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Brune WH, McFarland PJ, Bruning E, Waugh S, MacGorman D, Miller DO, Jenkins JM, Ren X, Mao J, Peischl J. Extreme oxidant amounts produced by lightning in storm clouds. Science 2021; 372:711-715. [PMID: 33927054 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lightning increases the atmosphere's ability to cleanse itself by producing nitric oxide (NO), leading to atmospheric chemistry that forms ozone (O3) and the atmosphere's primary oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (OH). Our analysis of a 2012 airborne study of deep convection and chemistry demonstrates that lightning also directly generates the oxidants OH and the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2). Extreme amounts of OH and HO2 were discovered and linked to visible flashes occurring in front of the aircraft and to subvisible discharges in electrified anvil regions. This enhanced OH and HO2 is orders of magnitude greater than any previous atmospheric observation. Lightning-generated OH in all storms happening at the same time globally can be responsible for a highly uncertain, but substantial, 2 to 16% of global atmospheric OH oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Brune
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - P J McFarland
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - E Bruning
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - S Waugh
- National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Norman, OK, USA
| | - D MacGorman
- National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Norman, OK, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.,School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - D O Miller
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - J M Jenkins
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - X Ren
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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Matthews CJ, Thompson LK, Parsons SR, Xu Z, Miller DO, Heath SL. Pentanuclear homoleptic M(5)L(6) (M = Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II)) complexes formed by strict self-assembly. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:4448-54. [PMID: 11487354 DOI: 10.1021/ic010301p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of trigonal bipyramidal pentanuclear complexes involving the alkoxo-diazine ligands poap and p3oap, containing the M(5)[mu-O](6) core is described, which form by a strict self-assembly process. [Co(5)(poap-H)(6)](ClO(4))(4).3H(2)O (1), [Mn(5)(poap-H)(6)](ClO(4))(4).3.5CH(3)OH.H(2)O (2), [Mn(5)(p3oap-H)(6)](ClO(4))(4).CH(3)CH(2)OH.3H(2)O (3), and [Zn(5)(poap-H)(6)](ClO(4))(4).2.5H(2)O (4) are homoleptic pentanuclear complexes, where there is an exact match between the coordination requirements of the five metal ions in the cluster, and the available coordination pockets in the polytopic ligand. [Zn(4)(poap)(poap-H)(3)(H(2)O)(4)] (NO(3))(5).1.5H(2)O (5) is a square [2 x 2] grid with a Zn(4)[mu-O](4) core, and appears to result from the presence of NO(3), which is thought to be a competing ligand in the self-assembly. X-ray structures are reported for 1, 4, and 5. 1 crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n with a = 13.385(1) A, b = 25.797(2) A, c = 28.513(3) A, beta = 98.704(2) degrees, and Z = 4. 4 crystallized in the triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 13.0897(9) A, b = 18.889(1) A, c = 20.506(2) A, alpha = 87.116(1) degrees, beta = 74.280(2) degrees, gamma = 75.809(2) degrees, and Z = 2. 5 crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n with a = 14.8222(7) A, b = 21.408(1) A, c = 21.6197(9) A, beta = 90.698(1) degrees, and Z = 4. Compounds 1-3 exhibit intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada
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Xu Z, Thompson LK, Matthews CJ, Miller DO, Goeta AE, Howard JA. Synthesis of a spin-coupled, mixed-metal double square grid complex [(poap-H)(4)Cu(II)(3)Fe(III)-(NO(3))](2)(ClO(4))(4)(NO(3))(4).12H(2)O (poap = N(3)-(2-pyridoyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamidrazone) with an S = 3 ground state, from a mononuclear Fe(III) precursor complex. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:2446-9. [PMID: 11327930 DOI: 10.1021/ic000923v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X7
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, NF, A1B 3X7 (Canada)
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Xu Z, White S, Thompson LK, Miller DO, Ohba M, Ōkawa H, Wilson C, Howard JAK. Extended one- and two-dimensional copper(II) complexes with bridging (N–N) diazine ligands: structural and magnetic studies †. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1039/a909824k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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