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Jeckel S, Wood A, Grant K, Amar C, King SA, Whatmore AM, Koylass M, Anjum M, James J, Welchman DDB. Outbreak of encephalitic listeriosis in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). Avian Pathol 2016; 44:269-77. [PMID: 25921827 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1042427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of neurological disease was investigated in red-legged partridges between 8 and 28 days of age. Clinical signs included torticollis, head tilt and incoordination and over an initial eight day period approximately 30-40 fatalities occurred per day. No significant gross post mortem findings were detected. Histopathological examination of the brain and bacterial cultures followed by partial sequencing confirmed a diagnosis of encephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. Further isolates were obtained from follow-up carcasses, environmental samples and pooled tissue samples of newly imported day-old chicks prior to placement on farm. These isolates had the same antibiotic resistance pattern as the isolate of the initial post mortem submission and belonged to the same fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (fAFLP) subtype. This suggested that the isolates were very closely related or identical and that the pathogen had entered the farm with the imported day-old chicks, resulting in disease manifestation in partridges between 8 and 28 days of age. Reports of outbreaks of encephalitic listeriosis in avian species are rare and this is to the best of our knowledge the first reported outbreak in red-legged partridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jeckel
- a Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratory Agency , Royal Veterinary College , Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms , UK
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Payne JH, Holmes JP, Hogg RA, van der Burgt GM, Jewell NJ, Welchman DDB. Lead intoxication incidents associated with shot from clay pigeon shooting. Vet Rec 2013; 173:552. [PMID: 24277920 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Payne
- AHVLA Sutton Bonington, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RB, UK
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Welchman DDB, Ainsworth HL, Jensen TK, Boye M, King SA, Koylass MS, Whatmore AM, Manvell RJ, Ayling RD, Dalton JR. Demonstration of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) with pneumonia and airsacculitis. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:171-8. [PMID: 23581445 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.778387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of respiratory disease were investigated in reared pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) aged approximately 18 to 32 weeks, released into the semi-wild on four shooting estates in southern England. The clinical signs in the affected birds included swelling of the face and eyes, loss of condition, gasping respirations and coughing. The gross pathology findings included sinusitis, airsacculitis, pleural oedema and lung lesions. The histopathological findings in the affected lungs were characterized by a granulomatous pneumonia. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) was isolated from respiratory tract tissues, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing on three isolates revealed two distinct genotypes, one previously associated with some electrophoretic type (ET) 1 strains and the other a novel genotype that clustered among sequences previously associated with ET 3, ET 4, ET 5 and ET 6 isolates. The localization of ORT within the lung tissue was demonstrated by fluorescent in-situ hybridization in the bronchial exudate of three cases, although not within the granulomatous lesions themselves. In each case, ORT was identified as part of a complex of other respiratory agents including avian paramyxovirus type 2, avian coronavirus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and other Mycoplasma species, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, other Pasteurellaceae and Syngamus trachea, suggesting synergism with other agents. Exposure to other intercurrent factors, including adverse weather conditions and internal parasitism, may also have exacerbated the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de B Welchman
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Itchen Abbas, Winchester, UK.
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Welchman DDB, Verkuijl AM, Pepper WJ, Ibata G, King SA, Davidson HM, Mawhinney IC, Banks M. Association of gammaherpesviruses and bacteria with clinical metritis in a dairy herd. Vet Rec 2012; 170:207. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. de B. Welchman
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) - Winchester; Itchen Abbas Winchester SO21 1BX UK
| | - A. M. Verkuijl
- Cliffe Veterinary Group; 21, Cliffe High Street Lewes BN7 2AH UK
| | - W. J. Pepper
- Cliffe Veterinary Group; 21, Cliffe High Street Lewes BN7 2AH UK
| | - G. Ibata
- AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone KT15 3NB UK
| | - S. A. King
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) - Winchester; Itchen Abbas Winchester SO21 1BX UK
| | - H. M. Davidson
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) - Winchester; Itchen Abbas Winchester SO21 1BX UK
| | - I. C. Mawhinney
- AHVLA - Bury St Edmunds; Rougham Hill Bury St Edmunds IP33 2RX UK
| | - M. Banks
- AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone KT15 3NB UK
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Welchman DDB, King SA, Wragg P, Wood AM, Irvine RM, Pepper WJ, Dijkman R, de Wit JJ. Infectious coryza in chickens in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2010; 167:912-3. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. A. King
- VLA - Winchester, Itchen Abbas; Winchester Hampshire SO21 1BX
| | - P. Wragg
- VLA - Thirsk, West House; Station Road Thirsk North Yorkshire YO7 1PZ
| | - A. M. Wood
- VLA - Lasswade; International Research Centre; Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - R. M. Irvine
- VLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - W. J. Pepper
- Cliffe Veterinary Group, Radstock House; 21 Cliffe High Street Lewes East Sussex BN7 2AH
| | - R. Dijkman
- GD Deventer; Arnsbergstraat 7 7418 EZ Deventer The Netherlands
| | - J. J. de Wit
- GD Deventer; Arnsbergstraat 7 7418 EZ Deventer The Netherlands
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Williamson SM, Scholes SFE, Welchman DDB, Dennison M, Batten CA, Williams DL, Mertens PPC, Mellor PS, Darpel KE. Bluetongue virus serotype 8-associated hydranencephaly in two calves in south-eastern England. Vet Rec 2010; 167:216-8. [PMID: 20693506 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Williamson
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Bury St Edmunds, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk.
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Abstract
An outbreak of neurological disease occurred in pheasant chicks on a game farm in 2007. The disease was first seen in the 10th hatching of chicks on the farm. Affected chicks showed trembling and incoordination from the time of hatching, and subsequently blindness and cataract formation was seen in some of the affected chicks at 3 weeks of age. The peak mortality and culling figure was 21.0% in the worst affected hatch, compared with a maximum of 11.7% in the first nine hatches. No further cases were evident by 7.5 weeks of age. Histopathological examination showed a moderate acute encephalomyelitis in some, but not all, of the chicks with neurological signs. The clinical presentation and histopathological findings were typical of vertically transmitted avian encephalomyelitis as seen in chickens, although avian encephalomyelitis virus could not be detected in inoculated embryonated chicken eggs. However, serological testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to the virus was positive in four of five affected 3-week-old birds and in 23 out of 29 adult breeding birds, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing of RNA extracted from brain and pancreas tissue of affected chicks yielded nucleotide sequences aligned 82% and 83% with three avian encephalomyelitis sequences in a sequence database. The evidence suggested that the neurological disease was attributable to infection with a strain of avian encephalomyelitis virus that appeared to have entered the flock at the start of the breeding season, and was possibly introduced by carrier pheasants brought on to the farm early in the season.
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Otter A, Welchman DDB, Sandvik T, Cranwell MP, Holliman A, Millar MF, Scholes SFE. Congenital tremor and hypomyelination associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in 23 British cattle herds. Vet Rec 2009; 164:771-8. [PMID: 19542551 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.25.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents data from 23 British herds investigated between 1991 and 2007 where neurological disease in calves was caused by bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection. A variety of clinical signs, most commonly tremor or trembling, were apparent in the calves from birth, and most were recumbent or unable to stand unsupported. Severe diffuse neuraxial hypomyelination was present in all of the calves, and immunohistochemistry revealed cerebral neuronal labelling consistent with congenital persistent pestivirus infection in each brain. BVDV was detected in peripheral blood samples from eight of 15 calves tested using an antigen ELISA, and was isolated in culture from samples of viscera, brain or blood collected from 17 of 24 affected calves. TaqMan RT-PCR for pestivirus RNA was positive for BVDV-1 in all six calves tested. Six of the virus isolates on which molecular classification was carried out, obtained from calves in four of the herds, were identified as BVDV-1a, while three isolates from one affected and two unaffected calves on a fifth farm were confirmed as BVDV-1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) - Shrewsbury, Kendal Road, Harlescott, Shrewsbury, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. G. Parr
- VLA - Winchester; Itchen Abbas Winchester Hampshire SO21 1BX
| | - R. Wood
- VLA - Aberystwyth; Y Buarth Aberystwyth Ceredigion SY23 1ND
| | - A. M. J. Mead
- Arun Veterinary Group; 121 Lower Street Pulborough West Sussex RH20 2BP
| | - A. F. Starnes
- Fairfield House, New Town Uckfield East Sussex TN22 5DG
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Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Gough
- Avian Virology; VLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - W. J. Cox
- Avian Virology; VLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | | | - Karen J. Worthington
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - R. C. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
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Holmes JP, Jones JR, Gough RE, Welchman DDB, Wessels ME, Jones EL. Goose parvovirus in England and Wales. Vet Rec 2004; 155:127. [PMID: 15328745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Payne JH, Bainbridge T, Pepper WJ, Pritchard GC, Welchman DDB, Scholes SFE. Emergence of an apparently neurotropic maedi-visna virus infection in Britain. Vet Rec 2004; 154:94. [PMID: 14756507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- S E N Drury
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey
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Gough RE, Drury SE, Welchman DDB, Chitty JR, Summerhays GES. Isolation of birnavirus and reovirus-like agents from penguins in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2002; 151:422-4. [PMID: 12403333 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.14.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Gough
- Avian Virology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey
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Abstract
In a case-control study of the infectious agents associated with natural outbreaks of respiratory disease in pheasants, 28 batches of birds from sites affected by disease and eight batches of birds from unaffected sites were examined by six veterinary laboratories in England, Wales and Scotland, and tested for mycoplasmas, other bacteria and viruses. Sinusitis was the commonest sign of disease and was associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as detected by PCR in the trachea (P < 0.05) and conjunctiva (P < 0.01). Sinusitis was also associated with pasteurella cultured from the sinus (P < 0.05), antibody to avian pneumovirus (APV) (P < 0.01) and avian coronaviruses as detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR (P < 0.05); there was no association between disease and APV as detected by PCR. Avian coronaviruses were the most common infectious agents detected. They were genetically close to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) but differed in their gene sequence from all the serotypes of IBV previously identified in domestic fowl, and serological tests with six known IBV types showed little cross reactivity. Mycoplasma species other than M gallisepticum were cultured in 18 batches of pheasants but, with the exception of Mycoplasma gallinaceum, were not associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de B Welchman
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Itchen Abbas, Winchester, Hampshire
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Abstract
Between 1995 and 1997 a neurological condition in pheasant poults from 24 sites in England and Scotland was investigated. Affected birds showed varying degrees of ataxia and incoordinated movements and, in severe cases, recumbency, but generally remained alert with their heads held upright. The condition characteristically affected poults from seven weeks of age and the incidence on any one site was low. No significant bacteria were isolated consistently from brain tissue. The condition was characterised histologically by a non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, in which lesions were found predominantly in the cerebellum in 61 of 81 samples examined (75.3 per cent). A non-suppurative myelitis was recorded in 16 of 20 spinal cords examined. No lesions were recorded in peripheral neural tissue and lesions were rare in other tissues. The condition appeared not to have been recorded previously in pheasants. A viral aetiology was suspected but Newcastle disease virus was not involved.
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Abstract
Aleutian disease was diagnosed as the cause of posterior ataxia and paresis in domestic ferrets. Six serologically positive animals (four clinically affected and two unaffected) were investigated in detail and seven other clinically affected ferrets were also identified. The diagnostic findings included hypergammaglobulinaemia, histological lesions in the central nervous system and parvovirus-like particles in mesenteric lymph nodes. A wider serological survey of 446 animals owned by members of a ferret club revealed an incidence of 8.5 per cent seropositive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de B Welchman
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Veterinary Investigation Centre, Itchen Abbas, Winchester, Hampshire
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