1
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Abstract
(+)-Narciclasine (2) available in quantity from certain Amaryllidaceae species or by total synthesis was employed as a precursor for a 10-step synthetic conversion (3.6% overall yield) to natural (+)-pancratistatin (1a). The key procedures involved epoxidation of natural (+)-narciclasine (2) to epoxide 6, reduction to diol 8, and formation of cyclic sulfate 12 and its ring opening with cesium benzoate followed by saponification of the benzoate to afford (+)-pancratistatin (1a).
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2404, USA
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2
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McNulty J, Mao J, Gibe R, Mo R, Wolf S, Pettit GR, Herald DL, Boyd MR. Studies directed towards the refinement of the pancratistatin cytotoxic pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:169-72. [PMID: 11206451 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two deoxy-analogues of the anticancer/antiviral agent pancratistatin containing functionality complementary to the minimum structural pharmacophore were synthesized and subjected to anticancer screening. One of the analogues exhibited selective inhibition of certain tumor cell lines but was significantly less potent than the natural products. The minimum structural pharmacophore has now been refined from eight to three possible structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McNulty
- Institute of Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Abstract
In an attempt to develop biologically active compounds from the inactive trans isomer (3a) of stilbene 1a, after asymmetric dihydroxylation to optically pure (R,R)-diol 8 the unexpected racemic diphenylacetaldehyde (9) was generated via a Pinacol rearrangement. Several derivatives of diphenylacetaldehyde 9 were synthesized (11-15) and reported. Further reaction of aldehyde 9 during desilylation through autoxidative decarbonylation afforded benzophenone 2b, designated hydroxyphenstatin, a potent antitumor and antimitotic agent. Hydroxyphenstatin showed potent inhibition of the tubulin assembly (IC(50) 0.82 microM) and exhibited an ED(50) of 2.5 microg/mL against the P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 87287-2404, USA
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4
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Pettit GR, Grealish MP, Herald DL, Boyd MR, Hamel E, Pettit RK. Antineoplastic agents. 443. Synthesis of the cancer cell growth inhibitor hydroxyphenstatin and its sodium diphosphate prodrug. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2731-7. [PMID: 10893310 DOI: 10.1021/jm000045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of the South African willow tree (Combretum caffrum) antineoplastic constituent combretastatin A-4 (3b) led to the discovery of a potent cancer cell growth inhibitor designated phenstatin (5a). This benzophenone derivative of combretastatin A-4 showed remarkable antineoplastic activity, and the benzophenone derivative of combretastatin A-1 was therefore synthesized. The benzophenone, designated hydroxyphenstatin (6a), was synthesized by coupling of a protected bromobenzene and a benzaldehyde to give the benzhydrol with subsequent oxidation to the ketone. Hydroxyphenstatin was converted to the sodium phosphate prodrug (6e) by a dibenzyl phosphite phosphorylation and subsequent benzyl cleavage (6a --> 6d --> 6e). While hydroxyphenstatin (6a) was a potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization with activity comparable to that of combretastatin A-1 (3a), the phosphorylated derivative (6e) was inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 872404, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA
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5
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Pettit GR, Lippert JW, Herald DL, Hamel E, Pettit RK. Antineoplastic agents 440. Asymmetric synthesis and evaluation of the combretastatin A-1 SAR probes (1S,2S)- and (1R,2R)-1, 2-dihydroxy- 1-(2',3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3' ',4' ',5' '-trimethoxyphenyl)-ethane. J Nat Prod 2000; 63:969-974. [PMID: 10924176 DOI: 10.1021/np0000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic (E)-isomer (3b) of natural combretastatin A-1 (1a) isolated from the African bushwillow Combretum caffrum was the focus of chiral hydroxylation (Sharpless) reactions as part of a structure-activity relationship study. The resulting (R,R)- and (S,S, )-diols (6 and 7) and synthetic intermediates were evaluated against a series of cancer cell lines, microorganisms, and tubulin. Chiral diols 6 and 7 showed increased activity against the P-388 murine lymphocytic leukemia cell line with ED(50) values of 3.9 and 2.9 microg/mL, respectively, when compared to the precursor (E)-stilbene 3b. In contrast, (E)-stilbene 3b exhibited more potent antibiotic activity than the chiral diols (6 and 7). Both diols, (R,R)-6 and (S, S)-7, displayed less cancer cell growth inhibition and less antibiotic activity than did natural combretastatin A-1 (1a) (P-388 ED(50) 0.25 microg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA
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6
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Pettit GR, Knight JC, Collins JC, Herald DL, Pettit RK, Boyd MR, Young VG. Antineoplastic agents 430. Isolation and structure of cribrostatins 3, 4, and 5 from the republic of maldives cribrochalina species. J Nat Prod 2000; 63:793-798. [PMID: 10869203 DOI: 10.1021/np990618q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Continued investigation of cancer-cell growth-inhibitory constituents of the blue marine sponge Cribrochalina sp. has led to discovery of cribrostatins 3 (4a), 4 (5), and 5 (4b) in 10(-5) to 10(-7) % of the wet weight. The structure of cribrostatin 3 (4a) was determined by results of high field (500 MHz) (1)H and (13)C NMR and HRMS interpretations. The same general approach to the structures of cribrostatins 4 (5) and 5 (4b) was completed by X-ray crystal structure determinations. Cribrostatins 3, 4, and 5 provided significant cancer cell line inhibitory activities. Cribrostatins 1 and 2(2) and the newly isolated cribrostatins 3-5 displayed antibacterial and/or antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA
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7
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Beutler JA, McCall KL, Herbert K, Herald DL, Pettit GR, Johnson T, Shoemaker RH, Boyd MR. Novel cytotoxic diterpenes from Casearia arborea. J Nat Prod 2000; 63:657-661. [PMID: 10843580 DOI: 10.1021/np990553r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the dichloromethane-methanol extract of the roots of Casearia arborea yielded five novel clerodane diterpenes, casearborins A-E (1-5), as well as cucurbitacin B. The presence of cucurbitacins glycosides was also detected. The absolute configuration of casearborin E was determined by X-ray crystallography.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Diterpenes/isolation & purification
- Diterpenes/pharmacology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Beutler
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery Research & Development, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment & Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute-FCRDC, Bldg. 1052, Rm. 121, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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8
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Pettit GR, Numata A, Cragg GM, Herald DL, Takada T, Iwamoto C, Riesen R, Schmidt JM, Doubek DL, Goswami A. Isolation and structures of schleicherastatins 1-7 and schleicheols 1 and 2 from the teak forest medicinal tree Schleichera oleosa. J Nat Prod 2000; 63:72-78. [PMID: 10650082 DOI: 10.1021/np990346r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay (P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line)-guided separation of an extract prepared from the bark and stem of the Sri Lankan tree Schleichera oleosa led to the isolation of seven cancer cell growth inhibitory hydroxylated sterols designated schleicherastatins 1-7 (1-7) and two related sterols, schleicheols 1 and 2 (8, 9). The structure of schleicherastatin 1 (1) was completely elucidated by X-ray crystal structure determination. Based upon that defined structure, the remaining new sterol structures were deduced by highfield (300 and 500 MHz) NMR and MS interpretations. In this new series of sterols, hydroxylation at C-22 appears to be important for promoting cancer cell growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA
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9
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Pettit GR, Tan R, Melody N, Kielty JM, Pettit RK, Herald DL, Tucker BE, Mallavia LP, Doubek DL, Schmidt JM. Antineoplastic agents. Part 409: Isolation and structure of montanastatin from a terrestrial actinomycete. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:895-9. [PMID: 10400343 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A Montana soil actinomycete, Streptomyces anulatus, produced (1 x 10(-2)% yield) a new cancer cell growth inhibitory cyclooctadepsipeptide named montanastatin (1) accompanied by the potent anticancer antibiotic valinomycin (2) in very high (5.1%) yields. Valinomycin but not montanastatin inhibited growth of a number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Interpretation of high-field (500 MHz) NMR and high-resolution FAB mass spectral data allowed assignment of the structure cyclo-(D-Val-L-Lac-L-Val-D-Hiv) to montanastatin. Valinomycin (2) was also isolated from actinomycetes cultured from a tree branch and animal feces collected in Malaysia. Streptomyces exfoliatus, isolated from the tree branch, was found to contain valinomycin in 1.6% yield, while the fecal isolate, S. anulatus, gave valinomycin in 0.9% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-2404, USA
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10
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Pettit GR, Toki BE, Herald DL, Boyd MR, Hamel E, Pettit RK, Chapuis JC. Antineoplastic agents. 410. Asymmetric hydroxylation of trans-combretastatin A-4. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1459-65. [PMID: 10212132 DOI: 10.1021/jm9807149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The South African willow tree Combretum caffrum has yielded a number of potent cancer cell growth inhibitors. The present SAR studies of the antineoplastic agent combretastatin A-4 (1c) were focused mainly on the olefinic bridge to determine the effects on cancer cell growth and, potentially, to better define the combretastatin A-4 binding site on tubulin. The geometric trans-isomer 3a of combretastatin A-4 was converted to the (1S,2S)- and (1R,2R)-vicinal diols 4c and 4d, respectively, under Sharpless' asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions. Cancer cell line testing showed the (1S, 2S)-diol 4c to be more potent than its enantiomer 4d. Diol 4c weakly inhibited tubulin polymerization (IC50 = 22 microM, versus 1.2 microM for combretastatin A-4), while 4d was inactive (IC50 > 40 microM). Esterification of either stereoisomer at the diol and/or phenolic positions resulted in elimination of inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 872404, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA
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11
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Pettit GR, Rhodes MR, Herald DL, Chaplin DJ, Stratford MR, Hamel E, Pettit RK, Chapuis JC, Oliva D. Antineoplastic agents 393. Synthesis of the trans-isomer of combretastatin A-4 prodrug. Anticancer Drug Des 1998; 13:981-93. [PMID: 10335271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The (E)-stilbene isomer (2a) of the (Z)-combretastatin A-4 prodrug (1b) was efficiently prepared from (E)-combretastatin A-4 by a reaction sequence employing phosphorylation (dibenzyl chlorophosphite), cleavage (trimethyliodosilane) of the benzyl ester and reaction of the resulting phosphoric acid with sodium methoxide. The sodium phosphate product (2c) was also found to be an important side-product, presumably from iodine-catalyzed isomerization, when the analogous synthetic route was used to obtain the combretastatin A-4 prodrug (1b). The phosphoric acid precursor of prodrug 1b derived from (Z)-combretastatin A-4 (1a) was converted into a series of metal cation and ammonium cation salts to evaluate effects on human cancer cell growth, antimicrobial activities and solubility behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-2494, USA
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12
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Pettit GR, Tan R, Melody N, Cichacz ZA, Herald DL, Hoard MS, Pettit RK, Chapuis JC. Antineoplastic agents. 397: Isolation and structure of sesterstatins 4 and 5 from Hyrtios erecta (the Republic of Maldives). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2093-8. [PMID: 9873492 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The wide ranging marine sponge Hyrtios erecta is the source of the spongistatins, a new class of macrocyclic lactone antineoplastic agents. Continuation of a detailed investigation of cancer cell growth inhibitory (P388 lymphocytic leukemia) fractions (trace) from H. erecta has revealed the presence (10(-5) to 10(-7)% yield) of cytotoxic pentacyclic sesterterpenes. Employing P388 leukemia and human tumor cell line-guided bioassay techniques, two new moderate inhibitors of cancer cells were isolated and named sesterstatins 4 (1a, P388 ED50 4.9 micrograms/mL) and 5 (1b, DU-145 prostate GI50 1.9 micrograms/mL). Similar to other sesterterpenes, sesterstatin 5 inhibited growth of a Gram-positive bacterium. High field (500 MHz) 2-D NMR techniques were primarily employed for initial structural assignments, and structural assignments were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure determination of sesterstatin 4 (1a) and 5 (1b).
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-2404, USA
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13
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Abstract
A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of the South African willow tree (Combretum caffrum) antineoplastic constituent combretastatin A-4 (1b) directed at maintaining the (Z)-stilbene relationship of the olefin diphenyl substituents led to synthesis of a potent cancer cell growth inhibitor designated phenstatin (3b). Initially phenstatin silyl ether (3a) was unexpectedly obtained by Jacobsen oxidation of combretastatin A-4 silyl ether (1c --> 3a), and the parent phenstatin (3b) was later synthesized (6a --> 3a --> 3b) in quantity. Phenstatin was converted to the sodium phosphate prodrug (3d) by a dibenzyl phosphite phosphorylation and subsequent hydrogenolysis sequence (3b --> 3c --> 3d). Phenstatin (3b) inhibited growth of the pathogenic bacterium Neisseriagonorrhoeae and was a potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization and the binding of colchicine to tubulin comparable to combretastatin A-4 (1b). Interestingly, the prodrugs were found to have reduced activity in these biochemical assays. While no significant tubulin activity was observed with the phosphorylated derivative of combretastatin A-4 (1d), phosphate 3d retained detectable inhibitory effects in both assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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14
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Pettit GR, McNulty J, Herald DL, Doubek DL, Chapuis JC, Schmidt JM, Tackett LP, Boyd MR. Antineoplastic agents. 362. Isolation and X-ray crystal structure of dibromophakellstatin from the Indian ocean sponge Phakellia mauritiana. J Nat Prod 1997; 60:180-183. [PMID: 9051914 DOI: 10.1021/np9606106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided isolation procedures using human tumor cell lines led to isolation of dibromophakellstatin (4) from the Republic of Seychelles sponge Phakellia mauritiana. The isolation, X-ray crystal structure elucidation, absolute stereochemistry, and antineoplastic activity have been summarized. P. mauritiana was also found to contain dibromophakellin (1), debromohymenialosine (2), thymidine, deoxyuridine, and thymine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-2404, USA
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15
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Pettit GR, Kantoci D, Herald DL, Barkóczy J, Slack JA. Procedures for the Analyses of Dolastatins 10 and 15 by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079408013444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Pettit GR, Cichacz Z, Barkoczy J, Dorsaz AC, Herald DL, Williams MD, Doubek DL, Schmidt JM, Tackett LP, Brune DC. Isolation and structure of the marine sponge cell growth inhibitory cyclic peptide phakellistatin 1. J Nat Prod 1993; 56:260-267. [PMID: 8463798 DOI: 10.1021/np50092a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new cell growth inhibitory (P-388 murine leukemia ED50 7.5 micrograms/ml) cycloheptapeptide designated phakellistatin 1 was isolated from two Indo-Pacific sponges, Phakellia costata and Stylotella aurantium. Structural elucidation was accomplished utilizing high field nmr, amino acid analyses, and mass spectral techniques (fab, tandem ms/ms), followed by chiral gas chromatographic procedures for absolute configuration assignments (all S-amino acid units). By these methods phakellistatin 1 [1] was found to be cyclo (Pro-Ile-Pro-Ile-Phe-Pro-Tyr), and this assignment was finally confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1604
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17
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Pettit GR, Herald DL, Herald CL, Kokke WC, Djerassi C. The crystal structure of 3 beta-hydroxy-4 alpha, 23R, 24R-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholestane (23R, 24R-5 alpha-dinostanol) from dinoflagellates. Steroids 1986; 47:321-6. [PMID: 3590242 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(86)90101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An x-ray crystal structure determination of a dinostanol from the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum and zooxanthellae from Orbulina universa was completed. The novel sterol was shown to be 3 beta-hydroxy-4 alpha, 23R,24R-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholestane and may be one of the molecular fossils found in sediment cores from the deepest Black Sea trench.
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18
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Pettit GR, Von Dreele RB, Herald DL, Edgar MT, Wood HB. Structure of an antineoplastic agent from Streptomyces griseoluteus. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:6742-3. [PMID: 972229 DOI: 10.1021/ja00437a075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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