural or chemical transitions. Here, we combine THz spectroscopy as a non-invasive optical probe with a real-time monitoring technique to demonstrate the ability to resolve non-reproducible phenomena at 50k frames per second, extracting each of the generated THz waveforms every 20 μs. The concept, based on a photonic time-stretch technique to achieve unprecedented data acquisition speeds, is demonstrated by monitoring sub-millisecond dynamics of hot carriers injected in silicon by successive resonant pulses as a saturation density is established. Our experimental configuration will play a crucial role in revealing fast irreversible physical and chemical processes at THz frequencies with microsecond resolution to enable new applications in fundamental research as well as in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Couture
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Markus Lippl
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rachel Ostic
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Défi Junior Jubgang Fandio
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Eeswar Kumar Yalavarthi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Aswin Vishnuradhan
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Angela Gamouras
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Y Joly
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jean-Michel Ménard
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Jubgang Fandio DJ, Ilahi B, Dion M, Petrov B, Pelletier H, Arès R, Morris D. Ultrafast photocarrier dynamics in Fe-implanted InGaAs polycrystalline photoconductive materials. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:385701. [PMID: 34212865 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the ultrafast photoconductivity and charge-carrier transport in thermally annealed Fe-implanted InGaAs/InP films using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. The samples were fabricated from crystalline InGaAs films amorphized with Fe ions implantation. The rapid thermal annealing of the InGaAs layer induces solid recrystallization through the formation of polycrystalline grains whose sizes are shown to increase with increasing annealing temperature within the 300-700 °C range. Based on the influence of the laser fluence, the temporal profile of the time-resolved photoconductivity was reproduced using a system of rate equations that describe the photocarrier dynamics in terms of a capture/recombination mechanism. For annealing temperatures below 500 °C, the capture time is found to be less than 1 ps while the recombination time from the charged states did not exceed 5 ps. However, for higher annealing temperatures, the capture and the recombination times show a continuous increase, reaching 7.1 ps and 1 ns respectively, for the film annealed at 700 °C. Frequency-dependent photoconductivity curves are analyzed via a modified Drude-Smith model that considers a diffusive restoring current and the confining particles' sizes. Our results demonstrate that the localization parameter of the photocarrier transport model is correlated to the polycrystalline grain size. We also show that a relatively high effective mobility of about 2570 cm2 V-1 s-1is preserved in all these Fe-implanted InGaAs films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Défi Junior Jubgang Fandio
- Département de Physique, Regroupement Québecois sur les Matériaux de Pointe, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2), CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Bouraoui Ilahi
- Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2), CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime Dion
- Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Branko Petrov
- R&D, Excelitas Technologies, 22001 Chemin Dumberry, Vaudreui-Dorion QC J7V 8P7, Canada
| | - Hubert Pelletier
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2), CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Arès
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2), CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Morris
- Département de Physique, Regroupement Québecois sur les Matériaux de Pointe, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2), CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
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Jubgang Fandio DJ, Sauze S, Boucherif A, Arès R, Morris D. Structural, optical and terahertz properties of graphene-mesoporous silicon nanocomposites. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:340-346. [PMID: 36133992 PMCID: PMC9418058 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the structural, optical and terahertz properties of graphene-mesoporous silicon nanocomposites using Raman, terahertz time-domain and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The nanocomposites consist of a free-standing mesoporous silicon membrane with its external and pore surfaces coated with few-layer graphene. Results show a stabilization of the porous silicon morphology by the graphene coating. The terahertz refractive index and absorption coefficient were found to increase with graphene deposition temperature. Four bands in the 1.79-2.2 eV range emerge from the PL spectra of the nanocomposites. The broad bands centered at 1.79 eV and 1.96 eV were demonstrated to originate from Si nanocrystallites of different sizes. The narrower bands at 2.11 eV and 2.14 eV could be related to a thin SiC film at the Si/C interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Défi Junior Jubgang Fandio
- Département de Physique, Regroupement Québecois sur les Matériaux de Pointe, Université de Sherbrooke 2500 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke Québec Canada J1K 2R1
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes, (LN2)-CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke, Québec Canada J1K 0A5
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke J1K OA5 Québec Canada
| | - Stéphanie Sauze
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes, (LN2)-CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke, Québec Canada J1K 0A5
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke J1K OA5 Québec Canada
| | - Abderraouf Boucherif
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes, (LN2)-CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke, Québec Canada J1K 0A5
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke J1K OA5 Québec Canada
| | - Richard Arès
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes, (LN2)-CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke, Québec Canada J1K 0A5
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke J1K OA5 Québec Canada
| | - Denis Morris
- Département de Physique, Regroupement Québecois sur les Matériaux de Pointe, Université de Sherbrooke 2500 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke Québec Canada J1K 2R1
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes, (LN2)-CNRS UMI-3463, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke, Québec Canada J1K 0A5
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke 3000 Boulevard Université Sherbrooke J1K OA5 Québec Canada
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