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Selvam TP, Vandana S, Bakshi AK, Babu DAR. Monte Carlo-based Spencer-Attix and Bragg-Gray tissue-to-air stopping power ratios for ISO beta sources. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016; 168:184-189. [PMID: 25958414 PMCID: PMC4884882 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spencer-Attix (SA) and Bragg-Gray (BG) mass-collision-stopping-power ratios of tissue-to-air are calculated using a modified version of EGSnrc-based SPRRZnrc user-code for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) beta sources such as (147)Pm, (85)Kr, (90)Sr/(90)Y and (106)Ru/(106)Rh. The ratios are calculated at 5 and 70 µm depths along the central axis of the unit density ICRU-4-element tissue phantom as a function of air-cavity lengths of the extrapolation chamber l = 0.025-0.25 cm. The study shows that the BG values are independent of l and agree well with the ISO-reported values for the above sources. The overall variation in the SA values is ∼0.3% for all the investigated sources, when l is varied from 0.025 to 0.25 cm. As energy of the beta increases the SA stopping-power ratio for a given cavity length decreases. For example, SA values of (147)Pm are higher by ∼2% when compared with the corresponding values of (106)Ru/(106)Rh source. SA stopping-power ratios are higher than the BG stopping-power ratios and the degree of variation depends on type of source and the value of l. For example, the difference is up to 0.7 % at l = 0.025 cm for the (90)Sr/(90)Y source.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Palani Selvam
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - S Vandana
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - A K Bakshi
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - D A R Babu
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Pradhan SM, Sneha C, Sahai MK, Chougaonkar MP, Babu DAR. Development of a technique for improving coefficient of variation of CaSO4:Dy teflon-based TLD personnel monitoring system in low-dose region. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2015; 167:429-436. [PMID: 25527179 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In view of the importance of zero-dose background (null signal) in influencing the coefficient of variation in low-dose region, a technique for the estimation of the same from composite (gross) signal is developed for CaSO4:Dy-based personnel monitoring system being used in India. The technique is based on simple analysis of glow curves (GCs) of unexposed and exposed dosemeters, evolution of trend/model for the zero-dose curves, generation of simulation protocol for individual zero-dose curves, establishment of characteristics of GCs of exposed dosemeters and finally preparation of an algorithm to segregate the components from composite signal. The technique offers the separation of real-time background and gives superior results over other method of approximation of the background. The results also prove efficiency of the empirical trending and simulation protocol of background GCs. The proposed technique can be implemented in routine monitoring without any extra man hours and reader time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Pradhan
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, BARC, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - C Sneha
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, BARC, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - M K Sahai
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, BARC, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - M P Chougaonkar
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, BARC, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - D A R Babu
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, BARC, Mumbai 400 094, India
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Ravindra A, Kulkarni DB, Joseph L, Kulkarni MS, Babu DAR. A primary standard for the measurement of alpha and beta particle surface emission rate from large area reference sources. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 107:87-91. [PMID: 26457924 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A large area windowless gas flow multi wire proportional counting system for the calibration of large area reference sources has been developed as a primary standard at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The counting system consists of a multi wire proportional counter (MWPC), vacuum system, gas flow system and pulse processing units. The MWPC detector assembly consists of a vacuum tight aluminum enclosure, multi wire grid and sliding source tray. Various detector characteristics like operating characteristics curve, Fe-55 spectrum for beta discriminator threshold setting and dead time of the measurement system were studied and determined in order to achieve an optimized detection capability. The surface emission rates of different source strengths were measured and their relative combined standard uncertainties were determined. Large Area Sources Comparison Exercise (LASCE) was organized by International Committee on Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM) working group and coordinated by National Institute for Ionising Radiation Metrology (ENEA), Italy, to demonstrate equivalence of surface emission rate measurements at the international platform. BARC participated in the programme and the results of LASCE are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ravindra
- Radiation Standards Section, Radiological Physics & Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - D B Kulkarni
- Radiation Standards Section, Radiological Physics & Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Leena Joseph
- Radiation Standards Section, Radiological Physics & Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - M S Kulkarni
- Radiation Standards Section, Radiological Physics & Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - D A R Babu
- Radiation Standards Section, Radiological Physics & Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Sahoo S, Palani ST, Saxena SK, Babu DAR, Dash A. Monte Carlo-based dose calculation for (32)P patch source for superficial brachytherapy applications. J Med Phys 2015; 40:13-7. [PMID: 26150682 PMCID: PMC4471639 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.152232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer treatment involving 32P source is an easy, less expensive method of treatment limited to small and superficial lesions of approximately 1 mm deep. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has indigenously developed 32P nafion-based patch source (1 cm × 1 cm) for treating skin cancer. For this source, the values of dose per unit activity at different depths including dose profiles in water are calculated using the EGSnrc-based Monte Carlo code system. For an initial activity of 1 Bq distributed in 1 cm2 surface area of the source, the calculated central axis depth dose values are 3.62 × 10-10 GyBq-1 and 8.41 × 10-11 GyBq-1at 0.0125 and 1 mm depths in water, respectively. Hence, the treatment time calculated for delivering therapeutic dose of 30 Gy at 1 mm depth along the central axis of the source involving 37 MBq activity is about 2.7 hrs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Sahoo
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Selvam T Palani
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S K Saxena
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - D A R Babu
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Dash
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Kumar S, Srinivasan P, Sharma SD, Saxena SK, Bakshi AK, Dash A, Babu DAR, Sharma DN. Determination of surface dose rate of indigenous (32)P patch brachytherapy source by experimental and Monte Carlo methods. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 103:120-7. [PMID: 26086681 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isotope production and Application Division of Bhabha Atomic Research Center developed (32)P patch sources for treatment of superficial tumors. Surface dose rate of a newly developed (32)P patch source of nominal diameter 25 mm was measured experimentally using standard extrapolation ionization chamber and Gafchromic EBT film. Monte Carlo model of the (32)P patch source along with the extrapolation chamber was also developed to estimate the surface dose rates from these sources. The surface dose rates to tissue (cGy/min) measured using extrapolation chamber and radiochromic films are 82.03±4.18 (k=2) and 79.13±2.53 (k=2) respectively. The two values of the surface dose rates measured using the two independent experimental methods are in good agreement to each other within a variation of 3.5%. The surface dose rate to tissue (cGy/min) estimated using the MCNP Monte Carlo code works out to be 77.78±1.16 (k=2). The maximum deviation between the surface dose rates to tissue obtained by Monte Carlo and the extrapolation chamber method is 5.2% whereas the difference between the surface dose rates obtained by radiochromic film measurement and the Monte Carlo simulation is 1.7%. The three values of the surface dose rates of the (32)P patch source obtained by three independent methods are in good agreement to one another within the uncertainties associated with their measurements and calculation. This work has demonstrated that MCNP based electron transport simulations are accurate enough for determining the dosimetry parameters of the indigenously developed (32)P patch sources for contact brachytherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, CTCRS, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - P Srinivasan
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - S D Sharma
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, CTCRS, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Saxena
- Isotope Production & Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - A K Bakshi
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, CTCRS, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Isotope Production & Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - D A R Babu
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, CTCRS, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - D N Sharma
- Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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Sharma R, Sharma SD, Pawar S, Chaubey A, Kantharia S, Babu DAR. Radiation dose to patients from X-ray radiographic examinations using computed radiography imaging system. J Med Phys 2015; 40:29-37. [PMID: 26150685 PMCID: PMC4471642 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.152244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The screen-film system is replaced by computed radiography system for recording the images of the patients during X-ray radiography examinations. The change in imaging system requires the re-establishment of the institutional diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for different types of X-ray examinations conducted at the hospital. For this purpose, patient specific parameters [age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), object to image distance (OID)] and machine specific parameters (kVp, mAs, distance and field sizes) of 1875 patients during 21 different types of X-ray examinations were recorded for estimating the entrance skin dose (ESD). The ESD for each of these patients were estimated using measured X-ray beam output and the standard value of the back scatter factor. Five number summary was calculated for all the data for their presentation in the Box-Whisker plot, which provides the statistical distribution of the data. The data collected indicates that majorly performed examinations are cervical spine AP, Chest PA and Knee Lat with percentage contributions of 16.05, 16 and 8.27% respectively. The lowest contribution comes from Hip Lat which is about 1.01%. The ratio of measured ESD (maximum to minimum) for these examinations is found to be highest for the cervical spine AP with a value of 50 followed by Thoracic spine AP of 32.36. The ESD ratio for Chest PA, Knee Lat and Lumbar Spine AP are 30.75, 30.4 and 30.2 respectively. The lowest ESD ratio is for Hip Lat which is 2.68. The third quartile values of ESDs are established as the institutional DRLs. The ESD values obtained for 21 different X-ray projections are either comparable or lesser than the reported national/international values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Sharma
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, CT and CRS, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Sunil Dutt Sharma
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, CT and CRS, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Shramika Pawar
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, CT and CRS, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Ajay Chaubey
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Hospital, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - S. Kantharia
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Hospital, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - D. A. R. Babu
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, CT and CRS, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
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Kumar S, Datta D, Sharma SD, Chourasiya G, Babu DAR, Sharma DN. Estimation of distance error by fuzzy set theory required for strength determination of HDR (192)Ir brachytherapy sources. J Med Phys 2014; 39:85-92. [PMID: 24872605 PMCID: PMC4035620 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.131281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Verification of the strength of high dose rate (HDR) (192)Ir brachytherapy sources on receipt from the vendor is an important component of institutional quality assurance program. Either reference air-kerma rate (RAKR) or air-kerma strength (AKS) is the recommended quantity to specify the strength of gamma-emitting brachytherapy sources. The use of Farmer-type cylindrical ionization chamber of sensitive volume 0.6 cm(3) is one of the recommended methods for measuring RAKR of HDR (192)Ir brachytherapy sources. While using the cylindrical chamber method, it is required to determine the positioning error of the ionization chamber with respect to the source which is called the distance error. An attempt has been made to apply the fuzzy set theory to estimate the subjective uncertainty associated with the distance error. A simplified approach of applying this fuzzy set theory has been proposed in the quantification of uncertainty associated with the distance error. In order to express the uncertainty in the framework of fuzzy sets, the uncertainty index was estimated and was found to be within 2.5%, which further indicates that the possibility of error in measuring such distance may be of this order. It is observed that the relative distance li estimated by analytical method and fuzzy set theoretic approach are consistent with each other. The crisp values of li estimated using analytical method lie within the bounds computed using fuzzy set theory. This indicates that li values estimated using analytical methods are within 2.5% uncertainty. This value of uncertainty in distance measurement should be incorporated in the uncertainty budget, while estimating the expanded uncertainty in HDR (192)Ir source strength measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, CTCRS, Anushaktinagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - D Datta
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S D Sharma
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, CTCRS, Anushaktinagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - G Chourasiya
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, CTCRS, Anushaktinagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - D A R Babu
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, CTCRS, Anushaktinagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - D N Sharma
- Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Kumar M, Gupta A, Pradhan SM, Bakshi AK, Chougaonkar MP, Babu DAR. Response of ionization chamber based pocket dosimeter to beta radiation. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 82:130-2. [PMID: 23978508 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative estimate of the response of ionization chamber based pocket dosimeters (DRDs) to various beta sources was performed. It has been established that the ionization chamber based pocket dosimeters do not respond to beta particles having energy (Emax)<1 MeV and same was verified using (147)Pm, (85)Kr and (204)Tl beta sources. However, for beta particles having energy >1 MeV, the DRDs exhibit measureable response and the values are ~8%, ~14% and ~27% per mSv for natural uranium, (90)Sr/(90)Y and (106)Ru/(106)Rh beta sources respectively. As the energy of the beta particles increases, the response also increases. The response of DRDs to beta particles having energy>1 MeV arises due to the fact that the thickness of the chamber walls is less than the maximum range of beta particles. This may also be one of the reasons for disparity between doses measured with passive/legal dosimeters (TLDs) and DRDs in those situations in which radiation workers are exposed to mixed field of gamma photons and beta particles especially at uranium processing plants, nuclear (power and research) reactors, waste management facilities and fuel reprocessing plants etc. The paper provides the reason (technical) for disparity between the doses recorded by TLDs and DRDs in mixed field of photons and beta particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Kumar
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India.
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Menon SN, Patra AK, Singh AK, Babu DAR, Chougaonkar MP, Dhabekar B, Kadam S. Environmental monitoring using LiMgPO 4:Tb, B based optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Radiat Prot Environ 2013. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-0464.142383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Bakshi AK, Chougaonkar MP, Joshi VJ, Sahoo S, Selvam TP, Srivastava K, Babu DAR. Study on the dosimetric characteristics of indigenously developed computer-controlled multisource gamma irradiation system. Radiat Prot Environ 2013. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-0464.142388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Verma D, Babu DAR, Bandopadhyay T, Chougaonkar MP, Dev V, Haridas G, Pal R, Tripathi RM. Assessment of neutron dose in Indus accelerator complex using CR-39 SSNTD. Radiat Prot Environ 2013. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-0464.142392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Kumar R, Patwe P, Sharma SD, Babu DAR, Chaudhary R, Deshpande S. Nondosimetric quality assurance of radiotherapy treatment planning system using multi-leaf collimator beam geometry phantom. Radiat Prot Environ 2013. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-0464.142386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Reddy PJ, Bhade SPD, Babu DAR, Sharma DN. Validation of efficiency tracing and zero detection threshold techniques using liquid scintillation analyser TriCarb. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2011; 147:417-422. [PMID: 21196460 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Efficiency tracing with unquenched 14C and zero detection threshold with unquenched 3H as tracers are practical and simple techniques which have been implemented to quantify the activity of various beta emitters using liquid scintillation analyser. These techniques are used to study the influence of quench level on activity quantification and the activity levels up to which these techniques are applicable. The results indicate that, for an activity level of 166.67 Bq, both the techniques are in good agreement with the reference activity with a relative discrepancy of ≤4.6 %. The relative discrepancy of ~10 % is observed for extreme quench values of ~111. For all the radionuclides with the activity level of 1.67 Bq, the uncertainty in activity quantification raises to ~8 % and for the activity level from 8.33 to 100 Bq, the uncertainty reduces to 1 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Reddy
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, B-259 Tritium Lab, Mod. Labs, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India.
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Narayani K, Anilkumar S, Rekha AK, Babu DAR. Performance of LaCl 3detector for environmental radioactivity measurements. Radiat Prot Environ 2011. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-0464.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Bhade SD, Reddy PJ, Babu DAR, Sharma DN. Application of liquid scintillation inclusion method for the simultaneous determination of alpha and beta activities in composite samples. Radiat Prot Environ 2011. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-0464.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Bhade SPD, Reddy PJ, Narayanan A, Narayan KK, Babu DAR, Sharma DN. Standardization of calibration procedures for quantification of gross alpha and gross beta activities using liquid scintillation counter. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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